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The low survival rate in Sumatran fish fingerlings transportation is a problem related to metabolic disturbances that cause death. The addition of nutmeg seed oil in the transportation medium is expected to reduce the rate of respiration and metabolism, so that fish mortality can be minimized. The purpose of this study was to determine the effective concentration of nutmeg seed oil to maintain the highest survival rate of Sumatran fish fry transported during treatment and to analyze its effect on induction time and recovery time. This research was carried out from January to March 2021 in the Ciparanje wet laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University. This research was conducted experimentally using a factorial randomized group design (FRGD) consisting of two factors, namely the concentration of four levels (0.03, 0.06, 0.09 ml/L and control) and duration of three levels (3, 5, and 7 hours) which was repeated three times. This research uses a closed transportation system. Parameters observed were induction time and conscious recovery time of test fish, post-transportation and post-maintenance survival for 7 days and water quality consisting of temperature, DO, pH, and ammonia. The results showed that the effective nutmeg seed oil for the anesthesia of Sumatran fish fry transported was 0.03 ml/L with a transportation duration of 3 hours because it had an induction time of 08:07, recovery time of 02:41 and postoperative survival rate. transportation by 98.33% and post-maintenance for 7 days by 91.49%. Temperature parameters are 22.7oC, DO is ±10.3 mg/L, pH is ± 6.83 and ammonia is ±0.0010 mg/L.

The application of plant extracts (PEs) could be a promising option to satisfy consumers' demand for natural additives to inhibit growth of variable pathogenic bacteria. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a standardized microdilution method to examine the antimicrobial effects of 10 hydrophilic PEs against two strains of Clostridium perfringens facing various food-relevant influencing factors. Because of the high opacity of PEs, resazurin was used as an indicator for bacterial growth instead of pellet formation. The highest value of the MIC of the replications of each PE was defined as effective plant extract concentration (EPC), whereas the next concentration beneath the lowest MIC was defined as the ineffective plant extract concentration (IEPC). The EPCs of seven PEs, allspice, cardamom, cinnamon, clove, coriander, ginger, and mace, were between 0.625 and 10 g/kg, whereas extracts of caraway, nutmeg, and thyme showed no antimicrobial activity up to the maximum concentration tested (10 g/kg) against C. perfringens in vitro. Two intrinsic factors, sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium nitrite (NaNO2), displayed either synergistic or additive effects or no interaction with most PEs. By combination with PEs at their IEPC (0.08 to 1.25 g/kg), MIC of NaCl and NaNO2 decreased from between 25 and 50 g/kg to between 6 and 25 g/kg and from more than 200 mg/kg to between 0.2 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. In contrast, lipid (sunflower oil) at a low concentration inhibited the antimicrobial effects of all tested PEs. For extrinsic factors, only allspice, ginger, and coriander could maintain their antimicrobial effects after being heated to 78°C for 30 min. The synergistic effect between PEs and pH values (5.0 and 5.5) was also found for all PEs. The established screening method with resazurin and defining EPC and IEPC values allows the verification of antimicrobial effects of PEs under various food-relevant influencing factors in a fast and reproducible way. HIGHLIGHTS

Abstrcact Jamu Selokarang is one of the traditional drinks originating from an area, namely Madura, the ingredients used in the manufacture of Jamu Selokarang are turmeric, ginger, ginger, betel leaf, soursop leaves, cloves, nutmeg, coriander, temu ireng and ginger. The ingredients used in the manufacture of herbal medicine selokarang contain a lot of antioxidants and essential oils. Testing is needed to determine the antioxidant activity contained in the herbal medicine selokarang. This study aims to determine the effect of substitution of jamu selokarang on antioxidant compounds, total phenols, flavonoids, ash content and water content. This study used a simple completely randomized design method (simple CRD) with a single factor, namely the black cumin formulation of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% which were included in jamu selokarang. The research was repeated 3 times. The parameters observed were: water content, ash content, antioxidants, total phenols, and flavonoids. The results showed that the substitution had a significant effect on water content, ash content and antioxidant activity, while the total phenol and flavonoid analysis had no significant effect. Treatment 0% black cumin had water content of 2.68%; Ash content of 7,90%; DPPH anti-oxidant for 49.08%; antioxidant FRAP 26.25 μgAAE / mL; total phenol was 2.05 μgGAE / mg, and total flavonoids was 0.91 μgQAE / mg.

Nutmeg pulp is one part of the nutmeg plant that contain antioxidant to prevent free radicals in the body. Nutmeg pulp contains secondary metabolites of the flavonoid class which have function as antioxidant. This study was conducted to determine the effect of drying the nutmeg pulp on the level of antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. After measuring the antioxidant activity of wind-dried and oven–dried nutmeg using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method, the results showed that the antioxidant activity (IC50) of wind dry is 116,952 µg/mL and oven dry is 219,2 µg/mL. The result of one-way Anova data analysis obtain p-value (p)

This work aimed to isolate the essential oil from the nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) seed, to determine the qualitative and quantitative chemical composition of the obtained essential oil, as w...

Myristicin, a potential toxicant, is a major ester present in the pericarp of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) and alcohol acyltransferase (AAT) is responsible for its generation. The objective of the study was firstly to estimate the effect of blanching and pickling process on the inactivation of AAT and production of myristicin in nutmeg pericarp. Secondly, the effect of pickling process on the physical, microbial, antioxidant and sensory properties of nutmeg was evaluated. The nutmeg fruit pericarp was water-blanched for 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 min. The increased blanching time significantly (p

Background Browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) is a promising approach to obesity treatment. During browning, WAT transforms into beige adipose tissue through stimulation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Nutmeg, one of the Indonesian herbs, reportedly has dual roles as a PPARα/γ partial agonist. Even though nutmeg has been traditionally used in body weight reduction, there is limited information regarding the potential role of nutmeg in browning of WAT. Objectives In this study, we explored the effect of nutmeg seed extract (NuSE) as a potential inductor of WAT browning. Methods Twelve male Wistar rats, 5–6 weeks old, were divided into control and nutmeg groups. The rats in nutmeg group were given NuSE for 12 weeks by oral gavage. After 12 weeks, the rat's inguinal WAT and brown adipose tissue (BAT) were collected, weighed and stored at − 80°C until use. Results We observed that even though NuSE did not reduce the final body weight, it significantly reduced body weight gain. NuSE also increased protein levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC‐1α) and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) significantly and tended to increase UCP2 and UCP1 levels. Furthermore, NuSE induced macroscopic and microscopic morphological changes of inguinal WAT, marked by significantly increased adipocyte numbers and decreased adipocyte size. Conclusions Even though NuSE did not increase UCP1 significantly, it potentially alters inguinal WAT characteristics and leads to browning through PGC‐1α and UCP3 induction. However, UCP3’s specific mechanism in WAT browning remains unclear. Our findings could contribute to obesity treatment in the future., White adipose tissue (WAT) browning has been considered as one of the promising approaches in obesity treatment. In WAT browning process, the characteristics of WAT are transformed into brown‐like adipose tissue (known as beige adipose tissue) via stimulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors γ (PPARγ) pathway. Interestingly, Indonesian society has been using nutmeg which may mimic browning effect via inducing macroscopic and microscopic morphological changes of iWAT, marked by significant increase of adipocyte number and decrease of adipocyte size. in addition, The increases in UCP1 and PGC‐1α along with histological changes reveal that NuSE may potentially alter the characteristic of iWAT that lead to browning process and contribute to obesity treatment.

