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Objectives The first goal of this study was to synthesize the silver nanoparticles Alcaligenes xylosoxidans exopolysaccharide (Ag-AXEPS). The second objective was to analyse the role of Ag-AXEPS nanoparticles (NPS) in treating bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis. Methods Intratracheal bleomycin (2.5 U/kg) was administered to prompt pulmonary fibrosis in rats, and pulmonary fibrosis was treated with Ag-AXEPS nanoparticles (100 ppm/twice a week for four weeks). Key findings Ag-AXEPS nanoparticles significantly decreased the diversity of pulmonary inflammatory agents in rats with BLM-induced fibrosis. Reduced levels of respiratory tumor necrosis factor-alpha, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) were observed on treatment with synthesized Ag-AXEPS. Similarly, the treatment decreased IL-12, mRNA levels of BAX and plasma fibrosis markers like N-terminal procollagen III propeptide and transforming growth factor-β1. On the other hand, the treatment increased mRNA BCL2 and total antioxidant capacity. It also lowered the level of fibrosis, as was shown by a quantified pathologic study of hematoxylin–eosin-stained lung parts. The treatment, however, ensured that lung collagen was restored, as assessed by Masson’s trichrome stain, and that overall survival was increased and enhanced. Conclusions Our work showed that nanoparticles could be obtained at 37°C and may be a possible pulmonary fibrosis therapeutic agent.

Graphical abstract Nanoscale zero-valent iron particles were investigated as an antibacterial agent against two Gram-positive bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus NRRL B-313 (S. aureus), Bacillus subtilus NRC (B. subtilus), and two Gram-negative bacteria; Escherichia coli NRC B-3703 (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa NRC B-32 (Ps. aeruginosa). The characterization of synthesized nZVI particles was obtained by XRD, SEM, EDX, and TG analyses. The results demonstrated that the nZVI particles have a spherical shape, mean crystalline size of 44.43 nm, and exhibited a good chemical and thermal stability performance under different physical conditions. The bacterial suspensions were subjected to the treatment using nZVI particle suspensions with a concentration of 10 mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration of nZVI particles was determined using the well diffusion assay method and found to be 15, 10, 10, and 5 mg for the following four strains; S. aureus, B. subtilus, E. coli, and Ps. aeruginosa, respectively. The biological treatment results of municipal wastewater using nZVI particles revealed that the counts of total bacteria, total coliform, fecal coliform, S. aureus, fecal Streptococcus, and E. coli were decreased to 44.29%, 51.76%, 90.95%, 46.67%, 33.33%, and 93.89%, respectively, while the Ps. aeruginosa not detected in the wastewater sample. The enhanced inactivation performance of nZVI nanoparticles was mainly attributed to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, releasing of iron corrosion products like Fe2+/Fe3+ ions, and direct friction of nZVI particles with bacterial cells membranes. In addition, the nZVI particles presented a striking disinfection behavior in comparison with other widespread disinfection technologies such as chlorination. Accordingly, the obtained results introduce the nZVI particles as a promising disinfection technology.

This study targeted the production of exopolysaccharide from Bacillus sp. NRC5 grown in Egyptian seawater to use it as natural antitumor therapy. The biological activities of selected exopolysaccharide (BEPS) as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer have been studied. BEPS was evaluated as an anti-inflammatory in vitro against cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) and evaluated as an anticancer on human breast and prostate cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and PC3). In addition, BEPS antitumor activity was tested against the Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) model. The BEPS presented potent antioxidant activities, consisted of glucose, mannose, and mannuronic acid in a molar ratio of 1.0:1.7:0.8 with a molecular weight of 3.59 × 105 g/mol. BEPS showed a promising COX-2 inhibitory effect in comparison with the reference drug celecoxib. BEPS appeared efficient anticancer property, where it killed 64.20 and 70.20% of MCF-7 and PC3 cells at 100 µg/ml, respectively (IC50, 76.70, and 70.40 µg/ml, respectively). BEPS exhibited antitumor ability as it prolonged the lifespan of mice to reach 75 days instead of 20 days in the tumor control, reduced viable cancer cells count, tumor volume and weight, modulated blood components, and white blood cells differentiation. BEPS produced from Bacillus sp. NRC5 showed its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities and antitumor abilities, which may all be attributed to its unique composition containing sulfated moieties and uronic acids.

We conducted a narrative review of the medical and surgical management of people with obesity and diabetes. Results of this review showed that a 5-10% loss in body weight can be achieved with a change in lifestyle, diet and behaviour and with approved pharmacological therapies in people with obesity and diabetes. New targeted therapies are now available for patients with previously untreatable genetic causes of obesity. Compared to medical treatment, metabolic and bariatric surgery is associated with significantly higher rates of remission from type 2 diabetes and lower rates of incident macrovascular and microvascular complications and mortality. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and the American Diabetes Association endorse metabolic and bariatric surgery in obese adults with type 2 diabetes and there may also be a role for this in obese individuals with type 1 diabetes. The paediatric committee of the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery have recommended metabolic and bariatric surgery in obese adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Earlier and more aggressive treatment with metabolic and bariatric surgery in obese or overweight people with diabetes can improve morbidity and mortality.

