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Introduction. Forensic workers are at high risk of contracting Koch's bacillus infection. Significant risk factors for infections are a high microbial load, increased traumatism, and the absence of lifetime medical records of tuberculosis in cadavers admitted for examination. In addition, sporadic cases of infection continue to be reported, necessitating measures to improve the prevention of personnel infection. In view of the above, there is a great need for research into the awareness of bureau personnel, on the basis of which preventive measures will be developed. Purpose of the study — to examine the awareness of bureau personnel about the main issues of tuberculosis infection, its prevention, ways of infection, diagnosis, and clinical manifestations. Materials and methods. The main method of research was an anonymous questionnaire survey of 262 employees of the Kazan bureau of the Republic of Tatarstan. The obtained data were counted on the service onlinetestpad, where the questionnaire was posted. Results. According to the results of the study, 12 employees (4.6%) out of those interviewed in the bureau had tuberculosis. Forty-three employees (16.4%) reported contact with a sick person at their place of work (training). A total of 147 respondents (56.1%) think that it is possible to get infected by a sick person; 39 respondents (14.9%) think that it is possible to get infected while doing professional duties. Some respondents did not consider important aspects in preventing the formation and spread of TB: a significant part of workers (96 workers, 36.6%) wash dirty work clothes at home by themselves and about the same number of respondents (95 workers, 36.3%) do not consider it important to change work clothes when moving from a "dirty" zone to a "clean" one and vice versa. Discussion. Positive results of the questionnaire were associated with a high degree of competence of the staff, dissemination of TB guidelines, training, and supervision by supervisory authorities. Conclusion. Based on the results, it was found that staff at the Bureau of Forensic Medicine are sufficiently informed about methods of specific and non-specific prevention of tuberculosis and have information about the modes of transmission. However, there is a lack of awareness among certain staff members on how to prevent the spread of tuberculosis infection.

Here, we review an overall effectiveness of interferon-based preparations and interferon biosynthesis inducers for treatment of feline leukemia, as well as development of methodological approaches to improve efficacy of interferon therapy. Feline leukemia is a systemic hematopoietic malignancy caused by a single-stranded RNA retrovirus called Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) that leads to lethal outcome within about 3 years after the onset. FelV is widely distributed in population of domestic cats worldwide, being often detected in the blood of wild cats, including those of rare and endangered species. In some regions, FeLV prevalence may be high not only among domestic cats, but among wild as well. Currently, there are several commercially available vaccines to protect cats from FeLV infection (e.g., inactivated whole-virion vaccines such as Nobivac adjuvanted Feline 2-FeLV, two-adjuvant subunit vaccine FeLV-derived protein antigens as well as non-adjuvanted vector DNA vaccine). However, none of such vaccines provides durable protection. In addition, vaccination of cats against FeLV is often associated with development of diverse inflammatory, allergic and shock complications, and highly serious side effects such as developing vaccine-associated sarcoma at the injection site that some researchers connect with use of adjuvants like aluminum salts etc. We briefly describe FeLV virus, pathogenetic parametersassociated with FeLV infection as well as current technologies for preventing and treating feline leukemia. A historic background and current state of interferon therapy for FeLV infection as well as associated neoplastic processes in domestic cats and some wild species are evaluated. Possible interventions aimed at improving efficiency of interferon therapy of feline leukemia based on using new recombinant interferon preparations of various types and subtypes, as well as interferon inducers are discussed. In conclusion, it is noted that another interesting and potentially highly promising option in defining strategy of biotherapy associated with modulating IFN system in FeLV-infected animals might be to use of synthetic inducers triggering endogenous IFN production.

We studied the formation of the reparative regenerate of the skin wound in rats under the effect of drug products based on keratan and secretome of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), as well as bone marrow cells (native and exposed to laser radiation with a wavelength of 1.56 μm). Due to the biological affinity for the dermal tissue, keratan preparations being applied to the skin stimulate regeneration of the wound defect. This substance in the form of a gel is characterized by high diffusion capacity, penetrates into the deeper layers of the dermis, and promotes the growth of the granulation tissue. Application of an ointment prepared on the basis of MSC secretome promotes quick transition of the healing process from the inflammatory to the regenerative stage. Thus, bone marrow cells were successfully used for skin wound healing. The results of the use of bone marrow cells for the healing of skin wounds were successful; bone marrow exposed to laser radiation demonstrated high efficiency in promoting reparative processes.

The aim of the study was to demonstrate the stages of diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of a virile form of congenital adrenal cortex dysfunction, and 21-hydroxylase deficiency in siblings.