Background: Recently, many drugs have been developed and used for the treatment of hepatic and renal diseases. Nutmeg apart from being utilized as kitchen spices in Nigeria has also been used for healing and medicinal purposes. Aims: In the present study, nutmeg supplement was evaluated against Acetaminophen (APAP) induced hepato- renal-toxicity. Study Design: Twenty (20) adult wistar rats weighing185-220 were obtained from animal house of the department of Pharmacology University of Port Harcourt were divided into four groups having 5 rats each (n=5). Methodology: The animals were divided into four groups of 5 rats each: Group A (normal control) were administered distilled water, group B (negative control) received a single dose of acetaminophen (1000 mg/kg) for two days. Group C received 500 mg/kg body weight of nutmeg supplement one hour before receiving 1000 mg/kg acetaminophen, while group D received acetaminophen (1000 mg/kg) only on day 1 and 2 and the drug extracts on day 3-7. All dosage was dissolved in distilled water orally. The experiment lasted for seven days. Twenty four hours after drugs administrations the animals in each group were anaesthetized. Blood samples were collected and animals sacrificed, liver and kidney tissues removed for various histopathological, biochemistry, antioxidant and haematological examinations using standard procedures. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA and Tukey poc-hoc Test. Results: Administration of nutmeg supplement orally effectively restrained APAP-induced alterations in the activities of hepatic (48.60-38.00) and renal markers and Antioxidant enzymes in liver (0.43-0.53). The hepatic and renal architecture of APAP administered rats showed distorted liver and kidney tissues, hepatic vacuolations, destroyed glomerular and renal tubules. Nutmeg+APAP as well as APAP+ Nutmeg administrations were able to ameliorate the effects of APAP administration. Conclusion: The result indicated that APAP overdosed is hepato-renal- toxic and Nutmeg supplement possessed hepato-prote-curative properties as well as renal-prote-curative properties against APAP-induced damage in rats.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three different spices of Monodora myristica (African Nutmeg), Zingiber officinale (Ginger), and Piper guineense (African Black Pepper) on nutrient composition and organoleptic characteristics of dried rabbit meats. The three spices collected as seeds were processed into meals and applied on the fresh meat cut (loin) obtained from 10 rabbit bucks. The treatments were arranged as: T (200g meat without 1 spice) which served as control, T (200g meat +5% Nutmeg) T (200g meat + 10% Nutmeg) 2 3 ,T (200g meat + 5% African Black Pepper) T (200g meat +10%) T (200g meat +5% 4 5 6 Ginger) T (200g meat +10% Ginger). Each treatment was oven-dried before presented to 7 taste panel that adjudged the test for colour, flavour, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability. Samples of each spice and the processed meat were analyzed for nutrient composition. Result obtained showed that the meat is made up of protein, 50.52%, fat 6.45%, ash 5.05%, fibre 3.23%. Proximate composition of Ginger showed that it was significantly (P0.05) from the control while the least score was recorded in Piper guineense. Similarly, nutritional composition of meats improved in terms of protein, ash and fibre significantly (P

The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the antibacterial activity of ethanolic stem extract of (Wild African nutmeg) Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) and some commercially available toothpaste against bacteria isolated from the hidden resident mouth cavity microfora. Bacteria were isolated from swabs of apparently healthy individuals and were identified using Staining procedure biochemical tests and the use of Bergey’s manual of bacteria identification The assay for antibacterial activity of Pycnanthus angolensis stem bark extract and the four toothpastes were determined using agar well diffusion method. The Gram positive bacteria isolated were Streptococcus sangus, Streptococcus ratti, Stomatococcus mucilaginous., Peptostreptococcus sp., and Streptococcus mutans and the Gram negative bacteria were Veillonella atypical, Veillonella parvula, Veillonella dispar and Acidiaminococcus sp. Oral B toothpaste showed maximum efficacy of inhibition with inhibition zone diameter as wide as 20 mm at 100 mg/ml. Percentage frequency distribution of antibacterial activity of conventional toothpaste (Close-up) against hidden resident mouth cavity microfora depicts Acidaminococcus sp.13%, Veillonella parvula (10%), Veillonella dispar (12%), Peptostreptococcus sp.(12%), Stomatococcus mucilaginous.(9%), Streptococcus ratti (13%), Veillonella atypical (11%), Streptococcus sangus (9%) and Streptococcus mutans (11%), Percentage frequency distribution of antibacterial activity of conventional toothpaste (Oral B toothpaste) against hidden resident mouth cavity microfora reveals Acidaminococcus sp.(11%,) Veillonella dispar (11%), Veillonella parvula (10%), Peptostreptococcus sp. (12%), Stomatococcus mucilaginous.(15%), Streptococcus ratti (11%), Veillonella atypical (8%), Streptococcus sangus (10%), and Streptococcus mutans (12%), Percentage frequency distribution of antibacterial activity of conventional toothpaste (MyMy toothpaste) against hidden resident mouth cavity microfora depicts Acidaminococcus sp.(12%), Veillonella dispar (9%), Veillonella parvula (8%), Peptostreptococcus sp.(10%), Stomatococcus mucilaginous.(16%), Streptococcus ratti (9%), Veillonella atypical (15%),Streptococcus sangus (9%) and Streptococcus mutans (12%), Percentage frequency distribution of antibacterial activity of conventional toothpaste (Olive toothpaste) against hidden resident mouth cavity microfora shows Acidaminococcus sp.(9%), Veillonella dispar (10%), Veillonella parvula (10%), Peptostreptococcus sp.(12%), Stomatococcus mucilaginous.(13%), Streptococcus ratti (10%) ,Veillonella atypical (17%), Streptococcus sangus (7%), and Streptococcus mutans (12%). Pycnanthus Angolensis stem bark extract inhibited the growth of the oral bacterial isolates with of zones of inhibition diameter ranging from 6 mm to 17 mm at a concentration of 100mg/ml. Secondary metabolite (Phytochemical) screening shows the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, reducing sugars, steroid, phenol, terpenoid, pyrrolozidine alkaloid, glycoside and cardiac glycoside with glycoside and terpenoid most present. However, anthraquinones and volatile oil were absent. With menial antibacterial activity, P. angolensis can be use in the formulation of herbal toothpaste. It should be advocated that Pycnanthus angolensis should be added to our convention toothpaste to improve the functional ingredient of the toothpaste and Plant-based traditional knowledge has become a recognized tool in search for new sources of drugs. It is clear that the use of these herbal plants can offer a platform for further research.