Pulicaria undulata (L.) C. A. Mey has multiple uses as part of the traditional medicament, and several biological activities of the plant have been corroborated in the scientific literature. The current work evaluates the phytochemical constituents and biological properties of the water-ethanol extract of the P. undulata growing in Qassim, the central arid regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Qualitative UPLC-ESIQ-TOF analysis identified 27 compounds belonging to the phenolics, flavonoids, triterpenes, coumarins, and of fatty acids chemical classes. The quantitative analysis exhibited 33.3 mg/g GAE (Gallic Acid Equivalents), and 10.8 mg/g QE (Quercetin Equivalents) of the phenolics and flavonoids in the plant’s concentrated (to dryness) water-ethanol extract. The trace elements analysis of the plant’s dry powder established the presence of copper (20.13 µg/kg), and zinc (68.2 µg/kg) in the higher levels of occurrences. In terms of the antioxidant potential of the plant’s extract, the ferric-reducing, and free-radicals scavenging activities were recorded at 47.11 mg/g, and 19.13 mg/g equivalents of the concentrated to dryness water-ethanol extract of the plant. The water-ethanol extract of P. undulata also exhibited antimicrobial activity against the tested Gram-positive bacteria, while no activity was observed against the tested Gram-negative bacteria, or the fungi. The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values were in the range of 49 to 1563 µg/mL, whereas the MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) values ranged from 49 to 3125 µg/mL, against the tested Gram-positive bacteria. The P. undulata water-ethanol extract also exhibited potent cytotoxic effects with the IC50 value at 519.2 µg/mL against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell-lines, followed by the anticancer activity of erythroleukemic cell-lines, K562 at 1212 µg/mL, and pancreatic cell-lines, PANC-1, at 1535 µg/mL, as compared to the normal fibroblast cells (4048 µg/mL). The Annexin-V assay demonstrated that, as the P. undulata extract’s dose increased from IC50 to twice of the IC50, the percentage of the necrosis was found to be increased in the late apoptosis stage of the cancer cells. These data confirmed the P. undulata extract’s ability to inhibit several human cancer cell lines’ growth in comparison to other local halophytes. The antimicrobial activity of the plant was also confirmed.

Reciprocal relationships between viral illness and chronic diseases have been established. Such relationships augment one another and increase the potential harm. The coronavirus 2019 pandemic proved that the most vulnerable populations are the ones with underlying chronic diseases, especially diabetes mellitus. As new data are evolving, viral illnesses, like COVID-19, have been speculated to potentially induce diabetes mellitus. Here we report a 20-year-old male with no past medical history who presented with polyuria, polydipsia, and dry mouth. He was found to have significant hyperglycemia. He had COVID-19-like symptoms a few weeks prior to admission and was tested positive for COVID-19, but the symptoms had resolved prior to his presentation. He was managed with intravenous fluids (IVFs), electrolytes replacement, and insulin. He was diagnosed with new-onset diabetes mellitus likely secondary to a recent COVID-19 infection and was discharged home on insulin, oral antidiabetic medications, and outpatient follow-up with primary care clinic and endocrinology clinic.

Serum calcium concentration is the main determinant of parathyroid hormone (PTH) release. Defect in the activation of vitamin D in the kidneys due to chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, resulting in a compensatory increase in parathyroid gland cellularity and parathyroid hormone production and causing secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHP). Correction and maintenance of normal serum calcium and phosphate are essential to preventing SHP, hungry bone disease, cardiovascular events, and anemia development. Understanding the pathophysiology of PTH and possible therapeutic agents can reduce the development and associated complications of SHP in patients with CKD. Medical interventions to control serum calcium, phosphate, and PTH such as vitamin D analogs, calcium receptor blockers, and parathyroidectomy are needed in some CKD patients. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of SHP in CKD patients.

The ostrich oil of Struthio camelus (Ratite) found uses in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory in eczema and contact dermatitis. The anti-inflammatory effect of a γ-lactone (5-hexyl-3H-furan-2-one) isolated from ostrich oil and its formulated nano-emulsion in formalin-induced paw edema was investigated in this study. Ostrich oil was saponified using a standard procedure, the aqueous residue was fractionated, purified, and characterized as γ-lactone (5-hexyl-3H-furan-2-one) through the interpretation of IR, NMR, and MS analyses. The γ-lactone was formulated as nano-emulsion using methylcellulose (MC) for oral solubilized form. The γ-lactone methylcellulose nanoparticles (γ-lactone-MC-NPs) were characterized for their size, shape, and encapsulation efficiency with a uniform size of 300 nm and 59.9% drug content. The γ-lactone was applied topically, while the formulated nanoparticles (NPs) were administered orally to rats. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (diclofenac gel) was used as a reference drug for topical use and ibuprofen suspension for oral administration. Edema was measured using the plethysmograph method. Both γ-lactone and γ-lactone-MC-NPs showed reduction of formalin-induced paw edema in rats and proved to be better than the reference drugs, diclofenac gel and ibuprofen emulsion. Histological examination of the skin tissue revealed increased skin thickness with subepidermal edema and mixed inflammatory cellular infiltration, which were significantly reduced by the γ-lactone compared to the positive control (p-value = 0.00013). Diuretic and toxicity studies of oral γ-lactone-MC-NPs were performed. No diuretic activity was observed. However, lethargy, drowsiness, and refusal to feeding observed may limit its oral administration.

The study aimed to investigate the roles of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and graphene oxide flakes (GOFs) as phagocytosis enhancers against cancer cells. The nanomaterials were characterized through SEM and UV-VIS absorptions. The GNPs and GOFs increased the macrophages’ phagocytosis ability in engulfing, thereby annihilating the cancer cells in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The GNPs and GOFs augmented serine protease class apoptotic protein, granzyme, passing through the aquaporin class protein, perforin, with mediated delivery through the cell membrane site for the programmed, calibrated, and conditioned cancer cells killing. Additionally, protease inhibitor 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin (DCI) significantly reduced granzyme and perforin activities of macrophages. The results demonstrated that the GOFs and GNPs increased the activation of phagocytic cells as a promising strategy for controlling cancer cells by augmenting the cell mortality through the granzyme-perforin-dependent mechanism.

Salsola cyclophylla, an edible halophyte, is traditionally used for inflammation and pain. To confirm the claimed anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, a detailed study on respective pharmacological actions was undertaken. The activities are contemplated to arise from its phytoconstituents. The LC-MS analysis of S. cyclophylla 95% aqueous-ethanolic extract revealed the presence of 52 compounds belonging to phenols, flavonoids, coumarins, and aliphatics class. A high concentration of Mn, Fe, and Zn was detected by atomic absorption spectroscopic analysis. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest flavonoid contents (5.94 ± 0.04 mg/g, Quercetin Equivalents) and Fe2+-chelation (52%) potential with DPPH radicals-quenching IC50 at 1.35 ± 0.16 mg/mL, while the aqueous ethanolic extract exhibited maximum phenolics contents (136.08 ± 0.12 mg/g, gallic acid equivalents) with DPPH scavenging potential at IC50 0.615 ± 0.06 mg/mL. Aqueous ethanolic extract and standard quercetin DPPH radicals scavenging’s were equal potent at 10 mg/mL concentrations. The aqueous ethanolic extract showed highest analgesic effect with pain reduction rates 89.86% (p = 0.03), 87.50% (p &lt, 0.01), and 99.66% (p = 0.0004) after 60, 90, and 120 min, respectively. Additionally, aqueous ethanolic extract exhibited the highest anti-inflammation capacity at 41.07% (p &lt, 0.0001), 34.51% (p &lt, 0.0001), and 24.82% (p &lt, 0.0001) after 2, 3, and 6 h of extract’s administration, respectively. The phytochemical constituents, significant anti-oxidant potential, remarkable analgesic, and anti-inflammatory bioactivities of extracts supported the traditionally claimed anti-inflammatory and analgesic plant activities.

