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Abstract This paper explores the potential implementation of Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) in agriculture, specifically focusing on soil and water management in Southern Italy, particularly in the Apulia and Basilicata regions. Through a tailored questionnaire, it investigates farmers’ perceptions of the utility of NBSs, addressing key issues in the region and evaluating their role in addressing soil and water management challenges. Findings reveal primary challenges such as drought, floods, and water pollution, with soil erosion being a major concern. Several NBSs, including wetlands and bioswales, demonstrate consistent utility and performance, while disparities exist for agroforestry and strip cropping. The study underscores a significant gap in the economic valuation of NBSs, emphasizing the need for comprehensive assessments that incorporate livability improvements, water quality enhancement, and socio-cultural benefits. Additionally, an analysis of NBS implementation across Italian agriculture reveals limited case studies, suggesting the need for strategic expansions to meet Sustainable Development Goals. This research offers critical insights into the effectiveness and challenges of NBSs in agricultural soil and water management, advocating for enhanced stakeholder engagement and the development of multidimensional evaluation frameworks to support sustainable practices.

Abstract Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides, particularly MoS2, are interesting materials for many applications in aerospace research, radiation therapy and bioscience more in general. Since in many of these applications MoS2-based nanomaterials can be placed in an aqueous environment while exposed to ionizing radiation, both experimental and theoretical studies of their behaviour under these conditions is particularly interesting. Here, we study the effects of tiny imparted doses of 511 keV photons to MoS2 nanoflakes in water solution. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in which ionizing radiation on 2D-MoS2 occurs in water. Interestingly, we find that, in addition to the direct interaction between high-energy photons and nanoflakes, reactive chemical species, generated by γ-photons induced radiolysis of water, come into play a relevant role. A radiation transport Monte Carlo simulation allowed determining the elements driving the morphological and spectroscopical changes of 2D-MoS2, experimentally monitored by SEM microscopy, DLS, Raman and UV–vis spectroscopy, AFM, and X-ray photoelectron techniques. Our study demonstrates that radiolysis products affect the Molybdenum oxidation state, which is massively changed from the stable + 4 and + 6 states into the rarer and more unstable + 5. These findings will be relevant for radiation-based therapies and diagnostics in patients that are assuming drugs or contrast agents containing 2D-MoS2 and for aerospace biomedical applications of 2DMs investigating their actions into living organisms on space station or satellites.

Abstract Patients on hemodialysis (HD) have a high risk of death from COVID-19. We evaluated the humoral and cell-mediated immune response to BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine in HD patients, comparing HD with Poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) and HD with Polysulphone (PS). Samples were collected before vaccination (T0) and 14-days after the 2ndvaccine (T2) in a TG (TG, n = 16-Foggia) and in a VG (CG, n = 36-Novara). Anti-SARS-CoV-2-Ig were titrated in the cohort 2-weeks after the 2nddose of vaccine. In the Testing-Group, serum neutralizing antibodies (NAb) were assayed and PBMCs isolated from patients were thawed, counted and stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 IGRA stimulation tube set. All patients had a positive ab-response, except in a case. PMMA-patients had higher levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG (p = 0.031); VG data confirmed these findings (p

Abstract Natural polymers have found increased use in a wider range of applications due to their less harmful effects. Notably, bacterial cellulose has gained significant consideration due to its exceptional physical and chemical properties and its substantial biocompatibility, which makes it an attractive candidate for several biomedical applications. This study attempts to thoroughly unravel the microstructure of bacterial cellulose precursors, known as bioflocculants, which to date have been poorly characterised, by employing both electron and optical microscopy techniques. Here, starting from bioflocculants from Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast (SCOBY), we proved that their microstructural features, such as porosity percentage, cellulose assembly degree, fibres’ density and fraction, change in a spatio-temporal manner during their rising toward the liquid–air interface. Furthermore, our research identified a correlation between electron and optical microscopy parameters, enabling the assessment of bioflocculants' microstructure without necessitating offline sample preparation procedures. The ultimate goal was to determine their potential suitability as a novel cellulose-based building block material with tuneable structural properties. Our investigations substantiate the capability of SCOBY bioflocculants, characterized by distinct microstructures, to successfully assemble within a microfluidic device, thereby generating a cellulose sheet endowed with specific and purposefully designed structural features.

Abstract The biological effects of ionizing radiation are exploited in the clinical practice of radiotherapy to destroy tumour cells while sparing the surrounding normal tissue. While most of the radiotherapy research focused on DNA damage and repair, recently a great attention is going to cells' interactions with the mechanical microenvironment of both malignant and healthy tissues after exposure. In fact, the stiffness of the extracellular matrix can modify cells' motility and spreading through the modulation of transmembrane proteins and surface receptors' expression, such as CD-44. CD-44 receptor has held much interest also in targeted-therapy due to its affinity with hyaluronic acid, which can be used to functionalize biodegradable nanoparticles loaded with chemotherapy drugs for targeted therapy. We evaluated changes in CD-44 expression in two mammary carcinoma cell lines (MCF10A and MDA-MB-231) after exposure to X-ray (2 or 10 Gy). To explore the role of the mechanical microenvironment, we mimicked tissues' stiffness with polyacrylamide's substrates producing two different elastic modulus values (0.5 and 15 kPa). We measured a dose dependent increase in CD-44 relative expression in tumour cells cultured in a stiffer microenvironment. These findings highlight a crucial connection between the mechanical properties of the cell's surroundings and the post-radiotherapy expression of surface receptors.

Background Fish scale waste is highly valued both as a functional food ingredient and a potential feed source for farmed fish. This study aimed to analyse the chemical composition, fatty acid profile, and mineral content in fish scale flour of Osphronemus (O) goramy, Cyprinus (C) carpio, and Oreochromis (O) niloticus as potential feed for fish fry. Methods Fish scales were cleaned with 10% w/v NaCl solution at a ratio of 1:10 (w/w) for 24 hours at 4 °C. Agitation was used every eight hours to remove excess protein. Fish scales were evenly arranged in a cooker and cooked at 121 °C for 10 minutes with 15 psi pressure. After cooking, 100 grams of wet fish scales was dried at 50 °C for four hours. Dried fish scales were transformed into flour for proximate composition analysed via standard AOAC method, amino acid and fatty acid assessment employing HPLC and GC-MS, while mineral content was determined using AAS. Results The examined fish scale flour from three species displayed significant variations in chemical components, amino acids, and minerals (p