Introduction and Aim: The most emerging area of research in nanotechnology deals with the synthesis of nanoparticles which are of great importance due to its use in various biological fields. Myristica fragrans is commonly known as “nutmeg”. It is popular as a spice and also possesses various therapeutic properties. It has a characteristic pleasant fragrance and a slightly warm taste. It has various therapeutic uses and is widely used. The aim is to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of nutmeg oleoresin mediated silver nanoparticles. Materials and Methods: The nutmeg oleoresin mediated silver nanoparticles were synthesized and was confirmed by UV Vis spectroscopy. The anti-inflammatory property of the prepared nutmeg oleoresin mediated silver nanoparticles was assessed using albumin denaturation inhibitory assay technique. Results: The nutmeg oleoresin mediated silver nanoparticles showed good anti-inflammatory activity with increasing concentration of the nanoparticles. Conclusion: Although a variety of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been developed, researchers are focusing on natural substances to develop new anti-inflammatory agents. Nutmeg mediated silver nanoparticles showed a good range of inhibition and can be used against inflammation. The myristicin present in the nutmeg maybe responsible for its anti-inflammatory action. Increased albumin denaturation is reported in conditions like in rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes and cancer. Hence this may pay way to manage such conditions.

The prevalence of acute respiratory diseases, the particular severity of their course, as well as the frequent relapses and complications require constant search for new, more effective and safe medicines for their prevention and treatment and introduction of these drugs into clinical practice. Generally, most of the medications used in the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections have a number of side effects. Currently, one of the promising areas of pharmacy is the study of biologically active substances, the medicinal plant raw material, and production of extracts and herbal medicines based on them. Objective – pharmaceutical development of a scientifically based composition, technology for obtaining anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial tablets developed on the basis of a selected and standardized plant substance-a thick extract of the leaves of sage nutmeg, which grows in Tajikistan. When solving the task used the methods of evaluating the technological properties of LRS, physico-chemical properties of plant extracts, physical and technological properties of the mass for tabletting, pharmaco-technological tests of the developed tabletsa study of quantitative content of biologically active substances was determined by Pharmacopoeia methods. The developed solid dosage form with thick extract of sage leaves can be registered as a medicinal product, and the developed technology of tablets with thick extract of sage leaves can be of interest to manufacturers of medicinal products from plant raw materials. The developed methods can be used in laboratories for the detection and quantitative determination of BAS in plant raw materials of Clary sage leaves and medicinal products from this LRS. Thus, based on the results of pharmacological and technological research, we have developed a technology for obtaining a thick extract of sage nutmeg and tablets based on it for the treatment of otolaryngological diseases, which in turn is of interest for further research of the developed drug and its introduction into production.

Clean label products with natural antioxidants have always attracted great attention due to healthy benefits. In this study, the stability of palm olein oil with various natural antioxidants (cedarwood, citronella, clove, nutmeg and rosemary oil) during the heat treatment was investigated; the acidic value, conjugated diene and triene content, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance value and instrumental color of the palm olein oil were analyzed. Sample with nutmeg oil exhibited the highest oxidation stability. In addition, the higher the nutmeg oil concentration, the better the prevention of oil oxidation during the heat treatment. During the repeated frying with corn extrudate, nutmeg oil concentration of 4 g/kg palm olein oil was able to prevent lipid degradation. The acidic and peroxide value of the palm olein oil in the fryer was statistically similar to that of the extracted oil from the fried extrudate. Nutmeg oil can be considered as a potential natural antioxidant for industrial frying of snack food products.

A number of phytochemicals or secondary metabolites were produced by herbs and spices. These were used as food preservatives and also as traditional medicines from long back. These were having various pharmacological benefits which included antioxidant, analgesic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic properties. In the present study two different plant species (Zingiber officinale, Myristica fragrans) were used for studying their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity. The phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts was done by using standard methodology. FTIR analysis of the ginger and nutmeg extracts were carried out to study the functional groups present in the respective plant extracts. The extracts were also subjected to NMR spectroscopy. Two different bacteria were used for the studies which are good biofilm producers, Pseudomonas and E.coli. The antimicrobial activity of the methanolic and choloroform extracts of ginger and nutmeg were studied using air liquid interphase coverslip assay and biofilm assay. The results suggest that the ginger and nutmeg extracts have biofilm inhibition activity. The reduction in biofilm was observed in all the 3 concentrations of the nutmeg chloroform extract with maximum biofilm reduction in 100% and was compared with the control. Both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, biofilm inhibition was observed in all 3 concentrations of ginger and nutmeg.

The present study included the isolation of alkaloids from the nutmeg fruit (Myristica fragrans) where one of the alkaloid compounds in the nutmeg fruit was found, which is the existence of the aromatic and has carbonyl and phenol groups in addition to nitrogen. The isolated alkaloid showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), while the alkaloid compound showed an antifungal effect against Candida albicans and Cryptococcous neoformans. No cytotoxicity of human blood solution in concentration (10-200 ppm) was shown in the isolated alkaloid compound. From this result, it was concluded that the alkaloid isolated from Myristica fragrans can be used in treatment of various disorders because of the effectiveness of the compound against bacteria and fungi.

Antioxidant activity test for the extract of ethyl acetate nutmeg stem bark (Myristica fragrans Houtt) was carried out using 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazil (DPPH). The test results of antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate nutmeg stem bark extract with DPPH method at a concentration of 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm obtained IC50 value = 68.14 ppm with IC50 value of vitamin C (as positive control) 3.657 ppm. The results of column chromatographic separation of ethyl acetate nutmeg stem bark extract obtained 5 combined fractions namely MFEK 1, MFEK 2, MFEK 3, MFEK 4 and MFEK 5. The test results of the fraction antioxidant activity in a good category were the MFEK 1 fraction. The MFEK 2 fraction to MFEK 5 showed an antioxidant activity lower than compared to the ethyl acetate extract. This shows that the ethyl acetate nutmeg stem bark extract has a better inhibitory activity, because there are several active compounds contained in the extract which can inhibit free radicals, so the IC50 value of the extract is better than the fractions.