Aim: to determine the effectiveness of preventive measures used to reduce radiation damage during close-focus radiation therapy for basal cell skin cancer and squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip in stages I and II. Methods. The study included patients in the amount of 2030 people with malignant neoplasms of the skin (basal cell carcinoma) and red border of the lip (cancer of the red border of the lips) stages I and II, who underwent a course of close-focus X-ray therapy. To prevent radiation reactions of the mucous membrane of the cheeks, gums, in basal cell carcinoma (n = 1942), during a session of radiation therapy, a gauze pad was used, placing it in the vestibule of the oral cavity, in the buccal-gingival space, in the post-radiation period, hydrogel napkins with dimexide and sodium alginate «Coletex-D» (gel). In cancer of the mucous membrane of the red border of the lips (n = 88) in the pre-radiation period, in order to prevent radiation damage to the mucous membranes of the lip and oral cavity, a thorough sanitation of the oral cavity and prevention of exacerbation of inflammatory processes of the mucous membrane were carried out. At the same time, dosimetric planning of the course of radiation therapy was carried out. Results. The use of hydrogel wipes with dimexide and sodium alginate «Coletex-D» (gel) significantly reduces the severity of radiation reactions in the post-radiation period. Epithelization in the field of irradiation, as a rule, ended within 3-4 weeks. Conclusion. Reducing the risk of radiation injury improves the long-term results of radiation treatment and the patient’s quality of life.

Metastatic damage to the brain is a frequent manifestation in tumors of various localizations, including breast cancer. Until recently, systemic therapy of metastatic brain damage was of limited use; however, with the advent of targeted drugs that are better understood in terms of the specific molecular targets and biological characteristics of metastases, it is now possible to improve treatment results. In an analysis of the results of studies on the problem of metastasis of breast cancer in the brain, a comparison of the use of various targeted drugs in the treatment of metastatic HER2 + breast cancer is presented. The results of a comparison of the degrees of effectiveness of targeted drugs, both in monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy, were obtained and analyzed.

A rare lysosomal disease resembling a mucopolysaccharidosis with unusual systemic features, including renal disease and platelet dysfunction, caused by the defect in a conserved region of the VPS33A gene on human chromosome 12q24.31, occurs in Yakuts—a nomadic Turkic ethnic group of Southern Siberia. VPS33A is a core component of the class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) and the homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS) complexes, which have essential functions in the endocytic pathway. Here we show that cultured fibroblasts from patients with this disorder have morphological changes: vacuolation with disordered endosomal/lysosomal compartments and—common to sphingolipid diseases—abnormal endocytic trafficking of lactosylceramide. Urine glycosaminoglycan studies revealed a pathological excess of sialylated conjugates as well as dermatan and heparan sulphate. Lipidomic screening showed elevated β-D-galactosylsphingosine with unimpaired activity of cognate lysosomal hydrolases. The 3D crystal structure of human VPS33A predicts that replacement of arginine 498 by tryptophan will de-stabilize VPS33A folding. We observed that the missense mutation reduced the abundance of full-length VPS33A and other components of the HOPS and CORVET complexes. Treatment of HeLa cells stably expressing the mutant VPS33A with a proteasome inhibitor rescued the mutant protein from degradation. We propose that the disease is due to diminished intracellular abundance of intact VPS33A. Exposure of patient-derived fibroblasts to the clinically approved proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, or inhibition of glucosylceramide synthesis with eliglustat, partially corrected the impaired lactosylceramide trafficking defect and immediately suggest therapeutic avenues to explore in this fatal orphan disease.

This review analyzes immunological impairments in Parkinson’s disease (PD). We present data on neuroinflammation, with which cell degeneration in the substantia nigra of the brain is associated and in which innate and adaptive immune system cells are involved. Brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and peripheral blood cytokine levels are analyzed. The interaction between neuroinflammation and neuron dysfunction is considered. Data on immunological impairments in people with PD and animals with models of this disease are presented. The characteristics of models of PD are discussed. Data on impairments to the blood–brain barrier are presented, along with evidence for the occurrence of autoimmune inflammation in this disease. We discuss the question of preclinical markers of PD, including immunological, i.e., cytokines, HLA-DR and HLA-DQ antigens, autoantibodies, etc. The creation of algorithms for the presymptomatic diagnosis of PD and its prophylaxis and treatment at the presymptomatic stage will lead to the cessation or slowing of neuron death.