A novel neutral protease from a newly isolated and identified bacteria Enterobacter sp. NRCM1 was used to produce the enzymatic hydrolyzed soybean protein isolate (E-SPM1). The protease was purified and biochemically characterized. The effect of hydrolysis time on degree of protein hydrolysis and released free amino acids was investigated. The enzymatic hydrolysates (E-SPM124, E-SPM148 and E-SPM172) produced after 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively were used as main precursors of beef-like flavours. The generated volatiles were determined by solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography- mass spectrophotometer (SPME- GC-MS). The results revealed that the optimum pH and temperature of protease activity were 7.0 and 50oC, respectively. Sample E-SPM172 showed the highest degree of hydrolysis (43.71%) and content of free amino acids (5.78 g/mL). The headspace volatiles of the model mixture based on E-SPMI72 comprised the highest content of the most important compounds for meat aroma. The results of odour sensory analysis confirmed those of GC-MS for all investigated samples. The highest score of beefy note of sample E-SPMI72was mainly correlated to the significant increase of 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, the most potent aroma compound in beef flavour. The gradual increase of savoury note was consistent with that of the disulfide compounds, which possess savoury aromatic note.

Suaeda vermiculata, a halophyte consumed by livestock, is also used by Bedouins to manage liver disorders. The aqueous-ethanolic extract of S. vermiculata, its subsequent fractions, and pure compounds, i.e., pheophytin-A (1), isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (2), and quercetin (3), were evaluated for their hepatoprotective efficacy. The male mice were daily fed with either silymarin, plant aq.-ethanolic extract, fractions, pure isolated compounds, or carboxyl methylcellulose (CMC) for 7 days ( n = 6 /group, p.o.). On the day 7th of the administrations, all, except the intact animal groups, were induced with hepatotoxicity using paracetamol (PCM, 300 mg/kg). The anesthetized animals were euthanized after 24 h; blood and liver tissues were collected and analysed. The serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels decreased significantly for all the S. vermiculata aq.-ethanolic extract, fraction, and compound-treated groups when equated with the PCM group ( p < 0.0001 ). The antioxidant, superoxide dismutase (SOD), increased significantly ( p < 0.05 ) for the silymarin-, n-hexane-, and quercetin-fed groups. Similarly, the catalase (CAT) enzyme level significantly increased for all the groups, except for the compound 2-treated group as compared to the CMC group. Also, the glutathione reductase (GR) levels were significantly increased for the n-butanol treated group than for the PCM group. The oxidative stress biomarkers, lipid peroxide (LP) and nitric oxide (NO), the inflammatory markers, IL-6 and TNF-α, and the kidney’s functional biomarker parameters remained unchanged and did not differ significantly for the treated groups in comparison to the PCM-induced toxicity bearing animals. All the treated groups demonstrated significant decreases in cholesterol levels as compared to the PCM group, indicating hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects. The quercetin-treated group demonstrated significant improvement in triglyceride level. The S. vermiculata aq.-ethanolic extract, fractions, and the isolated compounds demonstrated their hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects, confirming the claimed traditional use of the herb as a liver protectant.

BackgroundThe study investigated the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity ofCitrus lemonvolatile oil extracted from pruning leaves collected from a private farm at Nobariya district against Gram-positive "Staphylococcus aureusNRRL B-313 andBacillus cereusNRC" and Gram-negative "Pseudomonas aeruginosaNRC B-32 andEscherichia coliNRC B-3703".ResultsThe oil obtained from powdered driedC. lemonleaves was analyzed by GC–MS to identify their constituents. The analysis revealed the presence of sabinene, carene, limonene, and β-ocimene. The leaves volatile oil showed a remarkable inhibition againstS. aureus(32 ± 0.01 mm) andP. aeruginosa(49 ± 0.01 mm) and it had a strong effect on the DNA, RNA, lipids, and protein biosynthesis in cells ofS. aureusand had a strong effect on the lipids biosynthesis in cells ofP. aeruginosa.ConclusionThe results in this study suggested thatC. lemonleaves could be beneficial in developing a novel antibiotic and studied its mode of action on the pathogenic microorganism’s cells.

The pyrethroid toxicants, fatal at high doses, are found as remnants of crop pesticides and ingredients of commercially available insecticides. The toxic effects of high-content insecticidal pyrethroid formulations are available in 0.05 g, 1.17 g, and 0.04 g pyrethroid-instilled products, namely burning coils, pyrethroid-soaked mats, and liquid formulations of pyrethroids that release pyrethroid vapor/smoke upon heating. They provided 5.46 g/kg, 21.15 g/kg, and 4.24 g/kg of toxicants to the experimental animals over a total of 3 weeks/5 h per os (p.o.) administration, producing necrosis, hyperemia, and fatty changes in the liver, fiber separation in cardiac muscles, atrophy, lymphatic infiltration, blood vessel congestion, and hyperemia in the heart tissues of the experimental animals. The glomerular tuft necrosis, cytoplasmic degeneration of renal tubular cells, necrotic tubules, congestion, and dilatation of blood vessels were observed in the kidney tissue of intoxicated animals. Air-space enlargement, interstitial inflammation, lymphocyte infiltration aggregates, connective tissue infiltration by inflammatory cells, and hyperemia were found in the lung tissues. The pyrethroid toxicants also produced nervous tissue degeneration and decreased neurons in the brain, which were observed through histopathological examinations of the brain, lungs, heart, kidneys, and liver. The protective effects of ascorbic acid (AA/vitamin C) and &alpha, tocopherol (E307/vitamin E) at 100 mg/kg oral doses administered daily for the entire period of the toxicant exposure of three weeks to the experimental mice, aged between 3&ndash, 4 months and weighing &asymp, 30 g, ameliorated the tissue damage, as observed through the histopathological examinations. The ascorbic acid caused recovery of the liver, kidney, brain, and heart tissue damage, while &alpha, tocopherol was effective at ameliorating the damage in the kidneys and lung tissue compared with the control groups. The high levels of tissue damage recovery suggested a prophylactic effect of the concurrent use of ascorbic acid and &alpha, tocopherol for the subjects under the exposure of pyrethroids.