A ingestão de noz-moscada em doses elevadas provoca consequências médicas e psiquiátricas potencialmente graves e incapacitantes. Nenhum componente isolado da noz-moscada foi identificado como responsável por todos os sintomas observados durante a intoxicação, contudo, acredita-se que a miristicina, que é um dos componentes dos óleos essenciais desta especiaria, é o responsável pela maioria dos efeitos psicoativos, embora o mecanismo exato não seja conhecido. Outros constituintes, como a elemicina, também podem estar envolvidos. Os sintomas da intoxicação iniciam-se três a seis horas após a sua ingestão, remitindo nas primeiras 24 a 48 horas, e normalmente não deixam sequelas. Neste trabalho apresentamos o caso de um homem que após o consumo de 18 a 28 g de noz-moscada desenvolveu um episódio psicótico grave, com discurso desorganizado, agitação psicomotora e ideação delirante mística/grandiosa. A sintomatologia remitiu rapidamente e após um ano de estabilidade clínica sem terapêutica, teve alta da consulta da especialidade.

Historically, the analysis of citrinin has mainly been performed on cereals such as red yeast rice, however, in recent years, more complex and abnormal commodities such as spices and infant foods are becoming more widely assessed. The aim of this study was to develop and validate clean-up methods for spices and cereal-based infant foods using a citrinin immunoaffinity column before HPLC analysis with fluorescence detection. Each method developed was validated with a representative matrix, spiked at various citrinin concentrations, based around European Union (EU) regulations set for ochratoxin A (OTA), with recoveries &gt, 80% and % RSD &lt, 9% in all cases. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were established at 1 and 3 µg/kg for spices and 0.1 and 0.25 µg/kg for infant cereals, respectively. These methods were then tested across a variety of spices and infant food products to establish efficacy with high recoveries &gt, 75% and % RSD &lt, 5% across all matrices assessed. Therefore, these methods proved suitable for providing effective clean-up of spices and infant cereals, enabling reliable quantification of citrinin detected. Samples such as nutmeg and infant multigrain porridge had higher levels of citrinin contamination than anticipated, indicating that citrinin could be a concern for public health. This highlighted the need for close monitoring of citrinin contamination in these commodities, which may become regulated in the future.

Herbal medicines have been shown as anti-inflammatory with potentially lesser side effects. The active compound of nutmeg seed is proven to accelerate the healing process of inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the gel formulation of Indonesian nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) seed extract for anti-inflammatory activity. A true experimental post test only with control group design was used in this study. The gel was formulated with various concentrations of nutmeg seed extract, namely formulations F1 (0%), F2 (2%), F3 (4%), F4 (8 %), and F5 (12%). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the least significant difference (LSD) methods were performed with SPSS version 22. The results showed that all formulas had an opaque physical appearance, brownish-yellow color, soft texture, and aromatic odor. The increase of extract concentration in gel formula will affect the adhesion and spreadability. F5 showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity compared to other groups. This formula was generally identified as having a good physical appearance, homogeneity, and stability with a pH value of 6.16±0.24, adhesiveness of 51.12±0.15 sec, and a spreadability of 19.54±0.12 cm2. Therefore, Indonesian nutmeg has the potential to be well-acceptable as a candidate for topical anti-inflammatory agents in global health benefits.

Myristicafragrans Houtt. (Nutmeg) is a widely known folk medicine across several parts of Asia, particularly used in antimicrobial treatment. Bacterial resistance involves the expression of efflux pump systems (chromosomal norA and mepA) in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Crude extract (CE) and essential oil (EO) obtained from nutmeg were applied as efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), thereby enhancing the antimicrobial activity of the drugs they were used in. The major substances in CE and EO, which function as EPIs, in a descending order of % peak area include elemicin, myristicin, methoxyeugenol, myristicin, and asarone. Here, we investigated whether the low amount of CE and EO used as EPIs was sufficient to sensitize MRSA killing using the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, which acts as an efflux system. Interestingly, synergy between ciprofloxacin and CE or EO revealed the most significant viability of MRSA, depending on norA and mepA, the latter being responsible for EPI function of EO. Therefore, CE and EO obtained from nutmeg can act as EPIs in combination with substances that act as efflux systems, thereby ensuring that the MRSA strain is susceptible to antibiotic treatment.

In this study, predictive models of protein oxidation, expressed as the content of thiol groups (SH), in raw ground pork were established and their accuracy was compared. The SH changes were monitored during, maximum, 11 days of storage at five temperature levels: 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 °C. The effect of 13 plant extracts, including spices such as allspice, black seed, cardamom, caraway, cloves, garlic, nutmeg, and onion, and herbs such as basil, bay leaf, oregano, rosemary, and thyme, on protein oxidation in pork was studied. The zero-order function was used to described SH changes with time. The effect of temperature was assessed by using Arrhenius and log–logistic equations. Artificial neural network (ANN) models were also developed. The results obtained showed very good acceptability of the models for the monitoring and prediction of protein oxidation in raw pork samples. High average R2 coefficients equal to 0.948, 0.957, and 0.944 were obtained for Arhhenius, log-logistic and ANN models, respectively. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to assess the influence of plant extracts on protein oxidation and showed oregano as the most potent antioxidant among the tested ones in raw ground pork.

We investigated the larvicidal potential of 10 plant essential oils (EOs) against the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus. Among the EOs, larvicidal activity against Ae. albopictus was strongest in those derived from massoia (Massoia aromatica) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans). Larvicidal activities of massoia and nutmeg EOs against Ae. albopictus were 95.0% and 85.0% at 50 μg/mL, respectively. A total of 4 and 14 compounds were identified from massoia and nutmeg, respectively, and two massoia lactones, C10 and C12, were isolated from massoia EO. Among the identified compounds, benzyl salicylate, terpinolene, C12 massoia lactone, sabinene, benzyl benzoate, methyl eugenol, and C10 massoia lactone exhibited the strong larvicidal activity. Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-stabilized Pickering emulsions of massoia and nutmeg EOs were developed to overcome the insolubility of EOs in water. CNC/massoia and CNC/nutmeg emulsions were stable for at least 10 days, and larvicidal activities of CNC/massoia PE and CNC/nutmeg were higher than those of crude massoia and nutmeg EOs. This study presents a CNC-stabilized PE, a suitable formulation for EOs, as a potential larvicide against Ae. albopictus.