Background: The researchers of PIBOC RAS developed the dermo-protective topical drug called «Kourochitin», active substance of which is known quinazoline alkaloid tryptanthrin. In the present work, therapeutic efficacy of this drug in the treatment of allergic dermatosis was evaluated. Methods: Dermo-protective action of «Kourochitin» was studied in tow murine models: 2, 4- dinitrofluorobenzene- induced allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and imiquimod-induced psoriasis. Results and Discussion: In a model ACD, it was shown that «Kourochitin» exhibits the curative action on pathophysiological, hematological and immunological parameters in ACD. Namely, «Kourochitin» 1) reduces the level of erythema in the allergen damaged skin area and increases the healing index of the epidermis; 2) normalizes the content of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes in the blood of experimental animals; 3) inhibits the production of main pro-inflammatory cytokines: interleukins - 1 and 2, interferon-gamma, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. In a murine model of imiquimod-induced psoriasis, it was shown that «Kourochitin» application led to reduction in psoriasis severity on the inflamed epidermis of experimental animals. Additionally, in veterinary research, «Kourochitin»-treatment of canine atopic dermatitis almost completely eliminated signs of allergic manifestations on the epidermis. Conclusion: The obtained data suggest that «Kourochitin» as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and wound healing remedy is a potential drug for therapy of various dermatological diseases, in particular allergic skin lesions.

Canine demodicosis is a common skin disorder with multiple risk factors, including age and breed predisposition. There is relatively limited information about the risk factors for canine demodicosis in large canine populations. This retrospective case-control study was conducted by searching the electronic records of dogs with skin lesions for the presence of Demodex mites in skin scrapings. Diagnosis of demodicosis was based on the presence of skin lesions and mites in skin scrapings. Multivariate analysis was conducted using logistic regression analysis to estimate the relative risk and odds ratio of variables hypothesized to influence the risk of canine demodicosis, such as age, sex, breed, season, and parasitic infection. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a positive correlation between the dogs' age and demodicosis. Dogs older than three years, as well as puppies, had a high risk of demodicosis (P0.05). Breeds with the greatest association (odds ratio) with demodicosis included the American Staffordshire Terrier (OR=0.9) and Moscow Watchdog (OR=0.2). The presence of intestinal parasites, such as Diphyllobothrium latum, was significantly associated with demodicosis.

Today eating disorders and metabolic disorders are increasingly observed among the adult and children’s population. One of the ways to prevent these pathologies is the timely detection and correction of prenosological forms, one of them is orthorexia neurosa. The aim of our study was to identify the prevalence and characteristics of the manifestation of orthorexia nervosa (ON) among students. A survey was conducted among 60 students of a medical university with the «ORTO-15» and the «Food Frequency Questionnaire questionnaires» to obtain the necessary data. We took into account the height and weight of students and calculated body mass index (BMI) according to the Kettle’s formula. The results were statistically processed and calculated the average value (M), the deviation from the average (m). The correlation dependence between the values was estimated by the nonparametric Spearman’s coefficient (p). The data were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05 and a significance level of at least 95 %. The study showed a high prevalence of orthorexia nervosa among the examined individuals (in 80 % of cases, signs of ON were determined). The average BMI was 24.35 ± 5.3 among men and 20.9 ± 4.7 among girls. The normal BMI values among men were determined reliably more often than among girls (p˂0.05). In this case, a correlation between the values of BMI and the severity of signs of orthorexia nervosa was not found among students. According to the results of the «Food Frequency Questionnaire», a significant concern was identified with nutrition issues, both among girls and men. The above allowed us to conclude that the subjects examined constituted a risk group for the formation of mental disorders and eating disorders.

The Short Form Qualiveen (SF-Qualiveen) is an 8-item version of the Qualiveen questionnaire used to evaluate the impact of urinary symptoms on the quality of life in patients with urological dysfunction due to neurological disorders. The questionnaire was never available in the Russian language before. The study is aimed at providing the translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of a Russian version of the SF-Qualiveen for the use in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Materials and Methods. The original English language version of the SF-Qualiveen was translated into Russian according to the cultural and linguistic adaptation algorithm. The participants (50 MS patients with neurogenic bladder and 10 relatively healthy volunteers) filled out the finalized Russian version of the SF-Qualiveen and the Neurogenic Bladder Symptom Score (NBSS) twice, 2 weeks apart. The data obtained was used to determine the internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha), external validity (the Spearman correlation), and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)) of the questionnaire. Results. The mean SF-Qualiveen total score was 2.51±0.79 in patients with a neurogenic bladder and 0.1±0.02 in the control group (p<0.001). Cronbach’s alpha exceeded 0.9 indicating an excellent internal consistency of the questionnaire. The retest did not reveal any significant differences between the findings. The test-retest reliability was good for all items and domains (ICC 0.81-0.89). The total score demonstrated the highest ICC (0.89). The external validity was verified by a strong correlation demonstrated between the SF-Qualiveen and NBSS scores. Conclusions. The Russian SF-Qualiveen questionnaire is a reliable, valid, and consistent tool for the assessment of a urinary disorder impact on the quality of life in patients with MS.