Background: Giant gourami, Osphronemus goramy is the most important freshwater fish species produced by aquaculture in Indonesia. This study aimed to the effects of various newly formulated products on the amino acid composition of the diet and whole-body carcass, and to analyse the growth coefficient, body indices, and gut micromorphology. Methods: One hundred gram of palm sap sugar was cooked in 1.1 litre of fresh water for fifteen minutes, to create 1 litre of 11% palm sap sugar solution (after some of it had been boiled off). Two litres of coconut water were then mixed with the litre of palm sugar solution. One litre of this product was added in turn to 2 g of Aspergillus niger (CP2), 2 g of Rhizopus oligosporus (CP3), and 2 g of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CP4), while freshwater was used as a control (labeled CP1). Aquafeed was added to CP1, CP2, CP3, and CP4, to make diets labeled KP1, KP2, KP3, and KP4. The dosage was 150 ml/kg of feed. Juvenile giant gourami (initial weight 50±0.25 g and length 13.2±0.07 cm) were reared in triplicate net frames (2×1×1 m; water volume 1.5 m 3) in a freshwater concrete pond with a stocking density of 30 juveniles/net. Results: The results supported our hypothesis that different product formulations have a significant effect (P < 0.05) on aquafeed nutrition and the whole-body carcass, growth coefficient, feed utilization, body indices, and gut micromorphology of giant gourami juveniles. The thermal growth coefficient strongly correlated with the daily growth coefficient (r 2 = 92%), condition factor (r2 = 77%), protein efficiency ratio (r2 = 75%), while a moderate relationship with the feed intake ( r2 = 69%). Conclusions: Diet KP3 contains higher total amino acids in diets and carcasses and leads to feed efficiency and better growth for giant gourami.

Background: The Asian redtail catfish Hemibagrus nemurus is a promising commercial aquaculture freshwater big-sized Bagridae catfish across Asian countries such as the Mekong, Malay Peninsula, and Indonesia. This study analysed the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) supplementation in diets on changes in fatty acid compositions in feed and fish meat, lipid quality (atherogenic index and thrombogenic index), growth rate, body indicators, and serum metabolites of Hemibagrus nemurus juveniles. Methods: A total of 180 Asian redtail catfish (initial weight 54.80 ± 2.72 g) were fed four levels (0, 3,150, 6,300, and 9,450 mg of EPA+DHA/kg feed) sourced from fish oil. Diets were fed in triplicate in freshwater tarpaulin ponds, with 15 fish per tarpaulin pond. During the experiment, fish were fed 3% per day of the biomass weight. Results: Categorically, there were significant differences in the composition of fatty acids in the feed and fish meat. The atherogenic index was between 1.76 and 1.84, and the thrombogenic index was between 0.81 and 0.89 in all fish meat. Growth performance was significantly different between diets, while body indices did not make a significant difference between diets. The fish meat EPA and DHA showed positive linear relationships with diet EPA (p

Abstract In spite of tremendous advances made in the comprehension of mechanotransduction, implementation of mechanobiology assays remains challenging for the broad community of cell biologists. Hydrogel substrates with tunable stiffness are essential tool in mechanobiology, allowing to investigate the effects of mechanical signals on cell behavior. A bottleneck that slows down the popularization of hydrogel formulations for mechanobiology is the assessment of their stiffness, typically requiring expensive and sophisticated methodologies in the domain of material science. Here we overcome such barriers offering the reader protocols to set-up and interpret two straightforward, low cost and high-throughput tools to measure hydrogel stiffness: static macroindentation and micropipette aspiration. We advanced on how to build up these tools and on the underlying theoretical modeling. Specifically, we validated our tools by comparing them with leading techniques used for measuring hydrogel stiffness (atomic force microscopy, uniaxial compression and rheometric analysis) with consistent results on PAA hydrogels or their modification. In so doing, we also took advantage of YAP/TAZ nuclear localization as biologically validated and sensitive readers of mechanosensing, all in all presenting a suite of biologically and theoretically proven protocols to be implemented in most biological laboratories to approach mechanobiology.

The National Food and Drug Agency has controlled the refill drinking water in drinking water depots and also controlled food at school canteens ranging from elementary, junior high, to high school, but the National Food and Drug Agency never do food quality controlling in canteens at universities. Objectives: To identified the contamination by coliform and E. coli bacteria in drinking water at Andalas University canteen. Methods: This research was descriptive to identify coliform bacteria on 15 drinking water at the Andalas University faculty canteens. Samples were taken directly using a sterile bottle, while data analysis using Most Probable Number (MPN) tables 5-1-1 and the presence of E. coli bacteria colonies from drinking water samples. Results: 9 of 15 water samples were contaminated by coliform bacteria with the highest MPN index of 240/100 ml that was found in 2 samples. From 9 samples containing coliform bacteria, all of them were found to contain E. coli bacteria. Conclusion: Most of the samples were contaminated by coliform and E. coli bacteria. Drinking water served using a kettle was more contaminated than drinking water served using gallons. Keywords: Coliform, Escherichia coli, MPN

Background: The giant gourami sago strain (Osphronemus goramy Lacepède) has been approved in 2018 as a candidate for freshwater aquaculture in Indonesia. However, information on the species’ reproduction is minimal. This study analyzed the reproductive characteristics of the gourami sago strain broodfish to provide basic knowledge for a future hatchery development strategy. Methods: A total of 10 female and 10 male mature gourami sago strain broodfish were measured for body weight and length, and were evaluated for their reproductive characteristics. Breeding fish were spawned naturally in a 2×1×0.6 m concrete pond with a male-female sex ratio of 1:1. Egg weight and diameter were measured in 25 eggs per female using, respectively, ACIS AD- 600i scales with 0.01 g accuracy, and a microscope (Labo model L-711) using Canon Digital Camera Software 3 . Semen was collected using plastic syringes in 3 mL aliquots, then placed in an insulated ice-cooled container, and analyzed within two hours of collection. Results: Average weights of female and male broodfish before spawning were 2180±159.78 g and 3060±134.99 g, respectively. The relative fecundity and egg diameter were 1029±36 eggs kg-1 and 2.42±0.05 mm, respectively. The hatching rate and embryo survival to an eyed-egg stage were respectively 76.40±2.27% and 94.76±0.42%. Sperm characteristics showed that volume was 0.60±0.12 ml kg-1 and percentage of motile sperm was 70.04±2.27%. Female broodfish weight after spawning was strongly correlated with the weight before spawned (r2 = 0.999) and absolute fecundity was also strongly correlated with female broodfish weight before spawning (r2= 0.921). Sperm concentration was moderately correlated with sperm motility (r2 = 0.556) and duration of sperm motility (r2 = 0.502). Conclusions: The gourami sago strain broodfish has suitable reproductive characteristics for the development of hatcheries. Successful natural spawning should be followed by larval weaning and feeding technology to increase growth and survival.

Childbirth can sometimes cause anxiety in pregnant women, especially in the third trimester. Pregnant women are worried about whether the baby is normal or not, the pain that will be felt and the delivery is normal or not. In order to facilitate pregnant women to go through their anxiety without complications, there are currently many being given care using lavender aromatherapy. Lavender contains substances that relax pregnant women, thereby eliminating anxiety. An initial survey conducted at PMB Erni Atika Sari, there were 19 pregnant women who said that they had anxiety in the third trimester of pregnancy, especially in the face of childbirth. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of lavender aromatherapy on the anxiety of pregnant women in the third trimester. This research was conducted with a quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group design. The research location is PMB Erni Atika Sari and PMB Lismawati. The sample is primigravida third trimester pregnant women with saturated sampling with a total of 40 people. The results showed that there was an effect of giving lavender aromatherapy on the anxiety of primigravida pregnant women in the third trimester (p = 0.000). For this reason, it is expected that pregnant women can use lavender therapy as a complementary therapy that provides a relaxing effect so that it can reduce the anxiety of pregnant women facing childbirth.