Bacteria that cause acne include Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes. Nutmeg leaves are plants that contain antibacterial substances that can inhibit bacterial growth. The purpose of this study is to make soap preparations from nutmeg leaf extracts and find out the formula that is most effective in inhibiting the growth of P.acnes and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Nutmeg leaves were extracted using maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. Liquid soap preparations are made in 4 formulas. Antibacterial activity test was carried out by the dilution method for MIC and disk diffusion methods to determine LDH liquid soap preparations. Based on the test of the antibacterial activity of 96% ethanol extract, nutmeg leaves have the ability to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC value at a concentration of 0.5% and negative on Propionibacterium acnes. Liquid soap preparations in F1 (extract 2%) have LDH values of 9.87 ± 0.41 mm; F2 (extract 4%) has an LDH value of 10.50 ± 0.35 mm; F3 (extract 8%) has an LDH value of 10.70 ± 0.25 mm; F4 (extract 10%) has an LDH value of 11.87 ± 0.25 mm. The highest LDH value is F4 with a concentration of 10% extract, LDH F4 is a formula that has the most antibacterial activity approaching LDH positive control JF Sulfur which has an LDH value of 13.25 ± 0.25 mm

Background: Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) has the potential to control blood glucose and lipid levels. However, it contains safrole compounds, which are dangerous when humans consume them. Objective: In this study, we eliminated safrole from nutmeg and investigated its antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic properties. Methods: Nutmeg seeds were powdered, extracted with 90% ethanol, and chromatographed to remove the safrole. Safrole-free nutmeg extract was concentrated, and its antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic agents were tested in a type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model. Results: The results showed that the blood glucose level decreased by 20% after 2 days of treatment, 30% after 4 days of treatment and 40% after 6 days of treatment with nutmeg extracts. The blood triglyceride level did not change in the first 2 days of treatment, and it decreased by 25% after 4 days of treatment and by another 25% after 6 days of treatment. Luciferase assay showed that safrole- free nutmeg increased the activities of PPAR α and γ in a dose-dependent manner, which marked the potential mechanism of lowering the triglyceride and glucose levels. Conclusion: Results thus obtained are suggestive of the potential dual effect of safrole-free nutmeg extract on antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic management.

Toxoplasma gondii is a globally obligate intra-cellular protozoan zoonotic disease. This study evaluated the efficacy of Thymus vulgaris and Myristica fragrance Houtt (Nutmeg) ethanolic extracts against chronic toxoplasmosis. A total of fifty laboratory-bred male Swiss Albino mice were infected with Me-49 T. gondii strain and divided into five groups G1:non infected/non-treated control, G2:infected/non-treated, G3: infected/treated with Thymus vulgaris extract, G4: infected/treated with nutmeg extract and G5:infected and treated with Spiramycin. Mice were given Thymus and Myristicaethanolic extract 4 days post infection for 14 days then sacrificed 4 weeks after last dose. Brains and livers were dissected out and processed for histopathological examination. Tissue cyst count evaluated the efficacy of extracts. The results showed that mean number of brain cysts was significantly reduced by 47.5% in mice treated with Thymus extract while Myristica extract treated group showed a mild reduction (0.8%). Thymus effect was near to Spiramycin in cyst reduction (47.5% & 48.89%) respectively. Brain and liver lesions in Thymus treated mice showed considerable improvement.

Pala merupakan tanaman rempah asli Indonesia yang selama ini hanya digunakan untuk keperluan pangan seperti bumbu dan rempah, serta industri makanan. Miristisin adalah senyawa khas penentu kualitas minyak pala dan memiliki beberapa gugus fungsional, yaitu alil, fenil, dan eter. Senyawa turunan kalkon merupakan metabolit sekunder golongan flavonoid yang dikenal mempunyai aktivitas biologi seperti antikanker, sitotoksik, antimikroba dan antimalaria. Sifat antibakteri berkaitan erat dengan struktur keton α, β tak jenuh substituen yang terikat pada kedua cincin aromatiknya, seperti gugus metilendioksi, metoksi, Cl, Br, OH dan lain sebagainya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri senyawa turunan kalkon hasil sintesis dari miristisin buah pala.Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan terhadap bakteri Escheresia Coli (E. Coli) dan Staphylococcus Aureus (S. Aureus). Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode difusi agar dengan menggunakan cakram/disc dari larutan senyawa turunan kalkon dalam pelarut aseton dengan konsentrasi 1,25%; 2,5%, 5% dan 10% dan menggunakan kontrol positif Ciprofloxacin 5μg dan control negative pelarut aseton. Hasil pengujian kemudian dihitung zona hambat dari masing-masing konsentrasi untuk menentukan aktivitas antibakteri.Hasil uji antibakteri menunjukkan rata-rata diameter zona hambat larutan sampel pada konsentrasi 1,25%; 2,5%, 5% dan 10% pada bakteri E. Coli berturut turut 13mm, 19mm, 22 mm dan 26 mm, sedangkan pada bakteri S. Aureus berturut-turut 7 mm, 7 mm, 9 mm dan 19 mm. Hasil uji tersebut menunjukkan serbuk turunan kalkon hasil sintesis dari miristisin buah pala menunjukkan semakin besar konsentrasi sampel, semakin besar aktivitas antibakterinya. Aktivitas antibaketri kuat ditunjukkan pada bakteri E.Coli dengan konsentrasi 10%, sedangkan pada konsentrasi yang sama menunjukkan aktivitas sedang pada bakteri S.Aureus.

Aim This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of root canal sealers of different bases when mixed with herbal extracts. Materials and methods An evaluation of three sealers (Endomethasone, AH plus, Apexit plus) mixed with three herbal extracts [Emblica officinalis (Amla), Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) and Salvadora persica (Miswak)] was done against nine strains of bacteria at various time intervals using the agar diffusion test. Moreover, measurement of the mean zones of inhibition was done. Results The largest zones of bacterial growth inhibition were observed with Endomethasone mixed with Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) followed in the descending order by AH plus mixed with Salvadora persica (Miswak) and Apexit plus mixed with Salvadora persica (Miswak) respectively. The differences between zones of inhibition among different groups were found to be statistically significant. Conclusion Zinc-oxide-eugenol-based sealer (Endomethasone) mixed with herbal extracts produced the largest inhibitory zones followed in the descending order by resin-based sealer (AH plus) and calcium-hydroxide-based sealer (Apexit plus), respectively. Clinical significance Herbal plants such as [Emblica officinalis (Amla), Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) and Salvadora persica (Miswak)] are rich sources of bioactive compounds that possess antimicrobial properties. Mixing their extracts with endodontic sealers can produce additive antimicrobial effect against microbes found in inflamed pulp. How to cite this article Devi MT, Saha S, Tripathi AM, et al. Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Herbal Extracts Added to Root Canal Sealers of Different Bases: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(5):398-404.