Summary: The brief literature summary covering the congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) and two clinical observations of this disease are represented. Symptom complex of nephrotic syndrome manifested by a massive proteinuria, edemas, hypoproteinemia during the first three months after childbirth was the essential in establishing a diagnosis in both patients. In most cases CNS is caused by genetically-mediated defects of the glomerular filtration barrier components. In patients, clinical manifestations (phenotype) were absolutely similar, and etiology (genotype, other reasons) was different. The expert analysis of medical documentation detected diagnostic and therapeutic errors in patient management which in the second observations have led to the death. Based on the described cases, it is shown the necessity of complex approach to examining children with CNS to early diagnose supplemental syndrome variations of pathology, to determine vital and nephrologic prognosis for the disease and to develop therapy management (personalized therapy).

Modern advances in oncology can achieve significantly better results in terms of life expectancy in patients with metastatic brain disease. The combination of surgery, systemic therapy, whole brain irradiation and local methods of radiation therapy lead to good indicators for controlling the manifestations of the disease in the brain. Of course, intensification of treatment increases the risk of iatrogenic complications. The use of aggressive stereotactic radiotherapy regimens leads not only to high local control of irradiated metastases, but also to the risk of so-called radiation necrosis. The use of the most up-to-date diagnostic methods does not always allow one to unequivocally differentiate radiation necrosis from continued metastasis growth. The above example shows the need for a careful assessment of such situations and a multidisciplinary approach to interpreting the results of stereotactic radiotherapy.

In order to expand the range of balanced, high-quality, and safe dairy products, constant work is required to create new technologies, control the quality, as well as to develop new methods for the identification of plant additives. The paper presents some results of the development and quality assessment of cottage cheese mousse with pumpkin puree using physicochemical methods and molecular genetic analysis. An analysis of organoleptic and physicochemical methods revealed that the quality and safety of Adagio pumpkin (S. rero.) corresponds with the State Standard 7975-2013 and Sanitary Regulations 2.3.2.1078-01. The authors introduce a new method for pumpkin puree production. An experiment demonstrated that pumpkin puree meets organoleptic and physico-chemical indicators stated in the requirements of State Standard 32742-2014. The composition of biologically active nutrients was determined as follows: the content of pectin substances was 2.27 g/100 g, fiber – 1.5 g/100 g, and β-carotene – 2.97 mg/100 g. The paper describes a scientifically-based formula and a new technology for the production of a high nutritional value product, i.e. curd mousse with pumpkin puree. The research also included a quality and safety assessment of the developed mousse. A molecular genetic analysis was used to identify pumpkin in the semi-finished product and dairy product. Based on the GenBank NCBI database, the matK chloroplast genome gene was chosen as the target gene. With the help of various software packages based on the matK gene, universal primers were developed and designed. Optimal parameters for amplifying fragments of species-specific pumpkin DNA were defined experimentally. Electrophoregrams were made to visualize the presence of pumpkin in the puree and cottage cheese mousse. As a result, the classical polimerase chaim reaction (PCR) method was recommended to identify pumpkin in food products with the determination of amplification products in agarose gel using primers developed on the basis of the matK gene of the chloroplast genome.

Psychosomatic disorders are frequent in gastroenterological practice. Visceral pain and motor-evacuation disorders of the gastrointestinal tract is a common symptom of functional gastrointestinal disorders which have a multifactorial etiology. Many patients with these diseases have comorbid behavioral disorders, such as anxiety or depression, and functional gastrointestinal disorders are described as disorders of the “gastrointestinal tract-brain” axis. Chronic stress can change the central pattern of pain, as well as motor activity and permeability of the gastrointestinal tract. The multidirectional treatment for these diseases should include psychotropic drugs and groups of somatic antipsychotics and antidepressants.

Background: Toxocariasis is a zoonotic parasitosis with worldwide distribution. Environmental contamination with Toxocara eggs is a main source of human infections. In Russia, particular in Vladivostok, knowledge regarding the current situation, including distribution and environmental contamination by Toxocara spp., is largely unknown. Objectives: The present study investigated environmental contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs, in soil samples collected from sandpits and public parks in Vladivostok, Russia during 23-month period. Methods: A total of 260 soil samples from sandpits and 155 samples from public parks were collected during July 2015 to December 2017. Soil samples were tested by sedimentation/flotation technique. Seroprevalence of Toxocara antibody in human was analyzed using Toxocara canis IgG ELISA assay. Results: Overall, the annual prevalence of Toxocara spp. in sandpits varied between 20% - 23% the annual prevalence of Toxocara spp. in public parks varied between 25% - 42% in different years. The average number of Toxocara spp. varied from 0 to 220 eggs per 1 kg over the 3-years study period. The highest prevalence was registered in summer period. The significant correlation appeared between Toxocara spp. contamination rates in sandboxes and parks and the Toxocara prevalence in humans in 2016 year. Conclusions: Current study demonstrates that it is necessary to promote preventive public health measures to avoid soil contamination.