Abstract Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an essential component of the innate immune system and a recognized modulator of Complement cascade. The role of Complement system in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer has been largely underestimated. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of PTX3 as possible modulator of Complement activation in the development of this neoplasia. We performed a single center cohort study; from January 2017 through December 2018, serum and prostate tissue samples were obtained from 620 patients undergoing prostate biopsy. A group of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) underwent a second biopsy within 12–36 months demonstrating the presence of a prostate cancer (Group A, n = 40) or confirming the diagnosis of BPH (Group B, N = 40). We measured tissue PTX3 protein expression together with complement activation by confocal microscopy in the first and second biopsy in group A and B patients. We confirmed that that PTX3 tissue expression in the first biopsy was increased in group A compared to group B patients. C1q deposits were extensively present in group A patients co-localizing and significantly correlating with PTX3 deposits; on the contrary, C1q/PTX3 deposits were negative in group B. Moreover, we found a significantly increased expression of C3a and C5a receptors within resident cells in group A patient. Interestingly, C1q/PTX3 deposits were not associated with activation of the terminal Complement complex C5b-9; moreover, we found a significant increase of Complement inhibitor CD59 in cancer tissue. Our data indicate that PTX3 might play a significant pathogenic role in the development of this neoplasia through recruitment of the early components of Complement cascade with hampered activation of terminal Complement pathway associated with the upregulation of CD59. This alteration might lead to the PTX3-mediated promotion of cellular proliferation, angiogenesis and insensitivity to apoptosis possible leading to cancer cell invasion and migration.

Kran air dan tombol flush kloset merupakan kelengkapan toilet umum dan sering digunakan masyarakat. Penggunaan toilet umum terutama kran air dan tombol flush kloset yang bergantian oleh masyarakat dapat menjadi media tempat hidup bakteri dan penularan penyakit, tetapi menjadi terabaikan oleh masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran bakteri pada kran air dan tombol flush kloset di toilet umum Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas tahun 2018. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli 2017-April 2018. Populasi penelitian adalah toilet umum di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas. Sampel penelitian adalah bagian dari populasi yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan tidak eksklusi. Analisis pada 48 sampel, didapatkan bakteri pada kran air adalah Bacillus sp. 18 isolat, E.coli 2 isolat, Klebsiella sp. 2 isolat, dan S. aureus 2 isolat. Bakteri pada tombol flush kloset adalah Bacillus sp. 14 isolat, E. coli 4 isolat, Klebsiella sp. 2 isolat, S. aureus 3 isolat, dan P. aeruginosa 1 isolat. Pada penelitian ini disimpulkan bakteri yang ditemukan adalah Bacillus sp. sebanyak 32 (66,67%), E. coli 6 (12,50%), S. aureus 5 (10,42%), Klebsiella sp.4 (8,33%), dan P. aeruginosas 1 (2,08%). Oleh karena itu, bagi pengguna toilet diharapkan mencuci tangan menggunakan air dan sabun, sedangkan bagi petugas kebersihan diharapkan membersihkan kran air dan tombol flush kloset.

Penyakit infeksi merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat utama bagi negara maju dan berkembang. Salah satu penyebab infeksi adalah bakteri dan bisa menyerang berbagai sistem organ tubuh anak. Untuk mengobatinya digunakan antibiotik. Namun, dalam penggunaannya ditemukan resistensi antibiotik terhadap bakteri. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui bakteri penyebab infeksi pada anak dan pola resistensinya dari berbagai spesimen tahun 2014-2016. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian deskriptif restrospektif. Sampel penelitian adalah catatan hasil pemeriksaan kultur dari berbagai spesimen dan uji sensitivitas bakteri terhadap antibiotik pasien usia kurang dari 18 tahun di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang periode 1 Januari 2014 – 31 Desember 2016. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bakteri penyebab infeksi pada anak dari spesimen darah adalah Klebsiella sp. Klebsiella sp. sensitif terhadap sulbaktam-sefoperazon (95%) dan netilmisin (86%), dan rata-rata sudah resisten terhadap asam nalidiksat (100%) dan eritromisin (95,7%). Pada spesimen feses dan urin ditemukan Escherichia coli. Pada spesimen feses, Escherichia coli sensitif terhadap sulbaktam-sefoperazon (97,7%) dan meropenem (95,7%), resisten terhadap eritromisin (98%) dan ampisilin (95,3%). Pada spesimen urin, Escherichia coli sensitif terhadap meropenem (86,9%) dan netilmisin (76,9%), resisten terhadap tetrasiklin (91,2%) dan amoksisilin (89,9%). Pada spesimen sputum ditemukan Klebsiella sp. Klebsiella sp. sensitif terhadap meropenem (84,2%) dan levofloksasin (76,9%), resisten terhadap sulfametroksazol-trimetroprim (100%) dan eritromisin (93,8%). Kesimpulan penelitian adalah bakteri yang paling banyak menjadi penyebab infeksi pada spesimen darah anak adalah Klebsiella sp. yang sensitif terhadap sulbaktam-sefoperazon dan resisten terhadap asam nalidiksat. Pada spesimen feses, Escherichia coli sensitif terhadap sulbaktam-sefoperazon dan resisten terhadap eritromisin. Pada spesimen urin, Escherichia coli sensitif terhadap meropenem dan resisten terhadap tetrasiklin. Pada spesimen sputum, Klebsiella sp. sensitif terhadap meropenem dan resisten terhadap sulfametroksazol-trimetroprim.

Background: Giant gourami ( Osphronemus goramy, Osphronemidae), belonging to gurami sago strain, is an important economic fish species that was newly released for domestication in 2018 in Indonesia. The present study aimed to determine the growth, production and feed conversion efficiency of gurami sago strain in different aquaculture systems. Methods: A mean of 240 juveniles were stocked (initial weight mean, 54.53 g and length 13.88 cm) into concrete ponds, floating net cages and earthen freshwater ponds (12 m3) with three replicates of each. The juveniles were fed a floating commercial pellet diet containing 30% crude protein and 5% crude lipids. Feed was supplied at 3% of fish biomass per day throughout the 90 days of the experiment. The research was conducted in the area surrounding Lake Maninjau of Indonesia. Results: After 90 days, the mean weight of fish reared in concrete ponds was 166.86 g, floating net cages was 179.51 g and earthen freshwater ponds was 149.89 g. The mean final biomass was 37.64 kg for concrete ponds, 41.27 kg for floating net cages, and 33.72 kg for earthen freshwater ponds. The specific growth rates (%/day) for concrete ponds, floating net cages and earthen freshwater ponds were 0.67, 0.75 and 0.62, respectively. The feed conversion rates were 1.45 for concrete ponds, 1.30 for floating net cages and 1.87 for earthen freshwater ponds. The net yields (kg mˉ3) were 2.05 for concrete ponds, 2.27 for floating net cages, and 1.73 for earthen freshwater ponds. The exponents (b) of the length–weight relationship were calculated for concrete ponds (1.0146), floating net cages (1.2641), and earthen freshwater ponds (1.0056). Conclusion: The study showed that the growth performance, production and feed conversion efficiency of the gurami sago strain were the best found in floating net cages and considered a new aquaculture system in the future.