The Rh blood group system is a complex blood group which includes different antigen specificities such as c antigen. Anti-c antibody is associated with both acute and delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions as well as hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). Rh mediated hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTR) are mostly immunoglobulin G (IgG) mediated and results in extravascular hemolysis and delayed HTR (DHTR). However, we are presenting a case of acute intravascular hemolytic transfusion reaction due to anti-c in a patient with acute subdural hematoma. A 77-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with a loss of conscious and left-sided hemiparesis. After an emergency MRI, she was diagnosed with Acute Subdural hematoma, and an emergency craniotomy was performed. Since Acute Subdural hematoma is a neurosurgery emergency, laboratory technician performed an Immediate-spincrossmatchedd for blood bag to preserve time. During the transfusion of the first packed cell, the patient developed severe hypotension and tachycardia. Thus, the transfusion was stopped. Laboratory results raised the suspicion of an Acute Intravascular Hemolysis. Antibody identification revealed that the patient had an irregular blood phenotype (C2+/c-/E-/e3+/K-), and the presence of alloantigen-c Rh antibody confirmed the suspicion of HTR. In patients with multi transfusion history and pregnant women, pre-transfusion screening of irregular antibodies must be performed. The immediate spincrossmatchh must be prevented in patients with a history of multi transfusions, even in emergency situations.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute complication of diabetes mellitus that can be associated with increased morbidity and mortality, particularly if it is diagnosed late and not treated appropriately. The management of DKA includes careful clinical evaluation, correction of metabolic abnormalities with intravenous fluids, insulin and electrolyte replacement with frequent monitoring of the patients' clinical and laboratory findings and also identification and treatment of the precipitating condition. There are special populations where features, management and outcome may differ from the usual patient with diabetes. Data on management of DKA in such special populations such as chronic kidney disease and pregnancy are sparse and recommendations are based mainly on small case series and expert opinion. Clinicians need to recognize and manage euglycaemic DKA in patients prescribed sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors. DKA is particularly a major health concern due to high rates of hospital admissions and mortality in resource-limited settings due to financial constraints, limiting the adequate provision of insulin and access to health care systems, and dysfunctional health systems. We review the challenges of diagnosis and management of DKA in these specific groups and provide recommendations on optimal patient care.

Background Nanomedicine contributes to the efficiency of pharmacological treatments and progresses rapidly. The present study was designed to produce exopolysaccharide (BSEPS) from Bacillus subtilis sp. strain reported in our previous study was further characterized, and its BSEPS for synthesis of the nanoparticle Ag-BSEPS using microwave heating to determine the possible effects of a prepared solution containing Ag-BSEPS versus thioacetamide (TAA) evoked liver fibrosis in Wister albino rats. Nanoparticles with silver (Ag) core have been synthesized in an aqueous solution after exposure of BSEPS to periodate oxidation. Animals were split into four groups: I - control rats, water ad libitum for 6 weeks; II - rats were injected with TAA 200 mg/kg-1 3 times/week for 4 weeks IP; III - Ag-BSEPS 100 mg/kg-1 IP twice a week for 6 weeks; and IV - TAA, as group II followed by Ag-BSEPS as group III. The antifibrotic effects of Ag-BSEPS were appraised by determining different hepatotoxicity indices, oxidative stress, and inflammatory and liver fibrosis markers. Results Nanoparticles were obtained with a diameter size range of 50–100 nm characterized by SEM and TEM without using any harmful reagents. Results evinced considerably reduced activity of liver functions such as transaminases (AST, ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the group which received TAA followed by Ag-BSEPS compared to the other group which received only TAA. In the current results, the administration of Ag-BSEPS showed an improvement in the proinflammatory cytokines. On the contrary, the antioxidant enzymes in liver homogenates revealed significant improvement (concentration of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) increases) in animals with TAA-induced liver damage followed by Ag-BSEPS. Moreover, the activities of the fibrotic markers transforming growth factor-beta 1(TGF-β1) and type III pro-collagen (PCIII) were increased in liver tissues in the group which was given TAA alone as compared to the controls. The percentage of fibrosis of hepatic tissue had a positive correlation with the levels of PCIII and TGF-β1, followed by Ag-BSEPS compared to the TAA group without nanocomposite treatment. Microscopic examinations revealed inhibitory effects of Ag-BSEPS on inflammatory changes and deterrent of liver fibrosis. Conclusion It was suggested that the biochemical and histological amelioration observed in Ag-BSEPS (100 mg/kg-1 twice a week for 6 weeks) treated the fibrotic rats.

Dysphagia aortica is a rare aetiology of dysphagia resulting from an abnormality in thoracic aorta that causes extrinsic compression on the oesophagus. Dysphagia aortica includes aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection or even tortuous aorta and is seldom considered in the differential diagnosis of dysphagia. Herein, we report a 30-year-old man with Behcet's disease who presented with rapid progressive dysphagia and diagnosed as dysphagia aortica caused by saccular aortic aneurysm complicated by large para-aortic haematoma compressing the oesophagus. The case reveals the importance of early and proper identification of the rare causes of dysphagia in young adults with complaint of dysphagia and history of recurrent oral and genital ulcers in absence of obvious cardiovascular diseases.

