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This controlled study investigated the effects of 7 weeks pre-season supplemental jump and sprint exercise training on sand (JSETS) on athletic ability in male handball players. Males (n = 40; 16.3 ± 0.4 years) were randomly assigned to a jump and sprint training (JSTG; n = 24) or a control (CG; n = 18) group. The JSETS replaced a part of the regular handball training of players. The tests included jumps (squat, counter-movement, and 5 jump tests), sprint times (5 m, 10 m and 20 m), agility (modified T and modified Illinois tests), repeated sprint T-test, and balance (standing stork and Y balance tests). JSTG showed relative to CG significant decreases in sprint times over all distances (5 m (p = 0.002, d = 0.735 (medium); 10 m (p = 0.012, d = 0.577 (medium) and 20 m (p = 0.012, d = 0.573 (medium)), and gains in both measures of agility (p = 0.001, d = 0.859 (large) and p = 0.004, d = 0.670 (medium) for T-Half and Illinois-tests respectively), and in jumping squat (p

Bouteraa, I, Negra, Y, Shephard, RJ, and Chelly, MS. Effects of combined balance and plyometric training on athletic performance in female basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 34(7): 1967-1973, 2020-The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks combined balance and plyometric training on the physical fitness of female adolescent basketball players. Twenty-six healthy regional-level players were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (E; n = 16, age = 16.4 ± 0.5) or a control group (C; n = 10, age = 16.5 ± 0.5). C maintained their normal basketball training schedule, whereas for 8 weeks E replaced a part of their standard regimen by biweekly combined training sessions. Testing before and after training included the squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ), 5-, 10-, and 20-m sprints, Stork balance test (SBT), Y-balance test (YBT) and modified Illinois change of direction test (MICODT). Results indicated no significant intergroup differences in SJ and CMJ height; however, E increased their DJ height (p < 0.05, Cohens'd = 0.11). No significant intergroup differences were found for sprint performance or SBT, but dynamic YBT tended to a significant group interaction (p = 0.087, d = 0.006). Post hoc analysis also showed a significant increase of MICODT for E (Δ 6.68%, p = 0.041, d = 0.084). In summary, the addition of 8 weeks of balance and plyometric training to regular in-season basketball training proved a safe and feasible intervention that enhanced DJ height, balance, and agility for female adolescent basketball players relative to the standard basketball training regimen.

This study examined the effect of a 10-week programme of strength training with elastic band (STEB) on fitness components in young female handball players. Twenty-six young female handball players (aged 15.8 ± 0.2 years) from the same club participated in this study. They were randomly assigned between experimental (EG; n = 13) and control (CG; n = 13) groups. The EG performed the STEB, replacing some handball-specific drills in the regular handball training. The CG followed the regular handball training (i.e., mainly technical-tactical drills, small sided and simulated games, and injury prevention drills). Two-way analyses of variance were used to assess: handgrip; back extensor strength; medicine ball throw; 30 m sprint times; Modified Illinois change-of-direction (Illinois-MT); four jump tests: squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJA) and five-jump test (5JT); static (Stork test) and dynamic balance (Y Balance Test); and repeated sprint T-test (RSTT). Results revealed significant gains in handgrip - right (p0.001, d = 1.75: large), handgrip - left (p0.001, d = 2.52: large), back extensor (p0.001, d = 2.01: large), and medicine ball throw (p = 0.002, d = 0.95: large) with EG compared to the CG. The EG also demonstrated greater improvement in sprint performance over 20 m (Δ = 10.6%, p = 0.001, d = 1.07: large) and 30 m (Δ = 7.2%, p0.0001, d = 1.56: large) compared to the CG. The EG showed better Illinois-MT (Δ = 5.6%, p = 0.034, d = 0.62: medium) compared to the CG. Further, EG posted significant improvements in the SJ (Δ = 17.3%, p = 0.048, d = 0.58: medium), CMJ (Δ = 17.7%, p = 0.017 d = 0.71: medium), and CMJA (Δ = 16.3%, p = 0.019, d = 0.69: medium) compared to the CG. Similarly, the EG exhibited significant improvement in RSTT best time [p = 0.025, d = 0.66 (medium)], RSTT mean time [p = 0.019, d = 0.69 (medium)] and RSTT total time [p = 0.019, d = 0.69 (medium)] compared to the CG. In conclusion, the 10-week STEB improved the physical abilities in young female handball players.

This study examined the effects of 8 weeks of twice-weekly combined plyometric and sprint with change-of-direction (CPSCoD) training into habitual training regimes of young male soccer players. Participants were randomly allocated to an experimental group (n = 17, age: 14.6 ± 0.44 years, body mass: 61.2 ± 7.34 kg, height: 1.67 ± 0.09 m, body fat: 11.2 ± 1.56%) and a control group (n = 16, age: 14.6 ± 0.39 years, body mass: 61.1 ± 3.96 kg, height: 1.67 ± 0.05 m, body fat: 11.8 ± 1.47%). Measures obtained pre- and post intervention included vertical and horizontal jump performance (i.e., squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and standing long jump (SLJ)), and sprint performance (i.e., 5 m and 20 m sprint). In addition, Measures obtained pre- and post-intervention included change-of-direction ability (4 × 5 m sprint test (S 4 × 5 m) and sprint 9–3–6–3–9 m with backward and forward running (SBF)), repeated change of direction (RCoD), and static balance performance (stork balance test). The training group experienced superior jump (all p &lt, 0.05, d ≥ 0.61), sprint (all p &lt, d ≥ 0.58), change-of-direction (CoD) ability (all p &lt, d ≥ 0.58), RCoD (all parameters except the fatigue index p &lt, 0.01, effect size (d) ≥ 0.71), and static balance (all p &lt, d ≥ 0.66) improvement. Adding twice-weekly CPSCoD training to standard training improves the anaerobic performance of U15 male soccer players.

Purpose: To analyze the effects of a 9-week plyometric training program on the sprint times (5, 10, 20, and 30 m), change-of-direction speed (modified T test and modified Illinois test), jumping (squat jump, countermovement jump, countermovement jump with arms, and horizontal 5-jump test), upper-body strength (right and left handgrip, back extensor strength, and medicine ball throw), and balance (Y and stork balance tests) of female handball players. Methods: Athletes were randomly divided into experimental (n = 21; age = 13.5 [0.3] y) and control (n = 20; age = 13.3 [0.3] y) groups. Training exercises and matches were performed together, but the experimental group replaced a part of their normal regimen by biweekly upper- and lower-limb plyometric training. Results: Both groups improved performance, but to a greater extent in the experimental group compared with controls for 20- and 30-m sprint times (Δ% = 9.6, P d = 0.557 and Δ% = 20.9, P d = 1.07, respectively), change of direction (T test: P d = 0.993 and Illinois test: P d = 0.769), vertical and horizontal jumping (P P P d = 1.07). Conclusions: A plyometric training program allows female junior handball players to improve important components of their physical performance.