Background: Giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy, Osphronemidae), belonging to the gurami sago strain, is an important economic fish species that was newly released for domestication in 2018 in Indonesia. The present study aimed to determine the growth, production and feed conversion efficiency of gurami sago strain in different aquaculture systems. Methods: A mean of 240 juveniles were stocked (mean, 54.53 g and 13.88 cm) into concrete ponds, floating net cages and earthen freshwater ponds (12 m3) with three replicates of each. The juveniles were fed a floating commercial pellet diet containing 30% crude protein and 5% crude lipids. Feed was supplied at 3% of fish biomass per day throughout the 90 days of the experiment. The research was conducted in the area surrounding Lake Maninjau of West Sumatera Province, Indonesia. Results: After 90 days, the mean weight of fish reared in concrete ponds was 166.86 g, floating net cages was 179.51 g and earthen freshwater ponds was 149.89 g. The mean final biomass was 37.64 kg for concrete ponds, 41.27 kg for floating net cages, and 33.72 kg for earthen freshwater ponds. The specific growth rates (%/day) for concrete ponds, floating net cages and earthen freshwater ponds were 0.67, 0.75 and 0.62, respectively. The feed conversion rates were 1.45 for concrete ponds, 1.30 for floating net cages and 1.87 for earthen freshwater ponds. The net yields (kg mˉ3) were 2.05 for concrete ponds, 2.27 for floating net cages, and 1.73 for earthen freshwater ponds. The exponents (b) of the length–weight relationship were calculated for concrete ponds (1.0146), floating net cages (1.2641), and earthen freshwater ponds (1.0056). Conclusion: The study showed that the growth performance, production and feed conversion efficiency of the gurami sago strain could be considered a new candidate strain for floating net cage aquaculture in the future.

Background: The capture fishery sectors in the river and reservoir play an important role in the Indonesian economy through increased income and diversification of livelihoods. The present study was conducted to ascertain fish diversity and their distribution pattern in the upstream and downstream areas of Koto Panjang Reservoir, Riau Province-Indonesia. Methods: Fish samples were collected for a period of 12 months using a variety of fish nets at four sites; Koto Mesjid (KM) and Batu Bersurat (BB), located in the upstream area of Koto Panjang Reservoir and Rantau Berangin (RB) and Kuok (KK), located in the downstream area of Koto Panjang Reservoir. Data obtained were analyzed using standard taxonomic keys based on morphometric characters. Results: A total of 44 species belonging 19 families and 33 genera were recorded in the study area. Alpha diversity indices showed that fish diversity in this area was quite high (Shannon’s index = 2.10 and Simpson-D = 0.21) and evenness was low (evenness H/S =0.19). The fish in KM and BB sites (upstream) were from eight and 11 families, respectively. In RB and KK sites (downstream), fish were from 16 and 15 families, respectively. In KM, BB, RB and KK sites, the dominant family was Cyprinidae, comprising 33.45%, 50.95%, 43.04% and 39.35% of all fish caught at each site, respectively. Exotic species, especially Nile tilapia, were 20.15%, 14.11%, 5.62%, and 5.34%, respectively. Some differences were also noted between the upstream and downstream reservoirs, with a slight increase in exotic species in the upstream reservoir over the study period (from 11.39% vs. 34.66%), corresponding to decrease of native species (from 88.61% vs. 65.34%). Conclusions: The diversity and distribution of fish fauna were varied in upstream and downstream areas of Koto Panjang Reservoir. The exotic species were found to be dominant in the upstream reservoir areas.

Penggunaan antibiotik yang irasional dapat menyebabkan terjadinya resistensi bakteri. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan efek propolis dan jeruk nipis terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Streptococcus pyogenes. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas Padang pada bulan Desember 2014 hingga April 2015. Rancangan penelitian bersifat eksperimental. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diameter rerata daerah bebas kuman S. aureus yang diberikan propolis adalah 11 mm dan jeruk nipis 14,66 mm. Diameter rerata daerah bebas kuman S. pyogenes yang diberikan jeruk nipis adalah 12,66 mm. Sedangkan, propolis tidak dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri S. pyogenes. Data dianalisis secara statistik dengan menggunakan uji Kruskal Wallis kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji Mann Whitney. Hasil uji Mann Whitney antara propolis dan jeruk nipis terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri S. aureus menunjukkan perbedaan yang tidak bermakna (p = 0.05), sedangkan terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri S. pyogenes menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna p = 0,014 (p < 0,05). Simpulan penelitian ini adalah propolis memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap pertumbuhan S. aureus dan tidak memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri S. pyogenes, sedangkan jeruk nipis memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri S. aureus dan S. pyogenes.

The analysis of microRNA (miRNAs), small, non-coding endogenous RNA, plays a crucial role in oncology. These short regulatory sequences, acting on thousands of messenger RNAs (mRNAs), modulate gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level leading to translational repression or degradation of target molecules. Although their function is required for several physiological processes, such as proliferation, apoptosis and cell differentiation, miRNAs are also responsible for development and/or progression of several cancers, since they may interact with classical tumor pathways. In this review, we highlight recent advances in deregulated miRNAs in cancer focusing on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and provide an overview of the potential use of miRNA in their clinical settings, such as diagnostic and prognostic markers.

Latar belakang. Vitamin D dan cathelicidin berperan penting dalam sistem imun alamiah terhadap kuman tuberkulosis. Vitamin D memediasi sintesis cathelicidin, melalui ekspresi vitamin D nuclear reseptor (VDR) sehingga cathelicidin dapat membunuh kuman mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tujuan. Melihat hubungan kadar vitamin D dan cathelicidin dengan kejadian infeksi tuberkulosis pada anak yang kontak dengan penderita tuberkulosis dewasa BTA positif. Metode. Penelitian cross sectional dengan sampel dibedakan antara terinfeksi tuberkulosis dengan yang tidak terinfeksi tuberkulosis. Sampel dilakukan pengukuran kadar vitamin D, yaitu kadar 25(OH)D dan cathelicidin plasma. Analisis statistik dengan menggunakan chi square, T-test, Mann-Whitney U, dan uji korelasi Spearman’s. Hasil. Anak terinfeksi tuberkulosis dengan gizi kurang 58%. Sumber kontak dengan BTA positif tiga anak yang terinfeksi tuberkulosis 54%. Tidak terdapat defisiensi vitamin D. Rerata kadar vitamin D anak terinfeksi dan tidak terinfeksi tuberkulosis berturut-turut 24,93±7,42 dan 24,66±6,23 ng/mL (p=0,868). Kadar cathelicidin rendah terdapat pada 62,5% anak yang terinfeksi tuberkulosis. Pada anak yang terinfeksi dan tidak terinfeksi tuberkulosis berturut-turut 149,76±160,76 dan 190,74±184,95 ng/ mL (p=0,139). Tidak terdapat hubungan kadar vitamin D dan cathelicidin plasma pada anak dengan kontak BTA positif (p=0,135 dan r=-0,183) Kesimpulan. Kadar cathelicidin pada anak yang tidak terinfeksi tuberkulosis cenderung lebih tinggi dibandingkan anak yang tidak terinfeksi, walaupun secara statistik tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna.