Background: Pin aspiration is a common problem in Muslim countries, where many women wear veils (hijab). This condition is usually treated using either a rigid or a flexible bronchoscope, and yet occasionally requires surgical approach. Pin bending may be necessary to extract impacted pins during the therapeutic rigid bronchoscopy. Methods: Medical records of patients who had pins extracted with a bending technique during the period from January 2012 to December 2016 in 1 institution were analyzed. Information on intraoperative and postoperative complications was collected. Results: Between 2012 and 2016, 315 rigid bronchoscopies were performed for pin extraction; in 38 cases, bending of the pin was required for the extraction because they were in a position that did not allow simple extraction. The procedure was successful in cases and there were no major complications. Conclusion: The extraction of visible, distally located or impacted pins can be safely performed by experienced bronchoscopists using the bending technique. Some safeguards and pitfalls must be noted to ensure maximum safety.

Background The study aimed to assess the role of intraoperative mitomycin-C (MMC) application during hyperopic LASIK correction (+1.00 D to +6.00 D) by examining topographic corneal changes and incidence of regression over a one-year follow-up period. Methods This comparative randomized control study included 136 eyes of 68 hyperopic patients divided into two groups; Group A included 68 eyes of 34 patients that had LASIK with the application of 0.02% MMC for 10 seconds on the stromal bed after excimer laser treatment, and group B included 68 eyes of 34 patients that had LASIK without MMC application. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), refraction, keratometry and topography were recorded at 1st week and 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 12th months postoperation. Predictability and treatment efficacy were also recorded at the end of the follow-up period. Results Better predictability was noted in group A than in group B at the 6 month and 12 month follow-up visits, with a mean cycloplegic refraction SE of +0.5 ± 0.31 D in group A and +0.67 ± 0.39 D in group B at the 6 month visit, and +0.63 ± 0.37 D in group A and +0.89 ± 0.48 D in group B at the 12 month visit. The efficacy of the treatment at the end of the follow up period was better in group A than in group B. Group A showed fewer topographic corneal changes than group B. Conclusions Intraoperative MMC application during hyperopic LASIK achieves better predictability and efficacy and induces fewer topographic changes and lower regression rate of hyperopia during the first postoperative year. Trial registration: the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry PACTR201901543722087, on 29 January 2019.

Background: This study is designed to discover a method for delivering an efficient potent pheophytin a (pheo-a) into more absorbed and small polymeric ethyl cellulose (EC) microparticles. Methods: Silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 columns were used to isolate pheo-a from the chloroform extract of the edible plant, Suaeda vermiculata. Pheo-a was incorporated into EC microparticles using emulsion-solvent techniques. The antioxidant activity of pheo-a microparticles was confirmed by the level of superoxide radical (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), and reducing power (RP) methods. Meanwhile, the cytotoxic effect of the product was investigated on MCF-7 cells using MTT assay. Results: Pheo-a was isolated from S. vermiculata in a 12% concentration of the total chloroform extract. The structures were confirmed by NMR and IR spectroscopic analysis. The formulated microparticles were uniform, completely dispersed in the aqueous media, compatible as ingredients, and had a mean diameter of 139 &plusmn, 1.56 &micro, m as measured by a particle size analyzer. Pheo-a demonstrated a valuable antioxidant activity when compared with ascorbic acid. The IC50 values of pheo-a microparticles were 200.5 and 137.7 &micro, g/mL for SOD, and NO respectively. The reducing power of pheo-a microparticles was more potent than ascorbic acid and had a 4.2 &micro, g/mL for IC50 value. Pheo-a microparticles did not show notable cytotoxicity on the MCF-7 cell line (IC50 = 35.9 &micro, g/mL) compared with doxorubicin (IC50 = 3.2 &micro, g/mL). Conclusions: the results showed that water-soluble pheo-a microparticles were prepared with a valuable antioxidant activity in a wide range of concentrations with a noteworthy cytotoxic effect.

Background and objectives L-asparaginase (L-ASP) is a therapeutic enzyme used in the treatment of certain human cancers, especially acute lymphoblastic leukemia, as a chemotherapeutic agent. Other than as an anticancer agent, it has many applications, including in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, and antibacterial activity. Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes are very effective producers and a better source of L-ASP because they can be easily cultivated, and it is also easy to extract and purify L-ASP. The aim of this study is to formulate the production medium and to pinpoint the proper growth conditions for the chosen microorganism producing highly active L-ASP enzyme. The general properties of the crude L-ASP enzyme preparation were also determined to define the proper conditions for enzyme action. Under the specified conditions, the opportunity of the crude L-ASP enzyme for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities was determined. Materials and methods Eight recommended microbial isolates were screened for biologically active L-ASP enzyme productivity. Optimization of the cultural conditions for extracellular L-ASP production and also the important properties of the crude L-ASP were duly pinpointed. Finally, biological activities of the crude enzyme were explored. Results and conclusion Among all the screened organisms, the fungal strain Penicillium janthinellum Biourge was the most potent producer of an influential L-ASP enzyme. The maximum L-ASP activity of 17.85±0.579 U/reaction was obtained from medium containing glucose 0.2% (w/v) and L-asparagine 1% (w/v) at 30°C and pH 6.2. The important properties of the crude P. janthinellum Biourge L-ASP were duly pinpointed as follows: optimum enzyme and substrate concentrations were 1 mg/ml and 1% (w/v), respectively, and optimum reaction pH and temperature were 10.7 and 45°C, respectively. Under the specified conditions, at varying concentrations, the enzyme preparation exhibited considerable 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity accompanied with nonantimicrobial activity, and this pointed out the necessity of partial purification of the crude fungal enzyme for further studies.