Hammami, M, Gaamouri, N, Shephard, RJ, and Chelly, MS. Effects of contrast strength vs. plyometric training on lower-limb explosive performance, ability to change direction and neuromuscular adaptation in soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 33(8): 2094-2103, 2019-The aim was to compare the effects of 2 differing 8-week in-season strength training programs (contrast strength training [CST] vs. plyometric training [PT]) on selected performance tests (5 and 40 m sprints, S 4 × 5 m change of direction test, squat jump [SJ] and countermovement jump [CMJ], leg peak power on a cycle-ergometer force-velocity test, 1 repetition maximal half-squat, and electromyographic [EMG] activity of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and rectus femoris muscles during vertical jump tests). Forty male soccer players (age = 15.8 ± 0.4 years; body mass = 58.8 ± 6.3 kg; body height = 1.74 ± 0.06 m; body fat = 10.5 ± 1.9%) were divided between a contrast strength group (CSG, n = 14), plyometric group (PG, n = 14), and control group (CG, n = 12). Both training programs enhanced sprint performance (p < 0.001 in 5 m; p ≤ 0.05 in 40 m) and change of direction test scores (p < 0.001) relative to controls. The plyometric group and CSG increased SJ height relative to the CG, with a slightly greater response in CSG compared with PG (p ≤ 0.05). Most CMJ scores increased significantly in both CSG and PG relative to the CG, with no intergroup differences in training response. Most force-velocity scores increased significantly in the CSG relative to PG and CG. The EMG parameters also increased in the CSG relative to both PG and CG. In summary, most measures of athletic performance in male soccer players were enhanced after CST and PT. However, the improvement of physical performance was better with 8 weeks of CST than with PT. Thus, coaches should be encouraged to include CST as an element of in-season conditioning.

The effects of plyometric jump training on the physical fitness of male youth (age = 10-17 years) soccer players was examined in relation to inter-set recovery intervals and the maturity of the players in a single-blind, randomized-and controlled crossover trial. Jumping tests and kicking velocities were measured before (T

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an 8-week in-season plyometric training (PT) program on the physical performance and neuromuscular adaptations of female basketball players. Twenty-seven elite female basketball players (aged 21.0 ± 2.6 years) were assigned between an experimental group (n = 15) who substituted a part of their usual training with biweekly PT, and a control group (n = 12) who maintained their standard basketball training. Analyses of variance and co-variance assessed changes in 10, 20, and 30 m sprint times, ability to change direction (T-test) and jumping ability [squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ)] with electromyographic assessment of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and rectus femoris muscles during jumping and meassurement of the isokinetic strength of the knee muscles. After 8 weeks of the plyometric program the experimental group enhanced change of direction performance (Δ = −3.90%, d = 0.67) and showed a greater thigh cross sectional area (Δ = 9.89%, d = 0.95) relative to controls. Neural adaptations included significant improvements of EMG parameters for the vastus medialis muscle during Squat Jumping (Δ = 109.3%, d = 0.59). However, trends to improvements of sprinting times and jumping performances did not reach statistical significance. In addition, there were no gains in the peak torque and the average power of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles at either slow or moderate test speeds. We conclude that 8-weeks of PT (72–126 jumps) was insufficient to improve many of the variables associated with basketball performance in our subject-group. Further studies of female basketball players, extending the program period and increasing the intensity and speed of jumps are recommended in the search for more significant results.

This study examined the effects of incorporating 8 weeks of biweekly upper limb loaded plyometric training (elastic band) into the in-season regimen of handball players. Trial participants were assigned between control (n = 15, age: 18.1±0.5 years, body mass: 73.7±13.9 kg) and experimental (n = 14, age: 17.7±0.3 years, body mass: 76.8±10.7 kg) groups. Measures obtained pre- and post- included a cycle ergometer force-velocity test, ball throwing velocity in three types throw, 1-RM bench press and pull-over, and anthropometric estimates of upper limb muscle volumes. Gains in the experimental group relative to controls included absolute muscle power (W) (Δ23.3%; t-test p

The aim of this study was to compare the impact of two differing plyometric training programs (loaded plyometrics (with 2.5% of body mass placed above the ankle joint) vs. unloaded plyometrics), performed biweekly for 10 weeks, on the physical fitness of elite junior male soccer players. Participants aged 16.0 &plusmn, 0.5 years were randomly assigned between unloaded plyometrics (UP, n = 12), loaded plyometrics (LP, n = 14) and control (C, n = 12) groups. Two-way analyses of performance (group x time) were assessed by 40-m sprint times, 9&ndash, 3&ndash, 6&ndash, 9 m sprints with 180&deg, turns (S180&deg, ), 9 m sprints with backward and forward running (SBF), and 4 &times, 5 m sprints (S4 &times, 5 m), four jump tests, measures of static and dynamic balance, repeated change of direction tests and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test. Both LP and UP enhanced sprinting performance relative to C (p &lt, 0.05) but performance increased more in LP relative to UP (p &lt, 0.05) in all sprints except 40 m. Change of direction times were also significantly shortened by LP relative to UP (p &lt, 0.05) and C (p &lt, 0.01) in all tests, with no significant differences between UP and C. Jumps heights increased similarly in both LP and UP relative to C (p &lt, 0.05), with no significance between LP and UP. LP and UP also enhanced repeated change of direction scores relative to C (p &lt, 0.01) with greater changes in LP than in UP (p &lt, 0.01). Finally, LP enhanced some balance scores relative to UP (p &lt, 0.05). We conclude that the introduction of 10 weeks of in-season loaded plyometrics into the regimen of U17 male soccer players yields gains in several physical performance scores relative to either unloaded plyometrics or the control training regimen.

PurposeThis study examined the effects of a 10-week combined upper and lower limb plyometric training (ULLPT) programs on components of physical performance in young female handball players.MethodsParticipants aged 15.8 ± 0.2 years were randomly assigned between the experimental (EG; n = 17) and control (CG; n = 17) groups. Two-way analyses of performance (group × time) assessed changes in handgrip force, back extensor strength; medicine ball throwing, 30-m sprint times, change of direction (CoD) [Modified Illinois test (Illinois-MT)], four jumping tests [squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ with arms (CMJA) and 5 jump test (5JT), static and dynamic balance, and repeated sprint T-test scores (RSTT)].ResultsAfter 10 weeks of plyometric training (two sessions per week), group × time interactions showed significant changes in EG relative to CG in right and left handgrip force, back extensor strength and medicine ball throwing [p < 0.001, d = 1.51 (large); p < 0.0001, d = 0.85 (large); p < 0.001, d = 0.90 (large); p < 0.0001, d = 0.52 (medium), respectively]. Group × time interactions also showed improvements of EG relative to CG in sprint times [5 m (p = 0.02, d = 0.80 (large)); 10 m (p < 0.0001, d = 1.00 (large)); 20 m (p = 0.02, d = 1.41 (large)); and 30 m (p = 0.02, d = 2.60 (large))], CoD [Illinois-MT (p < 0.001, d = 1.58 (large))] and jumping [(SJ, CMJ, CMJA, and 5JT, p = 0.001, d = 0.87 (large); p < 0.001, d = 1.17 (large); p < 0.001, d = 1.15 (large); and p = 0.006, d = 0.71 (medium)) respectively]. Further, all RSTT scores (best time, mean time, total time, and fatigue index) improved significantly in the experimental group, with group × time interactions varying between p < 0.001 and p = 0.049 (d value large to medium). However, balance did not differ significantly between EG and CG.ConclusionWe conclude that 10 weeks of ULLPT improved many measures of physical performance in young female handball players.