Exosomes are phospholipid-based particles endogenously produced by both normal and tumor cells. Initially identified as a pathway for shuttling cellular waste, for a long time they were thought to act as “garbage bags”, and only in the past few years have they emerged as a promising drug delivery system. In this review, we provide an overview of the knowledge about exosome architecture and biogenesis and the recent progress in isolation methods. Furthermore, we describe the mechanisms involved in both extra- and intracellular communication with a focus on glioma brain tumors. Glioma is considered a rare disease and is the most prominent aggressive brain malignancy. How exosomes target glial tumoral cells in vivo remains largely unknown. However, they are able to influence numerous physio-pathological aspects. Here, we discuss the role they play in this heterogeneous and complex microenvironment and their potential applications.

High serum levels of microbiota-derived uremic toxins, indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), are associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and cardiovascular complications. IS and PCS cannot be efficiently removed by conventional hemodialysis (HD), due to their high binding affinity for albumin. This study evaluates the efficacy of a divinylbenzene-polyvinylpyrrolidone (DVB-PVP) cartridge and a synbiotic to reduce uremic toxins in HD patients. First, the in vitro efficacy of DVB-PVP in adsorbing IS and PCS was evaluated. Second, a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study in HD patients was carried out to establish whether the administration of a synbiotic, either individually and in association with DVB-PVP-HD, could reduce the production of uremic toxins. In vitro data showed that DVB-PVP resin removed a mean of 56% PCS and around 54% IS, after 6 h of perfusion. While, in the in vivo study, the DVB-PVP cartridge showed its adsorbing efficacy only for IS plasma levels. The combination of synbiotic treatment with DVB-PVP HD decreased IS and PCS both at pre- and post-dialysis levels. In conclusion, this study provides the first line of evidence on the synergistic action of gut microbiota modulation and an innovative absorption-based approach in HD patients, aimed at reducing plasma levels of IS and PCS.

Background: Hemibagrus wyckii Bagridae is one of the important economic fish species that lives in the rivers and reservoir in Riau Province, Indonesia. The present study aimed to determine the reproductive performance of H.wyckii under culture conditions. Method s: A total of 10 female and 10 male fish were selected, and weight, length, characteristics of egg and sperm, and hatchery performance were measured. Eggs were fertilized using the dry method. Egg weight and egg diameters were measured for 50 eggs per female. Egg size (50 eggs for each fish) was measured using Labo microscope model L-711 using software camera 3. Then, saline solution was added over the eggs, followed by the addition of pooled sperm from 10 males. Results: Average relative fecundity, egg weight and egg diameter were 2060±512 eggs/kg fish, 29.86±1.21 mg and 2.67±0.26 mm, respectively. The fertilization rate and hatching rate were 60.91±4.68% and 42.91±2.92% respectively. Sperm characteristics such as volume per fish (mL), pH, concentration (per mL), motility (%) and duration of motility (second) were 0.82±0.20, 7.15±0.12, 3.68±0.15, 72.77±1.46 and 47.5±4.84, respectively. Conclusion: The study results and scientific observations regarding reproductive performance suggest that H. wyckii can be considered a new candidate species for aquaculture.

Background: Hemibagrus wyckii Bagridae is one of the most important economic fish species that lives in the rivers and reservoir in Riau Province, Indonesia. The present study aimed to determine the reproductive performance of H.wyckii under culture conditions. Methods: A total of 10 female and 10 male fish were selected, and weight, length, characteristics of egg and sperm, and hatchery performance were measured. Eggs were fertilized using the dry method. Egg weight and egg diameters were measured for 50 eggs per female. Egg size (50 eggs for each fish) was measured using an Olympus microscope (CX40). Then, saline solution was added over the eggs, followed by the addition of pooled sperm from 10 males. Results: Average relative fecundity, egg weight and egg diameter were 2060±512 eggs/kg fish, 29.86±1.21 mg and 2.67±0.26 mm, respectively. The fertilization rate and hatching rate were 60.91±4.68% and 42.91±2.92% respectively. Sperm characteristics such as volume per fish (mL), pH, concentration (per mL), motility (%) and duration of motility (second) were 0.82±0.20, 7.15±0.12, 3.68±0.15, 72.77±1.46 and 47.5±4.84, respectively. Conclusion: The study results and scientific observations regarding reproductive performance suggest that H. wyckii can be considered a new candidate species for aquaculture.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Preeclampsia is a systemic disorder, affecting 2-10% of pregnancies, characterized by a deregulated pro- and anti-angiogenic balance. Semaphorin 3F is an angiogenesis inhibitor. We aimed to investigate whether semaphorin 3F expression is modulated in preeclampsia. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND MEASUREMENTS:We performed two observational single center cohort studies between March 2013 and August 2014. In the first we enrolled 110 consecutive women, undergoing an elective cesarean section; in the second we included 150 consecutive women undergoing amniocentesis for routine clinical indications at 16-18 week of gestation. Semaphorin 3F concentration was evaluated in maternal peripheral blood, venous umbilical blood and amniotic fluid, along with its placenta protein expression at the time of delivery in the first study group and in the amniotic fluid at 16-18 weeks of gestation in the second study group. RESULTS:In the first study 19 patients presented at delivery with preeclampsia. Semaphorin 3F placenta tissue expression was significantly reduced in preeclampsia. In addition, semaphorin 3F level at delivery was significantly lower in serum, amniotic fluid and venous umbilical blood of preeclamptic patients compared with normal pregnant women. In the prospective cohort study 14 women developed preeclampsia. In this setting, semaphorin 3F amniotic level at 16-18 weeks of gestation was reduced in women who subsequently developed preeclampsia compared to women with a normal pregnancy. ROC curve analysis showed that semaphorin 3F amniotic levels could identify women at higher risk of preeclampsia. CONCLUSIONS:Semaphorin 3F might represent a predictive biomarker of preeclampsia.