Hydroxy marilone C is a bioactive metabolite produced from the culture broth of Streptomyces badius isolated from Egyptian soil. Hydroxy marilone C was purified and fractionated by a silica gel column with a gradient mobile phase dichloromethane (DCM):methanol then Sephadex LH-20 column using methanol as a mobile phase. It was subjected to many procedures such as infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Mass spectroscopy (MS) and UV spectroscopy for elucidation of its structure. It was evaluated for antioxidant, cytotoxicity against human alveolar basal epithelial cell line (A-549) and human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) and antiviral activities; showed that the maximum antioxidant activity was 78.8% at 3 mg/ml after 90 min. and the IC50 value against DPPH radical found about 1.5 mg/ml after 60 min. Using MTT assay the effect of the pure compound on the proliferation of A-549 cells and MCF-7 cells was 443 μg/ml and 147.9 μg/ml, respectively, while for detection of antiviral activity using Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells the maximum cytotoxicity was at 27.9% and IC50 was 128.1 μg/ml. The maximum concentration required for protecting 50% of the virus-infected cells against H1N1 viral cytopathogenicity (EC50) was 33.25% for 80 μg/ml. These results indicated that the hydroxy marilone C has potential antitumor and antiviral activities.

The baobab fruit (Adansonia digitata) was analyzed for proximate composition, amino acids, and minerals. The fruit pulp was found to be a good source of carbohydrates, proteins, phenols, and substantial quantities of K, Ca, and Mg. Amino acid analyses revealed high glutamic and aspartic acid, but the sulfur amino acids were the most limited. The present study was designed to investigate the role of Adansonia digitata (Baobab fruit pulp) against isoproterenol induced myocardial oxidative stress in experimental rats by demonstrating the changes in tissue cardiac markers, some antioxidant enzymes, interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1), myeloperoxidase (MPO), Collagen-1, galectin-3, and serum corticosterone. The activities of enzymatic antioxidant glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and non-enzymatic antioxidant reduced glutathione (GSH) in the heart tissue; additionally, histopathological examination of the heart was estimated. Male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups of ten animals each. Group I served as normal control animal. Group II animals received isoproterenol (ISP) (85 mg/kg body weight intraperitonealy (i.p.) to develop myocardial injury. Group III were myocardial oxidative animals treated with Baobab fruit pulp (200 µg/rats/day) for 4 weeks. Group IV received Baobab fruit pulp only. The data suggested an isoproterenol increase in levels of cardiac marker enzymes [creatine kinase MB (CK- MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)], IL-1ß, MCP-1, MPO, Collagen, and galectin-3, with concomitant decrease in the activities GPX and GSH in heart tissue as well as corticosterone in serum. Baobab fruit pulp brings all the parameters to near normal level in ISP-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Histopathological examination of heart tissue of ISP-administered model rat showed infiltration of inflammatory cells and congestion in the blood vessels. However, treatment with Baobab fruit pulp (200 µg/rats/day) showed predominantly normal myocardial structure and no inflammatory cell infiltration. It has been concluded that Baobab fruit pulp has cardio protective effect against ISP-induced oxidative stress in rats.

Damage to normal tissues is a consequence of both therapeutic and accidental exposures to ionizing radiation. A water-soluble heteropolysaccharide called AXEPS, composed of glucose, galactose, rhamnose and glucouronic acid in a molar ratio of nearly 1.0:1.6:0.4:2.3, respectively, was isolated from culture medium of strain Alcaligenes xylosoxidans MSA3 by ethanol precipitation followed by freeze-drying. Chemical analysis, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and chromatographic studies revealed that the molecular weight was 1.6 × 10(4) g mol(-1). This study was designed to investigate the radioprotective and biological effects of AXEPS in alleviating the toxicity of ionizing radiation in female albino rats. A total of 32 female albino rats were divided into four groups. In the control group, rats were administered vehicle by tube for four weeks. The second group was administered AXEPS (100 mg/kg) orally by gavage for four weeks. Animals in the third group were exposed to whole-body γ-rays (5 Gy) and remained for 2 weeks without treatment. The fourth group received AXEPS (100 mg/kg) orally by gavage for two weeks before being exposed to whole-body γ-rays (5 Gy), then 24 h post γ-rays, they received AXEPS (100 mg/kg) in a treatment continuing till the end of the experiment (15 days after the whole-body γ-irradiation). Oral administration of AXEPS (100 mg/kg) significantly reversed the oxidative stress effects of radiation, as evidenced by the decrease in DNA damage in the bone marrow. Assessment of apoptosis and cell proliferation markers revealed that caspase-3 significantly increased in the irradiated group. Moreover, a significant decrease in the hematological constituents of peripheral blood, the chemotactic index and CD8+ T cells were observed in animals in the irradiation-only group, whereas an increase in the lymphocyte index was observed in animals in that group. In contrast, AXEPS treatment prevented these alterations. From our results, we conclude that AXEPS is a potent antioxidant and treatment agent for protection from γ-rays.

Background: The growing climatic condition affects plant constituents and biological activities. Ochradenus baccatus (Taily Weed) from Resedaceae family is a perennial shrub that is widely used in folk medicine in the Middle East. Aim: From the viewpoint that O. baccatus is regularly used in folk medicine, this study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and investigate the effect of O. baccatus on the biochemical and histopathological parameters of liver and kidney in experimental animals. Methods: The O. baccatus extracts were obtained by hot continuous extraction method. Agar diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration assays were used for the antimicrobial activity. O. baccatus total extracts at doses of 100 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg were given to the first and second groups of rates, respectively, whereas the third and fourth groups received the vehicle olive oil and saline, respectively. The liver and kidney functions, as well as lipid profile and glucose levels, were measured by spectrophotometric technique on obtained blood samples. The liver and kidney tissues were evaluated for histopathological effect. Results: Ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts have similarly and potentially inhibited the bacterial micro-organisms, whereas Candida albicans was inhibited by n-hexane extract. O. baccatus total extract showed no significant effects on the kidney and liver functions (P > 0.05). However, it significantly reduced triglyceride level (P = 0.04). The histopathological investigation of liver and kidney tissues revealed no significant differences compared to control animals. Conclusion: The medicinally important plant, O. baccatus, growing in Saudi Arabia showed no significant toxic effects on the livers and kidneys. Moreover, it demonstrated a potential antimicrobial activity besides a significant reduction in serum triglycerides in rats. These findings are in consistent with other reported results suggesting no environmental effects on the safety of this plant.