Objectifs : C’est une etude preliminaire dont le but est de comparer l’effet d’un traitement compose de therapie cognitive et comportementale (TCC), par rapport a un programme associant TCC et relaxation profonde (R), applique chez des enfants atteint de trouble de deficit de l’attention avec hyperactivite (TDAH). Methodes : Trente patients atteints de TDAH ont ete repartis en trois groupes de dix : TCC + R (E1), TCC (E2) et un groupe control (GC). Les trois groupes ont ete evalues avant et apres 52 semaines de traitement. L’echelle de Conners et le test d’attention concentre (test D2) ont ete utilises avant et apres traitement. Resultats : Apres traitement, une comparaison intra-groupe a montre que les deux groupes experimentaux (E1 et E2) ont ameliore leurs scores dans le test D2, contrairement a GC qui n’a presente aucun changement. De plus, la majorite des patients atteint de TDAH ont montre une baisse remarquable dans les signes d’inattention, bien que les progres enregistres chez E1 soient statistiquement meilleurs que ceux chez E2. Conclusion : La therapie cognitive et comportementale semble etre efficace pour ameliorer les competences fonctionnelles et sociales chez des enfants atteints de TDAH. Cette therapie devrait etre recommandee comme alternative a l’utilisation des produits pharmaceutiques pour le traitement des sujets atteints de TDAH.

This study aimed to investigate relationships between peak power (PP) as measured by upper limb (PPUL) and lower limb (PPLL) force velocity tests, maximal upper limb force assessed by clean and jerk (1RMCJ) and snatch (1RMSE) exercises, estimates of local muscle volume and throwing ball velocity. Thirty elite male handball players volunteered for the investigation (age: 20.3 ± 2.1 years; body mass: 82.5 ± 10.5 kg; height: 1.85 ± 0,07 %; body fat: 13.1 ± 2.1 %). Lower and upper limb force velocity tests were performed on appropriately modified forms of a Monark cycle ergometer with measurement of PPUL and PPLL, and the corresponding respective maximal forces (F0UL and F0LL) and velocities (V0UL and V0LL). Snatched (SN) and clean and jerk (CJ) exercises were performed to one repetition maximum (1RM). Handball throwing velocity was measured with jump shot (JS) without run-up (TW) and 3 steps shot (T3 step). Muscle volumes of the upper and lower limbs were estimated with a standard anthropometric kit. The 1RM CJ proved to be the most important predictor for throwing velocity. All types of throwing showed a high correlation with this parameter (JS: r = 0.75; TW: r = 0.62; T3 step: r = 0.66). The highest relation was detected between jump shot and 1RM snatch technique (r = 0.82). The PPUL muscle volume correlated highly with PPUL absolute power (r = 0.70). In contrast, we did not find any comparable relations for the lower limb (muscle volume vs. PPUL absolute power: r = 0.07). Our results highlight the contribution of both lower and upper limbs to handball throwing velocity, suggesting the need for coaches to include upper and lower limb strength weightlifting exercises and power programs when improving the throwing velocity of handball players. Ziel der Studie war es, die Beziehungen zwischen der maximalen Ergometerleistung der oberen (PPUL) und unteren (PPLL) Extremität und der Maximalkraft (Umsetzen und Stoßen, olympisches Gewichtheben: Reißen) zur Wurfgeschwindigkeit und zum lokalen Muskelvolumen aufzuklären. 30 professionelle Handballspieler nahmen an der Untersuchung teil (Alter: 20,3 ± 2,1 Jahre; Gewicht: 82,5 ± 10,5 kg; Größe: 1,85 ± 0,07 m; Körperfett: 13,1 ± 2,1 %). Die Ergometrietests der oberen und unteren Extremität wurden auf einem modifizierten Ergometer (Monark-cycle) unter Messung der PPUL und PPLL durchgeführt. Hierbei wurden die maximalen Kräfte und Geschwindigkeiten ermittelt. Das 1RM wurde für die Testübungen olympisches Gewichtheben/Reißen (SN) sowie Umsetzen und Stoßen (CJ) bestimmt. Die maximalen Wurfgeschwindigkeiten wurden für 3 Wurftypen (Sprungwurf, Schlagwurf aus dem Stand, Schlagwurf aus der Bewegung (3 Schritte) mit Stemmschritt) gemessen. Überdies erfolgte die Messung der Muskelvolumina. Die Maximalkraftleistung in der Testübung Umsetzen und Stoßen erwies sich als wichtigster Prädiktor für die Wurfgeschwindigkeit. Alle Wurftypen korrelierten hoch mit den Maximalkraftparametern (Sprungwurf: r = 0,75; Schlagwurf/Stand: r = 0,62; Schlagwurf/Bewegung: r = 0,66). Die höchste Korrelation ließ sich für die Parameter Sprungwurf und SN berechnen (r = 0,82). Das Muskelvolumen der oberen Extremität korrelierte hoch mit der PPUL (r = 0,70). Im Gegensatz dazu fanden sich keine vergleichbaren Beziehungen zur unteren Extremität (Muskelvolumen untere Extremität vs. PPUL: r = 0,07). Die Ergebnisse bekräftigen die Notwendigkeit eines Maximalkrafttrainings im Bereich der oberen und unteren Extremität zum Zwecke der Erhöhung der Wurfgeschwindigkeit. Für die Trainingspraxis ergibt sich die Empfehlung, spezifische Kräftigungsprogramme in das Handballtraining zu integrieren.