The sarcopenic phenotype is characterized by a reduction of muscle mass, a shift in fiber-type distribution, and reduced satellite cell regeneration. Sarcopenia is still a major challenge to healthy aging. Traditional Indonesian societies in Sulawesi island have been using nutmeg for maintaining health condition during aging. Interestingly, nutmeg has been known to stimulate peroxisome proliferator activated receptors γ (PPARγ) which may contribute to myogenesis process in cardiac muscle. There is limited information about the role of nutmeg extract into physiological health benefit during aging especially myogenesis process in skeletal muscle. In the present study, we want to explore the potential effect of nutmeg in preserving skeletal muscle mass of aging rats. Aging rats, 80 weeks old, were divided into two groups (control and nutmeg). Nutmeg extract was administered for 12 weeks by gavaging. After treatment, rats were anaesthesized, then soleus and gastrocnemius muscles were collected, weighted, frozen using liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80°C until use. We observed phenomenon that nutmeg increased a little but significant food consumption on week 12, but significant decrease in body weight on weeks 10 and 12 unexpectedly increased significantly in soleus muscle weight (p). Nutmeg extract increased significantly gene expression of myogenic differentiation (MyoD), paired box 7 (Pax7), myogenin, myosin heavy chain I (MHC I), and insulin-like growth factor I (p) in soleus muscle. Furthermore, nutmeg increased serine/threonine kinase (AKT) protein levels and activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), inhibited autophagy activity, and stimulated or at least preserved muscle mass during aging. Taken together, nutmeg extract may increase muscle mass or prevent decrease of muscle wasting in soleus muscle by partly stimulating myogenesis, regeneration process, and preserving muscle mass via IGF-AKT-mTOR pathway leading to inhibition of autophagy activity during aging. This finding may reveal the potential nutmeg benefits as alternative supplement for preserving skeletal muscle mass and preventing sarcopenia in elderly.

Palm Oil contains high content of carotenoids and is a rich source of vitamin E consisting of tocopherols and tocotrienols which are well known nutritional antioxidants. Lipid oxidation has seriously limited the stability of palm oil resulting in rancidity. Therefore this work evaluates the antioxidant potential of Monodora myristica (African nutmeg) on Palm oil stability. Monodora myristica extract was obtained by maceration technique using n-hexane as solvent. Equal volumes of Palm oil obtained from one source were treated with different volumes (0.2ml, 0.4ml, 0.6m, 0.8m, 1.0ml) of African Nutmeg extract using syringe. Two experimental groups were prepared. A group were placed under the sun (S.S) and the other group in a room (S.R) for a period of two weeks. These treated oil samples were analyzed by titration, on weekly basis to determine the free fatty acid content and acid value. Results obtained showed that for the two groups of treated Palm oil, the free fatty acid content and acid value increased significantly (P

Nutmeg is a traditional spice and medicinal plant with a variety of pharmacological activities. However, nutmeg abuse due to its hallucinogenic characteristics and poisoning cases are frequently reported. Our previous metabolomics study proved the hepatotoxicity of nutmeg and demonstrated that high-dose nutmeg can affect the synthesis and secretion of bile acids and cause oxidative stress. In order to further investigate the hepatotoxicity of nutmeg, normal saline, 1 g/kg, 4 g/kg nutmeg were administrated to male Kunming mice by intragastrical gavage for 7 days. Histopathological investigation of liver tissue, proteomics and biochemical analysis were employed to explore the mechanism of liver damage caused by nutmeg. The results showed that a high-dose (4 g/kg) of nutmeg can cause significant increased level of CYP450s and depletion of antioxidants, resulting in obvious oxidative stress damage and lipid metabolism disorders, but this change was not observed in low-dose group (1 g/kg). In addition, the increased level of malondialdehyde and decreased level of glutathione peroxidase were found after nutmeg exposure. Therefore, the present study reasonably speculates that nutmeg exposure may lead to liver injury through oxidative stress and the degree of this damage is related to the exposure dose.

Although spices are widely used as food products and are generally regarded as safe, intentional abuse of household spices may occur and is likely underreported in the medical literature. Spices are inexpensive and widely available for purchase by individuals of all ages and may be perceived as being safer than traditional drugs of abuse.Nutmeg, cinnamon, and vanilla are commonly abused spices. The major component of nutmeg is myristicin; myristicin has activity at serotonergic receptors and may result in psychomimetic symptoms after exposure. Cinnamon oils contain local irritants which may cause dermatitis or ulcerations after topical application. Ground cinnamon contains cellulose fibers; these are biopersistent and bioresistant, and inhalational exposure to cinnamon powder can result in chronic pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Pure vanilla extract contains a minimum of 35% ethanol according to the United States Food and Drug Administration standards, and abuse of vanilla extract may occur among individuals seeking ethanol intoxication.Overall, misuse or abuse of these spices frequently results in mild to moderate symptoms that do not require medical intervention, although more serious intoxications may require hospitalization. Clinicians should be aware of the potential dangers of household spice abuse and understand management strategies for these exposures.

Incidences of abuse and poisoning have been reported for nutmeg, a household spice made from grinding the seed of Myristica fragrans, owing to its hallucinogenic properties. However, there have been no reports on nutmeg hepatotoxicity in relation to dose and duration of exposure. To investigate the hepatotoxicity of different nutmeg exposure durations and doses, male mice were administered daily with normal saline, 1.0 g/kg nutmeg, or 4.0 g/kg nutmeg by intragastrical gavage for either 7 or 14 days (for a total of six treatment groups, n = 6). Body weight of each mouse was monitored daily. Histological analysis of liver tissues was performed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining to investigate the morphological changes in hepatocytes. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to investigate liver function. Metabolomics and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed between treatment groups for identifying differential metabolites. Mice in the nutmeg exposure groups exhibited slow growth trends, hepatocyte damage, and significantly elevated serum AST and ALT levels associated with nutmeg dose and exposure duration. Metabolomics and KEGG enrichment pathway analyses also revealed differential levels of some metabolites related to liver function upon nutmeg exposure. Therefore, the present study reasonably speculates that nutmeg exposure may cause liver damage and affect liver function depending on the dose and duration.