This study was designed to examine the in-vitro chemical components and their bioactivity as an antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer agents for olive leaves (OL) and banana leaves (BL) extracts. Searching for new and cheap sources of important compounds are still not yet discovered. Banana and olive leaves as a source of important and economical compounds are potential for such a purpose. Proximate analysis, Aqueous, methanol, ethanol and acetone extracts of both banana leaves (BL) and olive leaves (OL) were evaluated for their antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumor agents. Total phenolic (TP), total flavonoids (TF) and total tannins (TT) were determined in their extracts. In addition, HPLC identification for phenolic compounds. Our findings indicate that banana acetone extract possesses a high content of phenolic, flavonoids and tannins. While these compounds were high in methanolic extract of olive leaves. Banana leaves showed high content in phenolic compounds, especially vanillic and ferulic acids. While, protocatechuic, chyrsin, syringic, gallic and ellagic were mostly found in olive leaves. Banana and olive leave acetone extracts found to have considerable antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Banana leaves acetone extract also presented vigorous activity against breast and liver hepatocellular tumor cell lines. This study concludes that the fruit leaves are a potential source for bioactive metabolites and can be used in the pharmaceutical industry as antimicrobial and antitumor materials. Besides recycling waste to reduce environmental pollution.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a rapidly transmissible communicable disease around the globe. Diabetes is reported as a common morbidity in patients with COVID-19, has been associated with worse clinical outcomes, and may lead to higher mortality. Because the disease has variable presentations varying from mild respiratory symptoms to pneumonia and respiratory failure, proper care of patients with diabetes in this context should cover both outpatient and inpatient sectors. Outpatient management in acutely ill patients includes frequent home glucose monitoring; holding certain medications including metformin, sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists that may cause unwanted side effects such as dehydration and resulting acute kidney injury; continuation and adjustment of insulin therapy; and patient education on indications to seek medical assistance. Inpatient glucose management of patients admitted with COVID-19 involves holding noninsulin medications, monitoring blood glucose, and starting insulin if glucose levels are not in target. Intravenous insulin is recommended for critically ill patients with uncontrolled glucose. Universal measures should include assurance of continuity of care, adherence to therapy, and self-management education using connected health models and telemedicine. Patients with diabetes are considered a vulnerable group during periods of epidemics, and clear recommendations and pathways are essential to assure patients' safety.

In considering a site for gas storage, it will be important to evaluate the effects of gas storage on the formation, so as to minimize the risk of a breach occurring in the system. Gas injection will result in an increase in formation fluid pressure, especially around the injection source, which in turn results in redistribution of the stress field. The induced deformations within the reservoir can potentially result in a damage zone within the caprock formation. This mechanical failure may involve shear along many of the existing fractures or creation of new fractures that reduce the sealing properties of the caprock system. The main objective of this paper is to develop a model to estimate the growth and extension of cracks in the caprock. In order to achieve this, the smeared crack approach is used to model the process of cracking in the caprock. Smeared cracking is a continuum approach for damage mechanics which is based on the idea that a crack is modeled by modifying the strength and stiffness of the material. The main model presented in this paper has three sub-models, which are the reservoir model, the caprock model and the smeared crack model. The reservoir model is a simplified coupled hydro-mechanical model that numerically simulates the radial fluid flow and analytically estimates the associated stress and strain within the reservoir. The results of the reservoir model are used as boundary conditions for the caprock model that estimates the stress and strain within the sealing caprock due to the deformation of the reservoir. Using the calculated stress and strain, the smeared crack model predicts the growth and extension of cracks within the caprock. The caprock is assumed to be initially crack free and impermeable. The developed model is then used to study the Yort-e-shah aquifer caprock in Iran to predict the growth and extension of cracks.

The number of patients suffering from Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) all over the world is rising continually and becomes one of the biggest challenges for most societies throughout the world. The potential of peripheral biochemical markers as complementary tools in the neuron-phsychiatric evaluation of these patients has claimed further attention. The aims of our study were to isolate the bacteria that able to produce exo-polysaccharides and to characterize then exopolysaccharide producing strains by 16S rDNA sequencing method. The exopolysaccharide (MEPS) produced from a newly isolated Bacillus sp. M3 was obtained by ethanol precipitation (6.5 g L-1 growth medium). The molecular masse of the MEPS was 1.45×104 g/mol wherein FT-IR, UV-Vis spectral analyses revealed prevalence of characteristic primary belonged to α-type exopolysaccharide with a pyran ring. Further, HPLC analysis revealed its two monosaccharide constituents galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid at molar ratio of 1:1. The second stage was the evaluation of anti-intoxicated effect of MEPS against aluminum chloride induced Alzheimer in rat relevant to its effect on oxidative stress, antioxidant brain status, cholinergic markers and serum level of S100B protein together with polysaccharide sub-chronic toxicity at 1/10 LD50 in both AD and control experimental animal groups to find their diagnostic value in this disease. MEPS ameliorated antioxidant status and reduced all oxidative stress parameters in brain tissue with decreasing S100B as compared to aluminum toxicant group with significant acetyl cholinesterase inhibition which increase acetylcholine concentration in brain tissue. No toxicity was observed for MEPS in sub-chronic toxicity study for 90 days in all rat organs or liver and kidney function.

Objective To evaluate in-vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor abilities against human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) and human prostate cancer (PC3) as well as the suppressor effect of bacterial exopolysaccharide (BAEPS) on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC). Methods In-vitro antioxidants characters of BAEPS were determined using various methods, while anti-inflammatory activity was estimated against cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2). In-vitro study, anticancer against MCF7 and PC3 were assessed by the mitochondrial dependent reduction of yellow MTT. In in-vivo study against EAC progression, mice were inoculated with EAC cells and then were orally administered BAEPS at 200 mg/kg after 24 h (equals to 0.10 of determined LD 50 )/10 d. Results BAEPS was acidic exopolysaccharide contained uronic acid (12.3%) and sulfate (22.8%) with constitution of glucose, galactose and glucuronic acid in a molar ratio 1.6:1.0:0.9, respectively, with a molecular mass of 3.76 × 10 4 g/mol. BAEPS appeared potent antioxidant characters as free radical scavenging, oxygen reactive species scavenging and metal chelation, while its reducing power was low. BAEPS showed selective anti-inflammatory activity against COX-2 than COX-1, COX-2 selective. BAEPS exhibited potent and selective effect to breast cell cancer MCF7, the death percentage was 65.20% with IC 50 = 70 μg/mL and IC 90 = 127.40 μg/mL. BAEPS decreased counted viable EAC cells and induced non-viable cells. BAEPS improved all assessed hematological parameters. These improvements were reflected in the increasing median survival time and significant increment ( P Conclusions BAEPS has anti-tumor activity with a good margin of safety. The anti-tumor activity of BAEPS may be due to its content from sulfated groups and uronic acids and they have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