The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between lower body muscular strength, anthropometric characteristics and several measures of explosive performance in elite team-handball players. 22 male elite team-handball players (age: 19.1 ± 1.7 years) were studied during the competitive season. Standard anthropometric and body composition measures included body mass index, lower limb and thigh muscle volume, and body fat percentage. Maximal leg strength was determined by a one-repetition maximum (1-RM) half back-squat. Vertical jump performance was assessed using a squat jump (SJ) and a counter movement jump (CMJ). Repeated shuttle-sprint ability (RSA) was tested by 6 (2 × 15 m) shuttle sprints with 20 s of active recovery intervals. The best time in a single shuttle sprint (30m; RSA The explained variance of 1-RM half-back-squats ranged from 0.2 % (RSA% Fatigue Index) to 70.1 % (CMJ). Four out of 8 variables (RSA Best Time, CMJ, SJ, throwing velocity of jump shoot) demonstrated an r The anthropometric characteristics and some physical performance tests are closely related to the maximal strength performance of handball players. Coaches should focus on maximal strength training programs for the lower limbs when seeking improvements in the throwing velocity and jump performance of handball players. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Zusammenhänge zwischen der Muskelkraft der unteren Extremitäten, anthropometrischen Eigenschaften und mehreren Messgrößen der Explosivkraftleistung bei Handballspielern im Spitzensport zu untersuchen. 22 Leistungshandballer (Alter: 19,1 ± 1,7 Jahre) wurden während der Wettbewerbssaison untersucht. Als Standardgrößen für die anthropometrischen Messungen und die Körperzusammensetzung wurden der Body-Mass-Index, die Muskelvolumina der unteren Extremitäten und Oberschenkel sowie der prozentuale Körperfettanteil bestimmt. Die maximale Beinkraft wurde anhand des Wiederholungsmaximums (1-RM) von Halbkniebeugen gemessen. Die Beurteilung der Vertikalsprungleistung erfolgte durch einen Squat-Jump (SJ) und einen Counter-Movement-Jump (CMJ). Die Repeated-Shuttle-Sprint-Ability (RSA) wurde anhand von 6 Shuttle-Sprints (2 × 15 m) mit aktiven Erholungsintervallen von 20 s überprüft. Desweiteren wurden die Bestzeit im Single-Shuttle-Sprint (30m; RSA Die erklärte Varianz des 1-RM der Halbkniebeugen reichte von 0,2 % (RSA% Fatigue Index) bis 70,1 % (CMJ). 4 von 8 Variablen (RSA -Bestzeit, CMJ, SJ, Wurfgeschwindigkeit beim Jump-Shooting) zeigten ein r Die anthropometrischen Eigenschaften und einige physikalische Leistungstests sind bei Handballspielern eng mit der Maximalkraftleistung verbunden. Trainer, die Verbesserungen der Wurfgeschwindigkeit und Sprungleistung bei Handballspielern anstreben, sollten den Trainingsschwerpunkt auf ein Maximalkrafttraining für die unteren Extremitäten legen.

Hammami, M, Negra, Y, Billaut, F, Hermassi, S, Shephard, RJ, and Chelly, MS. Effects of lower-limb strength training on agility, repeated sprinting with changes of direction, leg peak power, and neuromuscular adaptations of soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 32(1): 37-47, 2018-We examined the effects on explosive muscular performance of incorporating 8 weeks strength training into the preparation of junior male soccer players, allocating subjects between an experimental group (E, n = 19) and a matched control group (C, n = 12). Controls maintained their regular training program, but the experimental group replaced a part of this schedule by strength training. Performance was assessed using running times (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 m), a sprint test with 180° turns (S180°), a 9-3-6-3-9 m sprint with backward and forward running (SBF), a 4 × 5 m sprint test with turns, repeated shuttle sprinting, repeated changes of direction, squat (SJ) and counter-movement (CMJ) jumping, back half-squatting, and a force-velocity test. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and rectus femoris (RF) muscles was recorded during jumping. Two-way ANOVA showed significant gains in E relative to C during the straight sprint (all distances). Scores of E increased substantially (p ≤ 0.01) on S4 × 5 and SBF and moderately on S180°. Leg peak power, SJ, and CMJ were also enhanced, with significant increases in EMG activity. However, repeated-sprint parameters showed no significant changes. We conclude that biweekly strength training improves key components of performance in junior soccer players relative to standard in-season training.

This study examined the effects of incorporating 8 weeks of bi-weekly lower limb elastic band based loaded plyometric training into the in-season regimen of junior handball players. Participants were assigned between control (n = 15, age: 18.1 ± 0.5 years, body mass: 73.7 ± 13.9 kg, height: 1.82 ± 0.06 m, body fat: 14.4 ± 6.0%) and experimental groups (n = 14, age: 17.7 ± 0.3 years, body mass: 76.8 ± 10.7 kg, height: 1.83 ± 0.04 m, body fat: 13.4 ± 3.8%). Measures obtained before and after the intervention included a cycle ergometer force-velocity test, squat and countermovement jump characteristics, sprints times, repeated change of direction and change of direction tests (COD), a 1-RM half-back squat, and anthropometric estimates of limb volumes. Gains in the experimental group relative to controls included absolute muscle power (W) (Δ 23.1%; p < 0.05; ES = 0.565), relative muscle power (W.kg–1) (Δ 22.1%; p < 0.05; ES = 0.573), sprint times over 5 and 30 m (Δ−8.7%; p < 0.01; ES = 0.921 and Δ−7.2%; p < 0.05; ES = 0.573, respectively), COD times (Δ−9.2%; p < 0.05; ES = 0.561) and all repeated COD parameters except the fatigue index. However, a significant improvement by time interaction was observed in both groups on some anthropometric parameters (leg muscle volume and surface section thigh max), 1-RM half- back squat and vertical jump performance. We conclude that bi-weekly elastic band-loaded plyometric training improves the ability to sprint, COD and repeated COD relative to regular training, and thus it can be recommended to young male team handball players as a new method of plyometric training to improve important elements of their physical performance.