Acne is a common skin condition observed in adolescents. Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) (MF) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, its major toxic components, safrole and myristicin, are rich in essential oils. Essential oils of MF (MFO) were extracted by hydrodistillation, the residue was extracted using 50% methanol (MFE-M). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MFE-M against Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus was 0.64 mg. Four compounds were obtained from MFE-M: myristicin (1), (+)-erythro-&Delta, 8&prime, 7S,8R- dihydroxy-3,3,5&prime, trimethoxy-8-O-4&prime, neolignan (2), (+)-erythro-&Delta, 8&rsquo, 7-hydroxy-3,4,3&rsquo, 5&rsquo, tetramethoxy 8-O-4-neolignan (3), and erythro-&Delta, 7-acetoxy-3,4,3&prime, 5&prime, tetramethoxy-8-O-4&prime, neolignan (4). Compound 2 exerted the strongest antimicrobial activity, with MICs of 6.25 and 3.12 &mu, g/mL against C. acnes and S. aureus, respectively. Moreover, 2 inhibited NO, PGE2, iNOS, and COX-2 levels in RAW 264.7 cells induced by LPS or heat-killed C. acnes, NO production at 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) was 11.07 and 11.53 &mu, g/mL, respectively. Myristicin and safrole content was higher in MFO than in MFE-M. MFO and MFE-M caused no skin irritation after a single topical application in Wistar rats. MFE-M, with low safrole and myristicin content, did not cause skin irritation and exhibited an anti-acne effect, moreover, 2 was identified as the active substance. Therefore, MFE-M could be employed to develop anti-acne compounds for use in cosmetics.

The effects of convection-oven precooking, frozen storage (&minus, 18 &deg, C/ two months) and four different reheating methods&mdash, namely, boiling, pan-roasting, convection oven and microwave oven on pH, color, texture, antioxidant activity and warmed-over flavor of beef meatballs were investigated. In this study, four kinds of beef meatballs were prepared: with added butylated hydroxyl toluene (0.02% BHT, M1), with nutmeg extract (0.02%, M2), with nutmeg powder (0.02%, M3) and control (no antioxidant). Addition of (0.02%) nutmeg extracts in beef meatballs M2 resulted in a significant (p &lt, 0.05) decrease in lipid and protein oxidation, hardness and gumminess values after convection oven precooking. Again, M2 reheated by microwave oven significantly (p &lt, 0.05) reduced cooking loss, gumminess, springiness, rancid flavor, saltiness and burnt taste and increased oxidative stability, redness and adhesiveness with the chewiness intensity and overall acceptability compared to control, M1 and M3. Conclusively, the addition of nutmeg extracts (0.02%) as a natural plant antioxidant to precooked beef meatballs can result in reduced lipid and protein oxidation levels, stabilized color and texture values and improved overall acceptance after reheated by microwave oven during two months of frozen storage.

Essential oils are volatile liquids which evaporate and lose their pharmacological effect when exposed to the environment. The aim of this study is to protect nutmeg essential oil from environmental factors by encapsulation (shell material, sodium alginate) and determine the influence of crosslinker concentration (2%, 5% calcium chloride), different emulsifiers (polysorbate 80, sucrose esters), and magnesium aluminometasilicate on microcapsule physical parameters, encapsulation efficiency (EE), swelling index (SI), and other parameters. Nutmeg essential oil (NEO)-loaded calcium alginate microcapsules were prepared by extrusion. The swelling test was performed with and without enzymes in simulated gastric, intestinal, and gastrointestinal media. This study shows that the crosslinker concentration has a significant influence on EE, with 2% calcium chloride solution being more effective than 5%, and capsules being softer with 2% crosslinker solution. Using sucrose esters, EE is higher when polysorbate 80 is used. The swelling index is nearly three times higher in an intestinal medium without enzymes than in the medium with pancreatin. Microcapsule physical parameters depend on the excipients: the hardest capsules were obtained with the biggest amount of sodium alginate, the largest with magnesium aluminometasilicate. Sucrose esters and magnesium aluminometasilicate are new materials used in extrusion.

Nutmeg plant (Myristica fragrans Houtt) is known as one of traditional medicine. The nutmeg root has a strong potential in antioxidant and anticancer agents among other nutmeg plant parts. The n-hexane root extract has been carried out by thin-layer chromatography and obtained 8 fractions (labeled as Myristica fragrans Houtt Root: MFHR 1 − 8). Specifically, the MFHR 4 has been purified for several times to obtain a yellow-brown color. Furthermore, lignan compound 6′-methyl-(7‑hydroxy-8-methylbut-9-en)-3,2′-dimethoxybiphenyl-4,5-diol) was identified with chemical formula of C20H24O5 and analyzed using UV–vis spectroscopy, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1D/2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Based on MTT assay, MFHR demonstrated moderate anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell lines of 51.95 µM, meanwhile, DPPH activity confirmed the strong antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 12.67 ppm.

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) seed was subjected to the hydro‐distillation method to extract its essential oil (NEO). Its main constituents were α‐pinene (20.16%), sabinene (14.45%), and β‐pinene (13.26%) with great antimicrobial and antioxidant actions. A novel edible coating was then fabricated based on the sage seed mucilage (SSM) and NEO, to ameliorate the quality and shelf‐life of beef slices. The NEO‐loaded SSM coating was able to significantly decrease the population of total viable count, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, psychrotrophic bacteria, and fungi. Moreover, lipid oxidation of beef slices was remarkably suppressed upon the application of bioactive NEO‐loaded SSM edible coating, as compared with the control by Day 6. The coated beef sample, especially NEO‐rich SSM coated ones perceived a higher consumer acceptance and firmness than the SSM coated and noncoated samples. The SSM edible coating containing NEO could therefore have the potential to control the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and lipid oxidation, and to improve the color stability and sensory properties of meat and meat products.

The present study was aimed to develop Manihot esculenta and Carrageenan bio-based composite active film functionalized with anise, caraway, and nutmeg essential oils (EOs) and to assess the shelf life of chicken nuggets wrapped with the developed film at refrigeration storage. Overall, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of the three EOs ranged from 0.4 to 0.8% v/v of which nutmeg EO was found most effective. Incorporation of EOs in the film resulted in significant (P ˂ 0.05) decrease in tensile strength and water activity while elongation at break was significantly (P ˂ 0.05) increased. No significant (P ˃ 0.05) changes in thickness and Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) were observed. Based on physicomechanical and sensory evaluation, films incorporated with 0.5, 1, and 1% concentration of anise, nutmeg, and caraway EO were selected. Chicken nuggets overwrapped with aforementioned films were stored aerobically at refrigeration temperature (4 ± 1 °C) to evaluate antimicrobial, antioxidant, and sensory characteristics. The result indicated that pH, peroxide, free fatty acid (FFA), and thiobarbituric acide (TBA) value of treatments were significantly (P ˂ 0.05) lower than controls however significantly (P < 0.05) higher DPPH activity was observed in all treatments. The total plate count, psychrophilic count and, yeast and mold count were also significantly (P ˂ 0.01) lower in treatment groups and were within the permissible limits. The treated samples were well acceptable during whole storage period of 15 days. The application of composite, active edible bio-based film was found proficient in confining product quality attributes throughout storage. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The majority of films used for packaging of meat and meat products are derived from synthetic "plastic" materials. The demerits associated with plastics have eventually led to explore natural alternatives such as edible films. The composite-active bio-based films have a huge potential to be molded for specific film properties based on requirements of product-specific packaging conditions.