BackgroundInsertion of Internal Cardioverter Defibrillator in high risk cardiac patients can be performed by many anesthetic techniques including local anesthesia with moderate sedation or general anesthesia. Many studies have proved that intravenous paracetamol infusion is effective in reducing narcotic requirements in many surgical procedures.PurposeThe aim of this study was to assess the effect of paracetamol in reducing pain as well as apnea and upper airway obstruction during conscious sedation for Internal Cardioverter Defibrillator placement.Patients and methodsIn this prospective, randomized study, 100 patients undergoing elective transvenous placement of Internal Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) were enrolled in this study. Pain, respiratory events as apnea and airway obstruction in patients receiving intravenous paracetamol infusion 1g over 30min have been compared with those receiving fentanyl in a total dose of 1.5μg/kg.ResultsThe incidence of airway obstruction was lower in the paracetamol group than in the fentanyl one (P

The natural polymer sodium alginate is a macropolysaccharide Produced from brown algae has many applications. Anti-leukemia enzyme L-asparaginase (LASNase) produced from Pseudomonas aeruginosa 50071 by solid state fermentation was covalently conjugated on sodium alginate. SDS-PAGE showed that the purified LASNase was homogeneous with molecular weight of ~ 113 KDa. The immobilized enzyme on 3% sodium alginate showed specific activity of 62 U/mg protein. The immobilized L-ASNase maintained over 90 % of the original activity of free enzyme. Also it showed a slightly thermal stability where the activation energy of denaturation were 28 and 35 Kcal mol-1 for both native and immobilized enzyme, respectively. The Km of sodium alginate immobilized enzyme was about 2 times lower than that of the free enzyme.

Background Valgus cut angle (VCA), defined as the angle between the anatomical and the mechanical axes of femur, is an important parameter upon which a critical step of knee arthroplasty is based. Some variables have been proposed to affect the magnitude of this cut. However, little information is available regarding whether a generic value can be used, or if a patient-specific value from a long leg X-ray, or factors that can be determined preoperatively, is necessary to accurately set the VCA. Methods Standard standing 3-joint views were used to measure a number of anatomical measurements in 358 limbs, 202 patients (116 women, 86 men). Neck-shaft angle, medial offset, femoral length (FL), distal femoral articular angle, and VCA were measured. Demographic data including gender and height were extracted from hospital charts. The correlation of VCA with each of the other factors was evaluated using linear regression and t-test and finally multivariate analysis. Results The average VCA was 5.76° (range 4-8). Gender and distal femoral articular angle were not related to VCA ( P = .343 and .995). FL was found to be a function of height with similar effects on multivariate analysis. Only the height (or FL) and femoral offset were identified as independent factors, with a negative correlation for the former ( P P Conclusion Femoral offset and height are the 2 independent factors determining VCA. Other parameters are indirectly related to these 2 factors. Tall patients with a small femoral offset have smaller VCA and short patients with a large offset have larger VCA. The wide variety of VCA values does not support using a generic value for all patients during knee arthroplasty.

Background Diabetes mellitus induces chronic complications such as cardiovascular damage, cataracts and retinopathy, nephropathy, and polyneuropathy. The main aim of the study was to isolate and identify both of bacterial strain and exopolysaccharide to assess the possible efficiency of exopolysaccharide (BSEPS) from Bacillus subtilus sp .suppress on cardiovascular diseases, atherogenic and coronary risk indices in diabetic rats. Methods The bacterial strain used was isolated from mangrove tree sediment by serial dilution and the spread-plate technique and identified by morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, and by 16S rRNA analysis. The BSEPS was extracted from the bacterial supernatant by four volumes child ethanol then the functional groups, MW and chemical analysis were detected by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), gel permeation chromatograph (GPC) and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Also an antioxidant activity was measured by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Thirty-two male Sprague–Dawley rats were equally randomized into four groups: control group supplemented with normal saline (Group I); the second group supplemented with BSEPS (Group II); diabetic group supplemented with normal saline (Group III) and the diabetic group supplemented with BSEPS (Group IV). Diabetes was induced by Streptozotocin (STZ) (65 mg/kg BW) intraperitoneally. BSEPS (100 mg/kg BW) was administered orally for four weeks, following STZ induction. Results The isolated strain was identified based on 16S rRNA sequence as Bacillus subtilis sp. suppress. A preliminary chemical analysis of BSEPS indicated that the monosaccharides were mannuronic acid, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, and mannose in a molar ratio of 1.6:1.5:1.0:2.3:1.4, respectively, with a molecular weight of 1.66 × 104 g mol−1 and a molecular number of 7.64 × 103 g mol−1. BSEPS inhibited 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical activity, and BSEPS supplement reduced glucose (p

Food spoilage can be defined as any sensory change in food flavor which the consumer considers to be unacceptable. Spoilage may arise from insect damage, physical damage (freezing, drying, etc.), chemical changes (usually involving oxygen), and indigenous enzyme activity in the animal or plant tissue. Spoilage is therefore complex and may occur at any stage along the food chain. Bacteria, fungi, yeast, and insects are the main cause for food spoilage. There are a wide range of metabolites produced during microbial spoilage including alcohols, sulfur compounds, hydrocarbons, fluorescent pigments, as well as organic acids, esters, carbonyls, and diamines. Preservation of food for its safety and long shelf life is dependent on the food type and properties (pH, water activity, nutrient content, antimicrobial constituents, etc.), initial microbial flora, and processing and storage conditions (heating, acidification, reduced water activity, storage atmosphere, chilled storage, etc.). This review deals with food spoilage, microbes causing food contamination, prevention of microbial spoilage, and preservation of foods.