Team handball is an intense sport with special requirements on technical and tactical skills as well as physical performance. The ability of handball players to make repeated powerful muscular contractions in pushing and throwing the ball is crucial to success. This study investigated the effects of elastic band training on upper body peak power output, ball throwing velocity, and local muscle volume of junior handball players. Thirty handball players (a single national-level Tunisian team) were randomly assigned to a control group (CG; n = 15) and an experimental group (EG; n = 15). Pre- and post-interventional measurements included force-velocity tests, one-repetition maximum (1RM) bench press and pull-over strength, ball throwing velocity in three types of throw (jumping shot, 3-step running throw, and standing throw), and anthropometric estimates of limb volumes. The EG additionally performed an elastic band training programme twice a week for 8 weeks immediately before engaging in regular handball training. The control group underwent no additional elastic band training. The EG demonstrated greater improvements in absolute and relative peak power (p 0.001; 49.3 ± 22.9 % and 47.9 ± 24.6 %, respectively), 1RM strength (p 0.001; 25.3 ± 2.2 % and 44.1 ± 9.0 % for 1RM bench press and pull over, respectively), and throwing velocity in all three types of ball throws (p 0.001; 25.1-26.1 %), compared to the CG (3.9-4.4 %). Limb volumes increased significantly (p = 0.001, 8.0 ± 7.5 %) in the EG, with no significant change (p = 0.175, 2.6 ± 7.0 %) in the CG. We conclude that additional elastic band training performed twice a week for 8 weeks improves measures relevant to game performance, particularly strength, power, and ball throwing velocity. Teamhandball ist gekennzeichnet durch intervallartige Belastungen mit besonderen Anforderungen an technische und taktische Fertigkeiten sowie die körperliche Leistungsfähigkeit. Besonders wichtig für den sportlichen Erfolg sind die unterschiedlichen Dimensionen der Kraft sowie die Ballwurfgeschwindigkeit und Schnelligkeitsausdauer. Die Studie untersuchte die Auswirkungen des elastischen Bandtrainings auf die Maximalkraft der oberen Extremität, die Ballwurfgeschwindigkeit und das lokale Muskelvolumen von Nachwuchshandballspielern. 30 professionelle tunesische Handballspieler wurden der Kontrollgruppe (CG; n = 15) und der Experimentalgruppe (EG; n = 15) randomisiert zugeteilt. Messungen vor und nach der Intervention beinhalteten Kraft-Geschwindigkeitstests und Maximalkrafttests (1RM) in den Übungen Bench press und Pull over. Überdies wurden die Ballwurfgeschwindigkeit (Sprungwurf, Schlagwurf aus der Bewegung (3 Schritte) mit Stemmschritt, Schlagwurf aus dem Stand) und lokale Muskelvolumina ermittelt. Unmittelbar vor dem regulären Handballtraining absolvierte die EG 2-mal pro Woche über 8 Wochen ein Trainingsprogramm mit elastischen Bändern. Die Kontrollgruppe unterzog sich indes keinem zusätzlichen elastischen Bandtraining. Die EG zeigte sowohl in der absoluten als auch relativen Maximalkraftleistung (p 0,001; 49,3 ± 22,9 %, 47,9 ± 24,6 %) als auch im 1RM (p 0,001; Bench press: 25,3 ± 2,2 %; Pull over: 44,1 ± 9,0 %) deutlich größere Leistungszuwächse als die CG. Seitens der Wurfgeschwindigkeit erzielte die CG in allen 3 Wurfarten (p 0,001; 25,1–26,1 %) signifikant größere Leistungssteigerungen als die CG (3,9–4,4 %). Das Muskelvolumen erhöhte sich signifikant in der EG (p = 0,001, 8,0 ± 7,5 %), wohingegen in der CG keine signifikanten Veränderungen zu beobachten waren (p = 0,175; 2,6 ± 7,0 %). Ein zusätzliches elastisches Bandtraining (2-mal pro Woche für 8 Wochen) ist in der Lage, den relevanten handballspezifischen Leistungsparameter Kraft (z. B. Ballfluggeschwindigkeit) nachhaltig zu verbessern.

This project investigated the effect of incorporating 8 weeks of biweekly upper limb loaded plyometric training (using elastic bands) into the in-season regimen of handball players. Participants were randomly allocated to a control group (CG) (n = 15, age = 18.1 ± 0.5 years, body mass = 73.7 ± 13.9 kg), or an experimental group (EG) (n = 14, age = 17.7 ± 0.3 years, body mass = 76.8 ± 10.7 kg). The measurements obtained pre- and post-intervention included a cycle ergometer force–velocity test, ball throwing velocity in three types of throwing, one-repetition maximum (1-RM) bench press and pull-over, and anthropometric estimates of the upper limb muscle volumes. The EG improved in absolute muscle power (W) (Δ23.3%, interaction effect p = 0.032 more than pre-intervention), relative muscle power (W·kg−1) (Δ22.3%, interaction effect p = 0.024), and all three types of ball throwing (Δ18.6%, interaction effect p = 0.019 on a jumping shot, Δ18.6%, interaction effect p = 0.017 on a three-step running throw, and Δ19.1%, interaction effect p = 0.046 on a standing throw). There was no interaction effect for the 1-RM bench press and pull-over performance. The upper limb muscle volumes remained unchanged in both groups. We concluded that adding biweekly elastic band plyometric training to standard training improves the muscle power and throwing velocity. Accordingly, such exercises should be adopted as a part of a pragmatic approach to handball training.

Hammami, M, Negra, Y, Aouadi, R, Shephard, RJ, and Chelly, MS. Effects of an in-season plyometric training program on repeated change of direction and sprint performance in the junior soccer player. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3312-3320, 2016-We aimed to determine the gains in explosive movements of male junior soccer players induced by incorporating an 8-week plyometric training program (PTP) into a standard soccer conditioning regimen 5 months after the beginning of the competitive season. Our hypothesis was that PTP would enhance explosive movements, and thus sprint running, repeated shuttle sprint ability (RSSA), agility and the ability to make repeated changes of direction (RCOD). A group of junior soccer players were randomly divided into 2 groups: an experimental group (E, n = 15, age 15.7 ± 0.2 years) and a control group (C, n = 13, age 15.8 ± 0.2 years). The participants in E and C performed training exercises and matches together, but for an 8-week period in the latter part of the season, the experimental group replaced a part of the normal regimen (the tactical session) by a biweekly course of PTP (hurdle and drop jumps). Two familiarization sessions were held 2 weeks before definitive testing. The ability of the players was assessed by 3 agility tests (a sprint test with 180° turns, a 9-3-6-3-9 m sprint with backward and forward running, and a four 5-m sprint test with turns); 2 repeated sprint tests (RSSA and RCOD); and running times over 5-, 10-, 20-, 30-, and 40-m distances. Participants in E showed gains relative to C in sprint times (p ≤ 0.05 for 5, 10, and 20 m), and 2 of 3 the RCOD parameters (RCOD best, p ≤ 0.001; RCOD total, p ≤ 0.05). However, with the pattern of plyometric training that we adopted, and perhaps because participants were in good initial physical condition, the agility and RSSA test scores remained unchanged. Nevertheless, we conclude that our PTP can be commended to junior soccer players as a means of improving important components of their physical performance.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of short-term resistance training and two weeks of tapering on physical performances in handball players. Following a ten-week progressive resistance training program, subjects were divided between an experimental (n = 10) and a control group (n = 10). The experimental group completed a resistance training program, followed by a two-week period when the training intensity was tapered by 60%, while the control group maintained their typical pattern of training. Muscle power (force–velocity test and squat and counter-movement jump tests), sprinting ability (10m and 30m), ability to change direction (T-half test) and throwing velocity (a 3-step throw with a run, and a jump throw) were evaluated before training, at the end of training and after tapering. The experimental group showed significantly larger interaction effects for the 10-week training period (12/15, 80%), than for the following 2 weeks of tapering (10/15, 67%), with the largest gains being in 15 m sprint times (d=3.78) and maximal muscular strength in the snatch (d=3.48). Although the performance of the experimental group generally continued to increase over tapering, the mean effect size for the training period was markedly higher (d=1.92, range: 0.95-3.78) than that seen during tapering (d=1.02, range:−0.17-2.09). Nevertheless the ten weeks of progressive resistance training followed by two weeks of tapering was an effective overall tactic to increase muscle power, sprint performance and ball throwing velocity in handball players.