To investigate the MSI phenotype of urothelial bladder cancer (BC) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and to assess its relationship to the prognostic factors of the disease and PD-L1 status of BC.Using the surgical and biopsy materials obtained from 50 patients with BC during examination and treatment, the investigators studied the MSI phenotype by IHC. A system was proposed to assess the IHC expression of MSI proteins, by taking into account the intensity of nuclear staining and the area occupied by tumor cells with stained nuclei.An analysis of the results of an IHG study of MSI protein expression revealed a high direct correlation between the nuclear staining intensity of tumor cells and the percentage of tumor area occupied by the latter. The lack/decrease of the expression of the studied proteins was associated with the stage (T) and the presence of a high-grade tumor. The heterogeneous expression of the studied proteins (PMS2, MLH1, and MSH6) was noted to be 10, 30, and 40%, respectively.A high direct correlation was observed between the nuclear staining intensity of tumor cells and the percentage of the area occupied by the latter. There was a relationship between the lack and/or decrease of the expression of MSI proteins (mainly PMS2 and MLH1 and to a lesser extent MSH6) and the grade of BC, as well as stage T; there was a tendency to decrease the expression of the studied proteins in the area of invasive tumor growth, which confirms the prognostic role of MSI proteins. The most pronounced heterogeneity of IHC expression was noted with MSH6; the least one was seen with PMS2. There was a predominance of high-grade surface carcinomas (T1) among the heterogeneously stained tumors. In the case of positive PD-L1 status, there was decreased PMS2 and MLH1 expression and pronounced MSH6 expression; no significant relationship was found due to the small number of these cases. The authors consider it necessary to conduct further studies of the relationship between the MSI phenotype and the PD-L1 status of BC.Цель - исследование MSI-фенотипа уротелиального рака мочевого пузыря (РМП) иммуногистохимическим (ИГХ) методом и оценка его связи с прогностическими факторами заболевания и PD-L1-статусом РМП. Материал и методы. На операционном и биопсийном материале, полученном при обследовании и лечении 50 больных РМП, изучен MSI-фенотип ИГХ-методом. Предложена система оценки ИГХ-экспрессии белков MSI с учетом интенсивности ядерного окрашивания и площади, занимаемой опухолевыми клетками с окрашенными ядрами. Результаты. Анализ результатов ИГХ-исследования экспрессии белков MSI выявил высокую прямую корреляционную связь между интенсивностью ядерного окрашивания опухолевых клеток и процентом занимаемой ими площади опухоли. Отсутствие/снижение экспрессии исследуемых белков было связано со стадией (T) и наличием низкодифференцированной опухоли. Отмечено наличие гетерогенности экспрессии исследуемых белков: для PMS2 10%, для MLH1 30%, для MSH6 40%. Заключение. Отмечена высокая прямая корреляционная связь между интенсивностью ядерного окрашивания опухолевых клеток и процентом занимаемой ими площади. Выявлена связь между отсутствием и/или снижением экспрессии белков MSI (преимущественно PMS2 и MLH1, в меньшей степени MSH6) и степенью дифференцировки РМП, а также стадией T, обнаружена тенденция к снижению экспрессии исследуемых белков в зоне инвазивного роста опухоли, что подтверждает прогностическую роль белков MSI. Наиболее выраженную гетерогенность ИГХ-экспрессии отметили для MSH6, наименьшую - для PMS2. Среди опухолей с гетерогенным окрашиванием преобладали низкодифференцированные поверхностные карциномы (T1). В случае позитивного PD-L1-статуса отмечены снижение экспрессии PMS2 и MLH1 и выраженная экспрессия MSH6, достоверной связи не выявлено из-за малого числа этих случаев. Авторы считают необходимым проведение дальнейших исследований связи MSI-фенотипа и PD-L1-статуса РМП.

Brain metastases are very common in non-small cell lung cancer. The condition of these patients is complicated and difficult to treat, and adverse reactions following treatment can affect the nervous system, which severely reduces quality of life. In this review we discuss the methods in use from local therapies such as whole brain irradiation, stereotactic radiosurgery and central nervous system surgery to systemic therapy. We also highlight drugs for targeted therapy of non-small lung cancer cells metastasis in the brain that have been effective in the treatment of metastases in central nervous system.