AbstrakDiare merupakan salah satu penyakit yang ditularkan melalui air terkontaminasi oleh agen penyebab seperti bakteri Coliform. Menurut data Dinas Kesehatan Kota (DKK) Padang pada tahun 2011, kejadian diare di Kelurahan Lubuk Buaya Kecamatan Koto Tangah, Kota Padang merupakan kasus tertinggi di Kota Padang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan kualitas air sumur gali di Kelurahan Lubuk Buaya berdasarkan Indeks Most Probable Number (MPN) menurut Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (Permenkes RI) No. 416 tahun 1990. Sampel penelitian ini adalah air sumur gali yang digunakan di beberapa Rukun Tetangga (RT), yang diambil secara acak dari beberapa Rukun Warga (RW) yang telah dipilih sebelumnya, sehingga didapatkan 15 sampel. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam 2 tahap yaitu pengambilan sampel air sumur gali sekaligus observasi faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas air dan pemeriksaan mikrobiologi dengan metode Most Probable Number (MPN) Test. Tes ini terdiri dari tes presumtif dan tes konfirmatif yang disesuaikan dengan Permenkes RI. Hasil penelitian ialah 73,33% dari jumlah sumur yang diperiksa tidak memenuhi standar Permenkes R.I. karena mengandung Coliform > 50 pada setiap 100 ml air. Hanya 26,6% sumur yang memenuhi standar yang telah ditetapkan. Beberapa faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi yaitu lokasi sumber pencemaran, dinding parapet, drainase, tutup sumur dan sarana pengambilan air.Kata kunci: kualitas air sumur gali, MPN, coliform AbstractDiarrhea is one of the diseases that transmitted through contaminated water by causative agent, one of which is coliform bacteria. According to data from City Health Department Padang in 2011, the incidence of diarrhea in Kelurahan Lubuk Buaya Kecamatan Koto Tangah – Padang is the highest case in the city of Padang. The objective of this study was to determine the water quality of wells dug in Kelurahan Lubuk Buaya by Most Probable Number Index (MPN) according regulation of Indonesian health minister. The 15 samples was water of dug well in some of the RT households from several neighborhoods that was selected. The research was conducted in two stages, dug well water samples as well as observation of the factors that affect water quality and microbiological examination of the Most Probable Number method (MPN) Test. This test consists of presumptive tests and confirmative tests that were tailored to regulation of Indonesian health minister. The result were 73.33% of the wells tested did not meet the standards of Indonesian health minister regulation, because it contains >50 coliform in every 100 ml of water. Only 26.6% of the wells were inspected to meet the standards set. Several factors can affect the location of sources of pollution, parapet walls, drainage or sewer water, cover the wells, and water collection facilities.Keywords: dug well water quality, MPN, coliform

AbstrakHand sanitizer sebagai pembersih tangan antiseptik inovatif saat ini, sering menjadi alternatif pengganti cuci tangan dengan sabun dan air. Mencuci tangan dengan hand sanitizer merupakan salah satu cara memelihara kebersihan tangan agar terhindar dari penyakit yang disebabkan oleh flora normal di kulit yang berpotensi patogenik seperti bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menilai kemampuan daya hambat beberapa merek dagang hand sanitizer terhadap pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode rancangan acak lengkap pada empat macam hand sanitizer dengan tiga kali pengulangan. Data diolah secara manual dan menggunakan analisis varians (ANOVA) dilanjutkan dengan uji pos-hoc dengan Tukey HSD dan independent t test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bahan aktif hand sanitizer mampu mengurangi pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus secara signifikan. Perbedaan prosentase rerata pengurangan jumlah koloni pada waktu 30 detik berkisar antara 57,65%-72,45%, sedangkan pada waktu 1 menit berkisar 67,88%-82,65%. Hasil analisis menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna terhadap perlakuan, antar perlakuan dan waktu yang diujikan dengan nilai signifikasi p hand sanitizer lebih efektif menghambat pertumbuhan pada waktu 1 menit daripada 30 detik. Hand sanitizer yang mengandung alkohol 70% dan triklosan 0,05% memiliki kemampuan daya hambat lebih baik terhadap pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus.Kata kunci: bahan aktif, hand sanitizer, Staphylococcus aureus AbstractHand sanitizer is one of the ways for maintaining the hand hygiene. Hand sanitizer as an innovative antiseptic product at this time, becomes an alternative hand washing with soap and water. It prevents the disease that can be caused by normal flora that potentially pathogenic bacterium such as Staphylococcus aureus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inhibition ability of several trademarks hand sanitizer on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The research method used a completely randomized design in four kinds of hand sanitizer and three repetitions. Data processed manually and using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by Post-Hoc test with Tukey HSD and also Independent T-Test.The results showed that the ingredients of hand sanitizer can reduce the growth of Staphylococcus aureus significantly. The differences on the percentage reduction of colonies in 30 seconds ranged between 57,65%-72,45%, while the range in 1 minute was 67,88%-82,65%. The analysis was also showed a real difference to the experiment, the combination of the experiment and the time of the experiment with significance value of p Keywords: ingredients, hand sanitizer, Staphylococcus aureus

AbstrakBakso merupakan salah satu kuliner yang favorit bagi sebagian besar kalangan. Penikmat bakso selalu mencampurkan cabai sebagai penambah rasa pedas. Pada beberapa tempat penjualan bakso banyak kemungkinan terjadinya kontaminasi pada cabai yang disajikan diantaranya tempat cabai bakso yang kurang bersih. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memeriksa mikroorganisme pada cabai bakso yang disajikan di tempat penjualan bakso di Kecamatan Padang Timur. Penelitian deskriptif ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas dari Oktober 2013 sampai Desember 2014. Jumlah sampel adalah 20 yang diambil dari tempat penjualan bakso di Kecamatan Padang Timur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebagian besar sampel (90%) mengandung bakteri yaitu Klebsiella sp, Enterobacter sp, Proteus sp, Bacillus sp,Streptococcus sp dan sisanya 10% mengandung candida. Diharapkan konsumen berhati-hati dalam mengkonsumsi cabai bakso yan disajikan ditempat penjualan bakso.Kata kunci: cabai, bakso, bakteri AbstractMeatball is a favorite culinary food among citizens. People use spicy chili as a dipping sauce to enhance flavour. In most of the meatballs selling stalls, there are high possibilites of the chili served getting contaminated for example, due to the lack of cleanliness of the chili serving containers. The objective of this study was to identity the presence of the microorganisms in dipping sauce served in meatballs selling stalls in Padang Timur District. This research was conducted in the Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Andalas from October 2013 to December 2014 using descriptive method. A total of 20 samples were taken from the meatball stalls in Padang Timur District. Based on the results, The result showed that 90% of the samples contain bacteria such as Klebsiella sp, Enterobacter sp, Proteus sp, Bacillus sp, Streptococcus sp and the remaining 10% contain candida. Therefore, consumers are advised to be more cautious in consuming foods from meatball stalls.Keywords : chili, meatball, bacteria