Handball performance is influenced by age, anthropometric characteristics, technical skills, tactical understanding, and physical abilities. The aims of this study were (i) to determine differences in anthropometric characteristics and physical performance between adolescent handball players across age categories, and (ii) to determine which anthropometric and maturity variables have the greatest relative importance in fitness for this sport. Seventy-nine male handball players drawn from a team in the elite Tunisian Handball league [U18 (n = 10); U17 (n = 12); U16 (n = 17); U15 (n = 18); and U14 (n = 22)] volunteered for the investigation. Assessments included sprint performances; change in direction tests (T-half test and Illinois modified test); jumping tests (squat jump; counter movement jump; countermovement jump with aimed arms; five-jump test); medicine ball throwing; handgrip force; back extensor force and selected anthropometric measurements. The individual’s age category affected all measurements, with U17 and U18 players showing larger body measurements and significantly better absolute results on all physical tests than U14, U15 and U16 contestants. Scores for the majority of physical performance tests were closely inter-correlated. We conclude that U17 and U18 players show significantly better absolute results than the younger players on all physical tests. Multiple linear regressions, using block-wise entry, indicate that age is the strongest predictor of jump and sprint performances. Several anthropometric characteristics, including body mass, standing height and lower limb length were closely correlated with performance test scores, but after allowing for age only body mass added to the prediction of jumping ability. The authors thank the ?Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Tunis, Tunisia? for the financial support. The authors also thank Associate Professor Ridha Aouedi, Ph.D. [Research Unit (UR17JS01) ?Sport Performance, Health and Society,? Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Sa?d, University of ?La Manouba?, Tunis, Tunisia] for the valuable statistical help. The publication of this article was funded by the Qatar National Library. Scopus

Hammami, M, Gaamouri, N, Aloui, G, Shephard, RJ, and Chelly, MS. Effects of combined plyometric and short sprint with change-of-direction training on athletic performance of male U15 handball players. J Strength Cond Res 33(3): 662-675, 2019-This study examined the effects of combined plyometric and change-of-direction training (CPT) on selected measures of performance (repeated-sprint T-test [RSTT], sprint performance [5, 10, 20, and 30 m], change-of-direction tests [modified Illinois test and T-half test], squat jump, countermovement jump, countermovement jump with aimed arms 5-jump test, Y-balance test, Stork balance test, and 20-m shuttle run) in male U15 handball players. Players were randomly divided between experimental (n = 14; age: 14.5 ± 0.3 years) and control (n = 14; age: 14.6 ± 0.2 years) groups. All trial participants trained and played matches together, but for 8 weeks in the latter part of the season, the experimental group replaced the tactical part of their normal regimen by a biweekly course of CPT. This induced significant increases in sprint performance relative to controls (p = 0.006, effect size [ES] = 0.135, 8.7%; p=

Aloui, G, Hammami, M, Fathloun, M, Hermassi, S, Gaamouri, N, Shephard, RJ, and Chelly, MS. Effects of an 8-week in-season elastic band training program on explosive muscle performance, change of direction, and repeated changes of direction in the lower limbs of junior male handball players. J Strength Cond Res 33(7): 1804-1815, 2019-The aim of this study was to examine the effects of incorporating 8 weeks of biweekly lower-limb elastic band training (knee and hip extension) into the in-season regimen of junior handball players. Study participants (30 men, aged 18.7 ± 0.8 years, body mass 81.1 ± 15.4 kg, height 1.82 ± 0.06 m, body fat: 15.5 ± 5.2%) were randomly assigned between control and experimental groups. Measures obtained before and after intervention included a cycle ergometer force-velocity test, force platform determinations of squat and countermovement jump characteristics, sprint times (5 and 30 m), repeated change-of-direction (RCOD) and change-of-direction (T-half, COD) tests, 1 repetition maximum (RM) half back squat, and anthropometric estimates of limb muscle volumes. Small to trivial improvements of experimental subjects relative to control subjects included peak power (p < 0.001), 1RM strength measures (p < 0.01), sprint times (p < 0.001 for 5 m; p < 0.05 for 30 m), COD (p < 0.01), and all RCOD parameters (p < 0.05) except the RCOD fatigue index. However, vertical jump parameters and limb volumes remained unchanged relative to controls. It may be concluded that adding biweekly elastic band training to a standard conditioning regimen yields small gains in measures that likely have an important influence on handball performance, particularly the ability to sprint, change direction, and make repeated changes of direction. Accordingly, such simple exercises can usefully be adopted as a component of handball training.

To analyze the effects of complex strength training on explosive muscle performance of junior female handball players.Subjects were arbitrarily divided between an experimental group (n = 14) and a control group (n = 14). Training sessions and matches were performed together, but during the 10-wk intervention, the experimental group replaced part of the regular regimen with complex strength training. Measures assessed in both groups before and after the intervention included running times over 5, 10, 20, and 30 m; change-of-direction tests (T-half agility test and modified Illinois test); repeated shuttle sprint ability and repeated change-of-direction tests; jumping (squat, countermovement, countermovement with aimed arms, and 5-jump test); static and dynamic balance; back-extensor strength; and 1-repetition-maximum half-squat.The intervention yielded increases in sprint (10 m 11.7%), change-of-direction performance (T-half 5.1%, modified Illinois 4.2%), jumping (squat P .01, 19%; countermovement P .01, 20.3%; countermovement aimed arms P .01, 19.3%; 5-jump P .05, 15.2%), and 1 of 4 repeated-sprint scores (best time P .05, 5.9%). However, repeated-sprint T-test and balance scores were unchanged.Complex strength training develops abilities important to handball performance.

Background This study assessed the validity of the handball-specific complex test (HBCT) and two non-specific field tests in professional elite handball athletes, using the match performance score (MPS) as the gold standard of performance. Methods Thirteen elite male handball players (age: 27.4±4.8 years; premier German league) performed the HBCT, the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery (YYIR) test and a repeated shuttle sprint ability (RSA) test at the beginning of pre-season training. The RSA results were evaluated in terms of best time, total time, and fatigue decrement. Heart rates (HR) were assessed at selected times throughout all tests; the recovery HR was measured immediately post-test and 10 minutes later. The match performance score was based on various handball specific parameters (e.g., field goals, assists, steals, blocks, and technical mistakes) as seen during all matches of the immediately subsequent season (2015/2016). Results The parameters of run 1, run 2, and HR recovery at minutes 6 and 10 of the RSA test all showed a variance of more than 10% (range: 11-15%). However, the variance of scores for the YYIR test was much smaller (range: 1-7%). The resting HR (r2=0.18), HR recovery at minute 10 (r2=0.10), lactate concentration at rest (r2=0.17), recovery of heart rate from 0 to 10 minutes (r2=0.15), and velocity of second throw at first trial (r2=0.37) were the most valid HBCT parameters. Conclusions Much effort is necessary to assess MPS and to develop valid tests. Speed and the rate of functional recovery seem the best predictors of competitive performance for elite handball players.