The tree is endemic to the Maluku Province of Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Zanjibar, Indochina, Taiwan, and Malaysia. The small, dark colored, dry and very light fruit (described as seed by many) with a very thin fragrant skin that is easily broken, is used medicinally. The fragrant thin skin of nutmeg is called mace and is used independently. Ibn-al-Baitar quoted various authorities that it is astringent, digestive, improves functions of stomach, spleen and liver (cirrhosis), relieves flatulence, and is beneficial for halitosis. Avicenna described it as antiemetic and beneficial for eyesight and oliguria. It is especially useful in indigestion and diarrhea due to decreased retentive strength of intestines in patients with ‘cold and wet’ temperament. Muslim physicians in India describe nutmeg and mace as stimulating, narcotic, digestive, tonic and aphrodisiac, useful in diarrhea of cholera, especially when roasted; also, in obstruction of the liver and spleen. A paste made with nutmeg was used in nervous headache and palsy, and applied around the eyes was thought to strengthen eyesight. Ibn Jazlah called the peels of the tree as the most useful medicinally. Nutmeg contains volatile oil comprised of alkyl benzene derivatives, terpenes and myristic acid, d- and l-α-pinene, sabinene, d-camphene, dipentene, elemicin and isoelemicin, safrole, eugenol, geraniol, d-borneol, and l-terpineol; also 4% myristicin, which is toxic and narcotic. Behavioral effects of nutmeg have varied by the type of extract and the route of administration. Oral administration of methanol, dichloromethane (DE), and hexane (HE) extracts caused a significant increase in locomotor activity, and i.p. administration of DE and HE produced significant reduction in rectal and core body temperature in mice. Myristica seed extract potently reduced TC, LDL-C, lowered cholesterol/phospholipid ratio, and significantly elevated HDL-C, and prevented accumulation of cholesterol, phospholipids and TGs in liver, heart and aorta, and dissolved aortic atheromatous plaques by 75% of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. In a double-blind RCT, topical application of nutmeg oil was not significantly different in improving symptoms in diabetic painful neuropathy and neuropathic pain than placebo.

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) essential oil has antimicrobial, antiseptic, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. We have recently demonstrated that hydrodistillation of nutmeg essential oil by applying magnesium aluminometasilicate as an excipient significantly increases both the content and amount of bioactive substances in the oil and hydrolats. In this study, we aimed to compare the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activity of hydrolats and essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation in the presence and absence of magnesium aluminometasilicate as an excipient. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method revealed that magnesium aluminometasilicate did not significantly improved antioxidant activity of both essential oil and hydrolat. Antibacterial efficiency was evaluated by monitoring growth of 15 bacterial strains treated by a range of dilutions of the essential oil and the hydrolats. Essential oil with an excipient completely inhibited the growth of E. faecalis, S. mutans (referent), and P. multocida, whereas the pure oil was only efficient against the latter strain. Finally, the anti-inflammatory properties of the substances were assessed in a fibroblast cell culture treated with viral dsRNR mimetic Poly I:C. The essential oil with an excipient protected cells against Poly I:C-induced necrosis more efficiently compared to pure essential oil. Also, both the oil and the hydrolats with aluminometasilicate were more efficient in preventing IL-6 release in the presence of Poly I:C. Our results show that the use of magnesium aluminometasilicate as an excipient might change and in some cases improve the biological activities of nutmeg essential oil and hydrolats.

This work determined the chemical composition and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of nutmeg oleoresins (Myristica fragrans), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), and black pepper (Piper nigrum) as antimicrobial agents against strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), for the purpose of their inclusion in bio-composed gelatin films. Due to the fact that the antimicrobial activity of the oleoresins against S. aureus was more effective, the MIC and radial diffusion assays were performed on the film-forming solutions (FFS) containing the oleoresins, only against S. aureus strains. When the oleoresins were incorporated to the various films, antimicrobial activity against S. aureus was also detected. Bio-composed films containing black pepper oleoresin showed the lowest water vapor permeability (7.6*10-9 g*m/m2*h*Pa) and solubility in water (29%). Additionally, aforementioned oleoresins demonstrated potential to improve some physical and microbiological properties of the films, which could be used for applications in the food industry.

According to National Sleep Foundation in America, more than one third (36%) in young adults aged 18-29 years old reported hard to wake up in the morning. Nutmeg seeds contain atsiri oil about 10% and miristin that have sedative effect. The purpose of this study is to prove that nutmeg seeds shorten sleep induction time and prolong sleep time. This type of research is experimental research with a post test only control group design. The samples used were 27 male Swiss Webster mice, which were divided into three groups. The first control group was given diazepam; the second group was given nutmeg seed extract dose of 7.5 mg; and the third group was given aquabides. The data obtained from the sleep duration of mice in each group. To determine differences in each experimental group, data with normal distribution were analyzed by one way ANOVA test and data with abnormal distribution were analyzed by the KruskalWallis test using SPSS 22.0 for Windows. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that sleep induction time had a value of p = 0.001. Based on the one way ANOVA test, the result shows the length of sleep time from the treatment group has a significant difference to the control group with a value of p = 0,000 and also showing a significant result to the comparison group with a value of p = 0,000. Nutmeg seed extract (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) with a dose of 7.5 mg can significantly extend the sleep duration of mice. Keywords: nutmeg seeds extract, sleep duration.

Meat products are considered highly perishable foods because of their physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Different compounds can be combined to produce active films with greater functionality, which can provide effective protection to food during storage. In this research, active films formulated with polyvinyl alcohol, gelatin, and different oleoresin concentrations of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) were made by using the casting methodology, a process by which a solution is poured into a mold. Bovine loins (Longissimus dorsi) were coated with the active films formulated, stored at 4 °C, performing physicochemical characterization for 1, 3, 6 and 10 days. The results obtained indicate a decrease in pH, humidity percentage, peroxide value (POVs), total volatile nitrogen bases (TVB-N) and greater conservation of the a* parameter (coordinate where +a indicates red, -a indicates green) in loins covered with active films during storage time. Thus, the active films formulated could be used in the meat industry to extend the shelf life of bovine loins.