AbstrakTuberkulosis adalah penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh kuman Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Orang dewasa yang menderita tuberkulosis sangat mudah menularkan kuman TB kepada orang disekitarnya terutama pada anak-anak. Salah satu cara pencegahan penyakit tuberkulosis adalah pemberian imunisasi BCG pada saat bayi baru lahir. Scar vaksin BCG dapat terbentuk setelah penyuntikan, kadang Scar tidak terbentuk setelah penyuntikan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan hubungan antara pembentukan Scar vaksin BCG dan kejadian infeksi tuberkulosis. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan jumlah subjek sebanyak 80 orang. Pengambilan data berupa melakukan pengamatan terhadap Scar pada lengan atas serta wawancara kepada responden dengan menggunakan pedoman wawancara. Kemudian data ditabulasi dalam bentuk persentase dan dianalisis dengan uji chi-square . Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa responden yang terbanyak adalah perempuan dan usia yang terbanyak 35-44 tahun. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara pembentukan Scar vaksin BCG dengan kejadian infeksi tuberkulosis (p < 0,05). Disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh antara pembentukan Scar vaksin BCG terhadap kejadian infeksi tuberkulosis.Kata kunci: tuberkulosis, vaksin BCG, Scar. AbstractTuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the number of sufferers tend to increase every years. Adults who suffer tuberculosis is very easy to spread it to around, especially to children. One of the way to prevent tuberculosis is immunization of BCG vaccine which given since infant. The Scar of BCG vaccine can formed after injection or not. The objective of this study was to determine the relation of BCG vaccine Scar formation on the incidence of tuberculosis infection.This research used a cross sectional design with 80 total subjects. The data was collected by observations of the scar on the upper arm while interviewed respondents using interview guide. The data is tabulated and analyzed by chi-square test. The results showed that most respondents were women and most age was 35-44 years. There is a significant relation between BCG scar formation on the incidence of tuberculosis infection (p Keywords: tuberculosis, BCG vaccine, Scar.

AbstrakSambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) merupakan tanaman obat yang memiliki berbagai khasiat, salah satunya sebagai antibakteri. Staphylococcus aureus merupakan penyebab utama infeksi. Penggunaan Sambiloto di masyarakat saat ini mempunyai beberapa pilihan diantaranya dengan membuat rebusan langsung dari daun sambiloto ataupun dengan membeli produk herbal sambiloto yang dijual di pasaran. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan efek antibakteri dari rebusan daun sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) dan produk herbal sambiloto terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Jenis penelitian adalah eksperimental dengan sembilan kali pengulangan menggunakan metode difusi. Penelitian dilakukan di laboratorium Mikrobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas Padang dari Maret sampai Desember 2014. Sambiloto diekstrak dengan metode infusum. Kontrol yang digunakan adalah amoksisilin. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan tidak ada daerah bebas kuman di sekitar cakram disk yang telah mengandung sambiloto. Kesimpulan hasil ini ialah rebusan daun sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) dan produk herbal sambiloto tidak mempunyai efek antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus.Kata kunci: sambiloto, staphylococcus aureus, infusum AbstractBitter (Andrographis paniculata Nees) is a medicinal plant that have various benefits, such as an antibacterial. Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of infection. The use of bitter in today's society has several options such as by making direct decoction of the leaves of bitter or by buying herbal products of bitter sold in the market. The objective of this study was to determine the antibacterial effect of decocted leaf of bitter (Andrographis paniculata Nees) and herbal products of bitter against Staphylococcus aureus.This type of research was experimental with nine repetitions using diffusion method. This research was conducted in the laboratory of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine Andalas University Padang in March to December 2014. Bitter was extracted by infusum method. Controls used was amoxicillin.The results showed the absence of germ-free area around the disc containing bitter. It could be concluded that the bitter leaf decoction (Andrographis paniculata Nees) and bitter herbal product had no antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus.Keywords: bitter, staphylococcus aureus, infusum

AbstrakKecacingan merupakan penyakit yang masih banyak di negara berkembang. Penyakit ini dapat menimbulkan gangguan gizi, pertumbuhan dan penurunan produktifitas kerja. Infeksi cacing dapat menimbulkan penurunan respon terhadap antigen sebagai akibat modified Th2 response. Vaksin BCG merupakan antigen yang dikenal sebagai penginduksi respon sel Th1. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan perbedaan kadar IFN-γ dan IL-10 antara orang dewasa terinfeksi Ascaris lumbricoides dan tidak terinfeksi yang diinduksi vaksi BCG. Penelitian dilakukan di Kelurahan Muara Fajar Kecamatan Rumbai Pesisir Pekanbaru dengan menggunakan rancangan cross sectinal study. Populasi penelitian adalah orang dewasa kelurahan Muara Fajar Kecamatan Rumbai Pesisir Pekanbaru yang terinfeksi dan tidak terinfeksi Ascaris lumbricoides. Status kecacingan didapatkan dari pemeriksaan feses dengan metode kato-katz. Kadar IFN-γ dan IL-10 didapatkan dengan pemeriksaan laboratorium dengan metode ELISA. Pengolahan dan analisa data menggunakan uji t. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rerata kadar IFN-γ adalah 16,55±14,13 pg/mg dan kadar IL-10 36,13±8,83 pg/ml. Pada orang dewasa yang tidak terinfeksi Ascaris lumbricoides didapatkan kadar rerata IFN-γ adalah 199,36±121,86 pg/ml dan kadar IL-10 10,57±9,20 pg/ml. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna kadar IFN-γ dan IL-10 antara orang dewasa yang terinfeksi Ascaris lumbricoides dengan tidak terinfeksi (pAscaris lumbricoides dapat menekan produksi IFN-γ terhadap pemberian vaksin BCG.Kata Kunci: ascaris lumbricoides, vaksin BCG, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin 10 (IL-10) AbstractWorm infestation is a disease that often occur in the develop country. This disease can makes nutrient’s disturbance, growth’s and low work productivity. Worm infection can also make low respond on antigen because of modified Th2 response. BCG vaccine is antigen that can induce Th1 cell respond. The objective of this study was to determine the difference between IFN-γ and IL-10 on adult who infected Ascaris lumbricoides and uninfected who inducted by BCG vaccine. This cross sectinal study conducted in Muara Fajar District in Rumbai Pesisir Pekanbaru. The population were adults in Muara Fajar district Rumbai Pesisir Pekanbaru who infected and uninfected Ascaris lumbricoides. Worm infection was getting checked in fesses by kato-katz method. IFN-y and IL-10 were getting laboratory checked by ELISA method. The data was analyzed by t-test. The result of the adult who infected Ascaris lumbricoides showed the mean IFN-y is 16.55±14.13 pg/mg and IL-10 36.13±8.83 pg/ml. The result on adult who uninfected Ascaris lumbricoides showed the mean IFN-y is 199,36±121,86 pg/ml and IL-10 10.57±9.20 pg/ml. There was significant difference IFN-y and IL-10 between adult who infected Ascaris lumbricoides with uninfected (pKeywords: Ascaris lumbricoides, BCG vaccine, Interfereon gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin 10 (IL-10)