Hermassi, S, Wollny, R, Schwesig, R, Shephard, RJ, and Chelly, MS. Effects of in-season circuit training on physical abilities in male handball players. J Strength Cond Res 33(4): 944-957, 2019-This study analyzed the effects of a resistance-type circuit training (RCT) program (30-35 minutes, performed twice a week for 10 weeks) on male handball players. Twenty-two male players were divided into experimental (E; age 20.3 ± 0.5 years) and control groups (C; age 20.1 ± 0.5 years). Measures before and after RCT included squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), 1 repetition maximum (1RM) of bench press, pull-over and back half-squats, throwing velocity (a 3-step running throw [RT], and a jump throw [JT]), repeated-sprint ability (six 2 × 15-m shuttle sprints with recording of best time for a single trial), anthropometric estimates of leg- and thigh-muscle volumes and mean thigh cross-sectional area (CSA), and a test of agility. The agility T-half test showed a significant interaction effect (p = 0.001; η = 0.422), with an intergroup difference in effect size (d) of 1.27 (dTG = 1.24 vs. dCG = -0.03). The SJ displayed no interaction effect. The interaction effects for half back squat (d = 2.73, η = 0.740) and CMJ (d = 3.76, η = 0.700) were large, but that for RT was smaller (η = 0.460) than that for JT (η = 0.745). The throwing velocity of C decreased for both measures, with negative effect sizes (d = -0.18 and d = -0.93, respectively). Upper-body, leg, and thigh-muscle volumes and thigh CSA increased significantly after resistance training. However, repeated-sprint parameters showed no significant changes. During the competitive season, 10 weeks of RCT with only 2 training sessions per week improved numerous measures of athletic performance in handball players, and such conditioning can be highly recommended as part of the annual training program for elite handball players.

Background Team handball is an intense ball sport with specific requirements on technical skills, tactical understanding, and physical performance. The ability of handball players to develop explosive efforts (e. g. sprinting, jumping, changing direction) is crucial to success. Objective The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effects of an in-season high-intensity strength training program on the physical performance of elite handball players. Materials and methods Twenty-two handball players (a single national-level Tunisian team) were randomly assigned to a control group (CG; n = 10) or a training group (TG; n = 12). At the beginning of the pilot study, all subjects performed a battery of motor tests: one repetition maximum (1-RM) half-squat test, a repeated sprint test [6 × (2 × 15 m) shuttle sprints], squat jumps, counter movement jumps (CMJ), and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1. The TG additionally performed a maximal leg strength program twice a week for 10 weeks immediately before engaging in regular handball training. Each strength training session included half-squat exercises to strengthen the lower limbs (80 – 95 % of 1-RM, 1 – 3 repetitions, 3 – 6 sets, 3 – 4 min rest between sets). The control group underwent no additional strength training. The motor test battery was repeated at the end of the study interventions. Results In the TG, 3 parameters (maximal strength of lower limb: η² = 0.74; CMJ: η² = 0.70, and RSA best time: η² = 0.25) showed significant improvements, with large effect sizes (e. g. CMJ: d = 3.77). A reduction in performance for these same 3 parameters was observed in the CG (d = -0.24). Conclusions The results support our hypothesis that additional strength training twice a week enhances the maximal strength of the lower limbs and jumping or repeated sprinting performance. There was no evidence of shuttle sprints ahead of regular training compromising players’ speed and endurance capacities.

BACKGROUND This study assessed inter-relationships between shuttle and straight repeated-sprint ability tests and the relationship of each measure to anthropometric and explosive lower limb performance data in elite handball players. METHODS Twenty-two elite male handball players (18.9±0.2 years; body mass: 83.3±1.1 kg, height: 1.79±2.30 m, body fat: 12.8±0.2%) completed tests that included a lower limb force-velocity test of peak power (Wpeak), jumping ability (squat and counter-movement jumps; SJ, CMJ), 1 repetition maximum (1-RM) half back squat, average sprint velocity over 5 m (V-5 m), peak velocity between 25-30 m (Vmax), and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1), and anthropometric determinations of cross-sectional areas and muscle volumes for leg and thigh muscles. Data were compared with performance on two repeated sprint tests; the straight test (6 × 30 m [RSA30]) and the intermittent test (6×[2×15 m] shuttle sprints [RSA15]). RESULTS V-5 m, 1-RM, and thigh and leg muscle cross-sectional areas and volumes showed relevant relationships to the shuttle RSA test (r2≥0.5). The Yo-Yo IR1 explained the largest percentage of variance in RSA15 total time (60%), and V-5 m also explained 56% of the variance in RSA15 total time. RSA15% fatigue was only related to 1-RM (explained variance: 58%), and the RSA30 test showed no useful correlations with any of the investigated predictors. Multiple-regression analyses using all physical tests explained 91% of the variance in RSA15 total time (P

BACKGROUND We aimed to examine the validity of an ice hockey-specific complex test (IHCT) and nonspecific off-ice tests for sports performance. METHODS Eighteen professional athletes (27.4±6.0 years) underwent the IHCT, maximal strength squat tests, an endurance cycling test (PWC 170) and posturography during in the first week of the pre-seasonal training. The IHCT included parameters of load (e.g., 10-m and 30-m sprint, transition and weave agility without and with puck, slap and wrist shots before and after the test). The players were closely accompanied during the season of competition (seven months) in order to collect match performance data. Based on these data, we calculated a match performance score (MPS) for each player. RESULTS Stability indicator (r2=0.39), weave agility with puck (r2=0.39), maximal relative squat (r2=0.37) and frequency band F7-8 (r2=0.35) proved to be the most valid tests. However, with the MPS as dependent variable, 21 of 44 parameters tested (48%) explained 10% or more of variance. CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that postural stability, cerebellar control mechanisms and concentric maximum leg strength are the most important predictors of MPS. Regarding IHCT, actions with the puck under fatigue conditions and the ability to recover quickly are highly relevant for ice hockey players.