In the article the structure of the soteriological myth about Salvator salvatus (the saved Saviour), based on material of the early Christian text “The Hymn of the Pearl” from the “Acts of Thomas” is presented; it is the key to understanding of a number of Gnostic ideas widespread in European and Russian culture. In the myth reflecting the extremely dualistic concept of the world, the idea is that the Savior, who came to release the souls of the chose generation from the captivity of matter, himself needs salvation, since becomes a victim of the world in which he came, so a “hero” appears, sent by the world of Light to save the Savior. Supported by original texts, examine the Gnostic ideologems such as the dualistic vision of the world, the negative understanding of urban topos as the world of material evil, the motive of assimilating the Savior to someone else, the figurative triad of the demiurge-soulSavior, the idea of the chose generation, etc., were considered at the subject and figurative level in the novel “The Idiot”. The article also lists the most obvious sources of some Gnostic elements of the text, for example, the work of Schiller and Shakespeare, Schelling’s philosophy. A detailed analysis proved not only the Gnostic orientation of Dostoevsky’s philosophical thought, not familiar with either the apocryphal “Acts of Thomas”, nor the Nag Hammadi texts found in the 20th century, which gives the right to speak about the originality of Dostoevsky’s philosophy, but also does not exclude the possibility of applying to interpretation of the novel gnostic code.

A summary of the updated recommendations of the 2018 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) / College of American Pathologists (CAP), devoted to testing type 2 human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) in breast cancer.Представлены обновленные рекомендации 2018 г. Американского общества клинической онкологии (ASCO) / Колледжа Американских патологов (CAP), посвященные определению рецептора эпидермального фактора роста человека 2-го типа (HER2) при раке молочной железы.

Psychiatric disorders are thought to have a complex genetic pathology consisting of interplay of common and rare variation. Traditionally, pedigrees are used to shed light on the latter only, while here we discuss the application of polygenic risk scores to also highlight patterns of common genetic risk. We analyze polygenic risk scores for psychiatric disorders in a large pedigree (n ~ 260) in which 30% of family members suffer from major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder. Studying patterns of assortative mating and anticipation, it appears increased polygenic risk is contributed by affected individuals who married into the family, resulting in an increasing genetic risk over generations. This may explain the observation of anticipation in mood disorders, whereby onset is earlier and the severity increases over the generations of a family. Joint analyses of rare and common variation may be a powerful way to understand the familial genetics of psychiatric disorders., Simone de Jong et al. examine the balance of common and rare risk for psychiatric disorders in a large family with high incidence of Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder. They find that increased polygenic risk over generations could be partially due to assortative mating, which may explain the observation of anticipation in mood disorders.

The aim of this study was to investigate the morphology of Demodex canis and Demodex sp. cornei found in six dogs with canine demodicosis. A deep skin scraping technique was used for Demodex mite detection. Measurement data of 52 adult D. canis mites (26 females, 25 males and one specimen whose sex could not be determined) and 39 adult Demodex sp. cornei mites (22 females, 14 males and three specimens whose sex could not be determined) were reported. The correlation between body size of both Demodex species were estimated by the Student’s t-test. There was a significant correlation between short-tail and long-tail forms and total body length and length of the podosoma and opisthosoma (p0.05). Demodex sp. cornei and D. canis, found in dogs from Vladivostok, were smaller than species from other countries. However, the present data did not significantly differ from other studies with D. canis and Demodex sp. cornei descriptions.

Employees of the Bureau of Forensic Medicine (BFM) are exposed to various harmful and dangerous workplace factors during their work. The objective of the study is to improve measures to maintain a safe epidemiological situation in the experience of the BFM of the Republic of Tatarstan based on the results of an online questionnaire survey of employees, which included parts on the assessment of health, working conditions, and morbidity, including tuberculosis. The detailed analysis of the responses made it possible to determine a set of measures to improve the BFM workflow and health status of employees.Сотрудники бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы (БСМЭ) в ходе выполнения своих профессиональных обязанностей сталкиваются со множеством вредных и опасных производственных факторов. Цель исследования — совершенствование мероприятий по поддержанию безопасной санитарно-эпидемиологической обстановки на опыте БСМЭ Республики Татарстан по результатам проведенного онлайн-анкетирования сотрудников, включавшего разделы по оценке состояния здоровья, условий труда и заболеваемости, в том числе туберкулезом. Приведены результаты подробного анализа полученных ответов, позволившие сформулировать комплекс мероприятий в БСМЭ по совершенствованию рабочего процесса и показателей здоровья сотрудников.

Dogs are the hosts for a wide helminth spectrum including tapeworms, flatworms, and nematodes. These parasites affect the dog health and cause morbidity and mortality, especially in young and old animals. Some species, as Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma caninum, Dipylidium caninum, and Echinococcus spp. are well-known zoonotic parasites worldwide, resulting in high public health risks. Poor data about canine helminth species and prevalence are available in Russia, mainly due to the absence of official guidelines for the control of dog parasites. Moreover, the consequent low quality of veterinary monitoring and use of preventive measures, the high rate of environmental contamination by dog feces and the increase of stray dog populations, make the control of the environmental contamination by dog helminths very difficult in this country. This paper reviews the knowledge on canine helminth fauna and prevalence in Russia. Practical aspects related to diagnosis, treatment, and control of parasitic diseases of dogs in Russia are discussed.