AbstrakBakteri Gram-positif seperti Staphylococcus aureus dan Streptococcus pyogenes telah resisten terhadap beberapa antibiotik, sehingga perlu dicari antibakteri alternatif lain. Manggis merupakan salah satu tanaman obat tradisional yang telah lama digunakan sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara eksperimental terhadap kedua bakteri tersebut, yang diberi enam perlakuan dengan enam kali pengulangan, yaitu kontrol positif (amoksisilin 25 mcg), kontrol negatif (larutan aquades), jus kulit buah manggis dosis I (konsentrasi 58,3% v/v) dan dosis II (konsentrasi 29,15% v/v), serta air rebusan kulit buah manggis dosis I (konsentrasi 30,7% v/v) dan dosis II (konsentrasi 15,35% v/v). Cawan petri dengan kedua isolat bakteri yang telah ditanami cakram dengan 6 perlakuan diinkubasi selama 24 jam pada suhu 37°C, kemudian diukur diameter halo yang dihasilkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa air rebusan kulit buah manggis memiliki efek daya hambat yang lebih baik daripada jus kulit buah manggis. Efek antibakteri jus dan air rebusan kulit buah manggis lebih sensitif pada bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dibanding bakteri Streptococcus pyogenes.Kata kunci: kulit buah manggis, jus, air rebusan, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes AbstractGram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pyogenes have developed resistance to some antibiotic, therefore need to find another alternative as antibacterial. Mangosteen well known as one of the traditional medicine used as antibacterial. This study was conducted in experimental fashion toward both of those bacteria which was given 6 treatment with 6 times repetition, consist of positive control (25 mcg of amoxicillin), negative control (aquades solution), mangosteen pericarp juice dose I (58% v/v) and dose II (29,15% v/v), and boiled mengosteen pericarp dose I (30,7% v/v) and dose II (15,35% v/v). Six paper disks treated with before mentioned treatment was putted on a petri dish which previously has been isolated with both of those bacteria incubated for 24 hour at temperature of 37º celcius. The halo produced after incubation period was measured. The result showed that boiled mangosteen pericarp has better inhibitory effect compared to mangosteen pericarp juice. Both antibacterial effect were more sensitive on Staphylococcus aureus than Streptococcus pyogenes.Keywords: mangosteen pericarp, juice, boiled, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes

Abstrak Kecacingan merupakan penyakit yang masih banyak di negara berkembang. Infeksi cacing dapat menimbulkan penurunan respon terhadap antigen yang terjadi akibat modified Th2 response. Vaksin BCG merupakan antigen yang dikenal sebagai penginduksi respon sel Th1. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan kadar IFN-γdan IL-10 pada orang dewasa terinfeksi Ascaris lumbricoides dengan tidak terinfeksi yang diinduksi vaksi BCG.Penelitian dilakukan di Kelurahan Muara Fajar Kecamatan Rumbai Pesisir Pekanbaru dengan menggunakan rancangan cross sectinal study. Populasi penelitian ini adalah orang dewasa kelurahan Muara Fajar KecamatanRumbai Pesisir Pekanbaru yang terinfeksi dan tidak terinfeksi Ascaris lumbricoides. Status kecacingan didapatkan dari pemeriksaan feses dengan metode kato-katz. Kadar IFN-γ dan IL-10 didapatkan dengan pemeriksaan laboratorium dengan metode ELISA. Pengolahan dan analisa data menggunakan uji t. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rerata kadar IFNγ adalah 16,55±14,13 pg/mg dan kadar IL-10 36,13±8,83 pg/ml. Pada orang dewasa yang tidak terinfeksi Ascaris lumbricoides didapatkan kadar rata-rata IFN-γ adalah 199,36±121,86 pg/ml dan kadar IL-10 10,57±9,20 pg/ml.Terdapat perbedaan bermakna kadar IFN-γ dan IL-10 antara orang dewasa yang terinfeksi Ascaris lumbricoides dengan tidak terinfeksi (pKata kunci: ascaris lumbricoides, vaksin BCG, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin 10 (IL-10) Abstract Worm infestation still happened in the develop country. Worm infection can also make low respond on antigen that is caused by modified Th2 response. BCG vaccine is antigen as known as induction Th1 cell respond. The objective of this study was to know the differences IFN-γ and IL-10 an adult who infected Ascaris lumbricoides to uninfected who inducted by BCG vaccine. The research was conducted in Muara Fajar district Rumbai PesisirPekanbaru by Cross Sectinal Study. The research population were adults in Muara Fajar district Rumbai Pesisir Pekanbaru who infected and uninfected Ascaris lumbricoides. Worm infection was getting checked in fesses by katokatz method.IFN-y and IL-10 were getting laboratory checked by ELISA method.The data was analyzed by t-tes. The mean IFN-y of the adult who infected Ascaris lumbricoides were 16.55±14.13 pg/mg and IL-10 36.13±8.83 pg/ml and the adult who uninfected Ascaris lumbricoides were 199,36±121,86 pg/ml and IL-10 10.57±9.20 pg/ml. There was significant difference of IFN-y and IL-10 between adult who infected Ascaris lumbricoides with uninfected (pKeywords: ascaris lumbricoides, BCG vaccine, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin 10 (IL-10)

Abstrak Minuman es teh merupakan minuman yang paling digemari konsumen rumah makan. Sampel penelitian ini adalah minuman es teh dirumah makan Tepi Laut Purus Padang Barat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan kualitas minuman es teh di rumah makan Tepi Laut Purus Padang Barat secara mikrobiologis. Sampel diambil dari 14 rumah makan Tepi Laut Purus Padang Barat. Penelitian dilaksanakan dua tahap; 1. pengambilan sampel minuman es teh disertai observasi dan wawancara, 2. pemeriksaan mikrobiologis dengan metode Most Propable Number (MPN) terhadap sampel yang terdiri dari tes presumtif, tes konfirmatif dan tes pelengkap. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan seluruh sampel minuman es teh mengandung bakteri Coliform. Tiga belas dari empat belas sampel positif mengandung E. coli, sedangkan satu sampel lain mengandung bakteri Klebsiella. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan minuman es teh di rumah makan Tepi Laut Purus Padang Barat tidak memenuhi syarat mikrobiologis yang telah ditetapkan pemerintah.Kata kunci: minuman es teh, bakteri coliform, most propable number (MPN) Abstract Ice tea is the common consumer favorite beverage at restaurant. Samples of this research is ice tea beverages at Purus Beach restaurant West Padang. The objective of this study was to identify the quality of ice tea sold at Purus Beach Restaurant in Purus West Padang microbiological. Samples were taken from restaurant of Purus Beach in West Padang. This research implemented in two steps; First, taking the ice tea sample and observing also interviewing. Second, microbiological inspection using Most Propable Number (MPN) methods to the sample consist of presumptivetest, confirmation test and complementary test. All of the sample of the ice tea beverage containing Coliform bacteria. Thirteen of fourteen positive contained E.Coli and the other contain Clebsiella. This result showed that ice tea from Purus Beach West Padang restaurant is unqualified as government has set required microbiological.Keywords: ice tea beverage, coliform bacteria, most propable number (MPN)