Aim. Characteristics of clonal composition of Corynebacterium diphtheriae strain populatior in Russia using MLST, as well as evaluation of a possibility of using of this method during execution of monitoring of diphtheria infection causative agent strains. Materials and methods. C. diphtheriae strains, isolated in Russia in 1957 - 2015 and sent to Gabrichevsky MRIEM reference centre for diphtheria and pertussis, were studied. Genotyping of C. diphtheriae using MLST wa: carried out based on sequencing of «housekeeping» gene fragments. ST identification was carriec out according to PubMLST. Results. C. diphtheriae strains of 36 sequence-types (ST) were identified on the territory of Russia - 27 previously known and 9 novel, detected for the first time. 2 sequence types ST25 and ST8 (22% and 18%) dominated. Inter-relation between phenotype properties (toxigenicity and biovar) and membership of C. diphtheriae strains in certain sequence-types was shown - toxigenic and non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae strains of various biovars were characterized by certain sequence-types. Changes of clonal composition of C. diphtheriae population in dynamics of epidemic process of diphtheria infection were shown. Conclusion. Use of MLST allowed to characterized clonal composition of C. diphtheriae strains’ population in Russia and has shown perspectives of use of this method to characterize population of diphtheria causative agent, detect epidemically significant strains and decipher foci of diphtheria infection.

Relevance. Despite more than 50 years of successful experience with pertussis immunization, pertussis remains an important public health problem. WHO estimated 16 million people worldwide are infected per year, a significant number of whom are children under 1 year of age. In the last 10 years a significant increase in the incidence of whooping cough has been observed in many countries with a high immunization coverage level. In Russia, specific prevention of whooping cough, is held since 1959. Specific prevention of whooping cough has led to considerable improvement of an epidemiological situation and has shown its social and economic importance for maintenance of sanitary and epidemiologic wellbeing on this infection in Russia. Goal. Study the structure of population B. pertussis circulating in Russia in dynamics of whooping cough epidemic process. Materials and methods Studied 573 B. pertussis strains allocated from patients with whooping cough in 1948 - 2015 used multilocus sequence typing (MAST). Isolates divided in five groups: 1948 - 1969 - 37 strains, isolated in the vaccination period and the first ten years of mass childhood immunization; 1970 - 1989 - 63 strains; 1990 - 2005 - 203 strains (from G.N. Gabrichevsky Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology collection); 2006 - 2012 - 185 strains; 2013 - 2015 - 85 strains. Genotyping of strains was carried out according to the scheme MAST2 on the basis of a sequence of fragments of genes of ptxP-fim3-prn. Results of sequencing-typing were computed in the CromasLite program, identification of alleles and sequencing types carried out on EMBL/GenBank. Results. Formation of population of B.pertussis strains during more than 50 years went on the way of consecutive change of vaccinal genotype strains with strains of new nonvaccinal genotypes. Conclusions. Modern population of the causative agent of whooping cough is presented by the strains of genotype 322 and 329 possessing high virulence and causing heavier clinical course of disease.

The effectiveness of traditional chemotherapy (with temozolomide, fotemustine, lomustine) alone or in combination with whole brain radiotherapy in melanoma patients with cerebral metastases does not exceed 7–10 % with no significant impact on survival, which is around 2–4 months. Targeted therapy helped to improve survival of patients with disseminated melanoma and BRAF V600 mutations. The use of targeted drugs in patients with brain metastases allows to control the tumor process and to succeed in treatment of cerebral metastases. According to currently available research data and our own results, the effectiveness of targeted therapy with vemurafenib in melanoma patients positive for BRAF V600 mutations with brain metastases reaches 18.0–44.5 % with median survival of 5.3–8.0 months. Evidences suggest that the use of vemurafenib in melanoma patients with brain metastases ensure effective disease control in most of the cases and has a significant advantage comparing to conventional chemotherapy and whole brain radiotherapy. According to the results of these studies vemurafenib can be recommended as a 1st line targeted drug for treatment of melanoma patients with BRAF V600 mutations and brain metastases. Despite the existence of blood-brain barrier and efflux systems, new targeted drugs showed promising results in treatment of brain metastases. Over the last few years we have enhanced our understanding of brain metastasis mechanisms, principles of blood-brain barrier functioning, and ways of cancer drugs penetration into the central nervous system. Targeted therapy is constantly developing and will play an increasing role in treatment of melanoma cerebral metastases in the future with finding of new targets.

The review presents data on mutual influence of nervous system and thymus, realized through the neuroendocrine-immune interactions. The presence of adrenergic and peptidergic nerves in thymus creates conditions for implementation of the effect of neuropeptides secreted by them. These neuropeptides induce activation of thymus cells receptors and influence on the main processes in thymus, including T-lymphocyte maturation, cytokine and hormones production. In turn, thymus peptides and/or cytokines, controlled by them, enter the brain and exert influence on neuronal function, which creates the basis for changes of behavior and homeostasis maintenance in response to infection. Ageing and some infectious, autoimmune, neurodegenerative and cancer diseases are accompanied by distortion of interactions between thymus and central nervous system. Mechanisms of signaling pathways, which determine these interactions, are not revealed yet, and their understanding will promote the development of effective therapeutic strategies.

Objective To detect nematode eggs in sandpits in urban area in Vladivostok. Methods Totally 60 samples were collected from five districts. Sand samples were analysed using combined flotation-sedimentation method. In result, 18 sand samples were positive for at one or two parasites species. Results Overall, only 3 genera of helminths were recovered. Most samples were positive for Toxocara spp. eggs. Toxocara spp. eggs were found in each district. More samples with Toxocara spp. eggs were found in Pervomaiskii district. Ascaris spp. eggs were also appeared in each district, however Ascaris eggs rate of contamination was less than rate of Toxocara spp. contamination. Toxascaris leonina eggs were the less frequent species in sandpits, it was found only in Sovetskii and Pervomaiskii districts. Ascaris eggs rate of contamination was less than rate of Toxocara spp. contamination. Toxascaris leonina eggs were the less frequent species in sandpits, it was found only in two districts. No correlation between districts and helmiths eggs present in soil samples was found ( P > 0.05). Conclusions Considering the high sand contamination with parasite infective elements of both human and animal origin, measures to improve environmental and sanitary conditions are indicated, as well as promoting the concept of responsible pet ownership.

Multifocal malignant tumors (MMT) represent a comprehensive and multifaceted problem of clinical oncology. T oday, as far as observations are accumulated, there are attempts to determine a real incidence rate of multifocal tumors. Research of MMT problem becomes more and more actual and significant in oncology. Several dozen thousands of MMT observations have been described all over the world for the recent 30 years. There is a stable trend towards the increase of the number of patients with such pathology. This is primarily concerned with the improvement of diagnostics, medical treatment and increased expectation of life. Th e increase in incidence of MMT is due to such factors as increased average expectation of life, increased intensity of carcinogenic effects, urbanization, accumulation of hereditary loading and improved diagnostics of oncologic diseases. Detection and record of such pathology are based first on detection of simultaneous tumors, second – on diagnostics of tumor and retrospective determination according to life record data of the first neoplasm, third – on determination of further tumor at regular follow-up, which requires prolonged and high quality examination of the patients. MMT most commonly develop in patients elder than 50 y. o., even in elder age in men than in women. The article describes a case of bilateral breast cancer in man. Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of the tumor were studied, the genetic polymorphisms were investigated by the method of polymerase chain reaction, associated with the risk of breast cancer development, genetic analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2, blood cancer markers was done. Full equivalence of clinicopathologic and biological properties of tumor of the right and left mammae, witnessing the common etiology and pathogenesis of neoplastic process, was established. Each case of bilateral breast cancer in men shall be studied with particular care and referred in international medical literature for analysis of pathogenesis of such disease.

We studied the effects of physical factors (acoustic impulses of laser-induced hydrodynamics, AILIH, and EHF-radiation) on the formation of heterotopic bone marrow organs. Suspension of precipitated mouse bone marrow cells was exposed to AILIH and EHF or their combinations (AILIH+EHF, EHF+AILIH). The developed tissue engineering constructions (gelatin sponges containing 107 nucleated bone marrow cells exposed to physical factors) were transplanted under the renal capsule of syngeneic mice. Analysis of newly formed hemopoietic organs was performed after 3 and 5 months. The total amount of hemopoietic cells, number of multipotent stromal cells, efficiency of colony formation from these cells, and weight of bone capsule of the transplants were measured. Microscopic study showed that 5-month transplants were significantly larger than 3-month transplants and contained 3-fold more hemopoietic cells (20-fold in the AILIH+EHF group). The number of multipotent stromal cells was maximum in EHF+AILIH group (by 2.2 times higher than in the control) and minimum in AILIH+EHF group. Exposure to EHF+AILIH had most pronounced effect on the formation of the bone marrow transplants. The weight of bone capsules more rapidly increased in gelatin sponges of 3-month transplants of EHF+AILIH and AILIH groups. These data suggest that the studied physical factors can be used for acceleration of rehabilitation process.