Effects of 8-week in-season plyometric training on upper and lower limb performance of elite adolescent handball players. J Strength Cond Res 28(5): 1401-1410, 2014-We hypothesized that replacement of a part of the normal in-season regimen of top-level adolescent handball players by an 8-week biweekly course of lower and upper limb plyometric training would enhance characteristics important to competition, including peak power output (W-peak), jump performance, muscle volume, and ball throwing velocity. Study participants (23 men, age: 17.4 +/- 0.5 years, body mass: 79.9 +/- 11.5 kg, height: 1.79 +/- 6.19 m, body fat: 13.8 +/- 2.1%) were randomly assigned between controls (C; n = 11) and an experimental group (E, n = 12). Measures preintervention and postintervention included force-velocity ergometer tests for upper (W-upper peak) and lower limbs (W-lower peak), force platform determinations of squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) characteristics (jump height, maximal force, initial velocity, and average power), video filming of sprint velocities (first step [V-1S], first 5 m [V-5m], and 25-30 m [V-max]), and anthropometric estimates of leg muscle volume. E showed gains relative to C in W-upper peak and W-lower peak (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001), SJ (height p < 0.01; force p

This study assessed the impact of 8 weeks biweekly in-season weightlifting training on the strength, throwing ability, and body composition of healthy male handball players. Twenty players (age: 21.2 &plusmn, 0.7 years, height: 1.83 &plusmn, 0.08 m, body mass: 83.3 &plusmn, 7.5 kg, body fat: 13.2 &plusmn, 1.4%, upper limb muscle volume: 3.16 &plusmn, 0.16 L) were randomly allocated between experimental (EG) and control (CG) groups. Measures of one-repetition maximal strength included bench press, pull-over, snatch, and clean and jerk. Throwing velocity was investigated by standing, running, and jump throws, and the power of the upper limbs was estimated from the total distance of a 3-kg medicine ball overhead throw. Muscle volumes were estimated anthropometrically. Training sessions comprised 3&ndash, 4 sets of explosive weightlifting exercise at 75%&ndash, 90% of 1RM (repetition maximum). Significant interaction effects (time x group) were found for all strength and throwing variables, ranging from &eta, p2 = 0.595 (pull-over) to &eta, p2 = 0.887 (medicine ball throw), with the largest between-group difference (more than 40%, &Delta, d = 6.65) and effect size (d = 6.44) for the medicine ball throw, and the smallest (about 23%, &Delta, d = 1.61) for the standing shot performance. Significant interaction effects were also detected for all anthropometric parameters (body mass: &eta, p2 = 0.433, body fat: &eta, p2 = 0.391, upper limb muscle volume: &eta, p2 = 0.920, with an almost 20% gain of muscle volume). It can be concluded that 8 weeks of biweekly in-season weightlifting training yielded substantial increases of muscle volume, maximal strength of the upper limbs, and ball throwing velocity in healthy handball players relative to their standard training program.

The present paper investigated the effects of a shoot training programme with a reduced hoop diameter (0.35 m) rim on kinematics and performance of basketball free-throws. Eighteen young male basketball players were divided into control (CG, n = 9) and experimental (EG, n = 9) groups. Both groups undertook a 10-week training programme comprising two training sessions per week. Under fatigued conditions, each participant shot 150 free-throws in each training session, with the CG using a standard rim, and the EG a smaller rim. All other training was identical between groups. Ball release parameters, player's kinematics and mean of successful free-throws (out of 150 attempts) were determined for each participant, before and after completion of the training programme. Following training, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in ball release angle, speed and height and in shoulder joint angle at release (P < 0.01) was observed for the EG. Both the CG (P < 0.001) and the EG (P < 0.0001) showed an increase in the number of successful free throws, although the increase was greater (P < 0.05) for the EG (22.7 ± 6.4 free throws) than for the CG (14.6 ± 7.8 free throws). We conclude that training with a reduced rim significantly improves free-throw performance in young basketball players.

BACKGROUND Contrast training is a popular technique among individuals who are involved in dynamic sports, having as its goal an increase in dynamic muscular performance. It is characterized by the use of high and low loads in the same strength training session. The present investigation aimed to determine the effects of adding 8 weeks of contrast strength training (CSTP) to regular soccer practice in U-17 male soccer players during the competitive season. We hypothesized that CSTP would enhance their performance. METHODS Subjects were divided randomly between a control group (CG, N.=12) and a contrast strength group (CSG, N.=19). The 2 groups trained together; controls followed the regular soccer program, which was replaced by a contrast strength training program for the experimental group. Performance was assessed before and after training, using 10 measures: 5-10-, 20- 30-, and 40-m sprints, a 4x5 m sprint (S4x5), a 9-3-6-3-9 m sprint with 180° turns (S180), a 9-3-6-3-9 m sprint with backward and forward running (SBF), a Repeated-Shuttle-Sprint Ability Test (RSSA), and a Repeated Change of Direction Test (RCOD). RESULTS CSG showed gains relative to controls in 5-m (P

Background This study examined the effects of a 7-week in-season aerobic and high-intensity interval-training program on performance tests linked to successful handball play (e.g., repeated sprint and jumping ability). Methods Thirty participants (age 17.0±1.2 years, body mass 81.1±3.4 kg, height 1.82±0.07 m) performed a Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1), a squat (SJ) and a Countermovement Jump Test (CMJ), as well as a repeated Sprint Ability Test (RSA). From this, maximal aerobic speed (MAS, reached at the end of the Yo-Yo IR1), jumping ability, best time in a single sprint trial (RSAbest), total time (RSATT) and the performance decrement (RSAdec) during all sprints were calculated. Later, subjects were randomly assigned to a control group (CG; N.=15) performing their normal training schedule (5 weekly sessions of ~90 minutes of handball training) or an experimental group (EG; N.=15). The EG performed two 30 min sessions per week of high-intensity aerobic exercises at 100-130% of MAS in addition to their normal training schedule. Results A significant improvement in MAS (d=4.1), RSAbest (d=1.9), RSATT (d=1.5) and RSAdec (d=2.3) after the training period was demonstrated. Also, significant interaction effects (time x group) were found for all parameters as the EG significantly improved performances in all tests after training. The greatest interaction effects were observed in MAS (η2=0.811) and CMJ (η2=0.759). No relevant changes in test performances were found in the CG (mean d=-0.02). Conclusions These results indicate that individually speed-controlled aerobic and interval training is effective for improving specific handball performance.

BACKGROUND The aims of the study were to examine the anthropometric and physical performance characteristics of professional handball players classified by playing position. METHODS Twenty-one competitors (age: 25.2±5.1 years) were categorized as backs, pivots, wings or goalkeepers. Measures included anthropometrics (body height and mass), scores on the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (total distance covered, TD), repeated-sprint ability (6 repetitions of 2x15-m shuttle sprints with recording of best time for a single trial, RSAbest) and performance on a complex handball test (HBKT) of throw slap (TS) and throw jump (TJ) with and without precision. RESULTS The anthropometric data revealed a significantly lower body height for wings and pivots than for goalkeepers. Wings, pivots and goalkeepers were significantly shorter than backs, but had a similar BMI. The TD was greater for the wings (2.400 m) than for backs (1.832 m) and pivots (2.067m). Wings also achieved a better RSAbest (5.41 s) than backs (5.68 s) or pivots (5.82 s). Body height was significantly related to throw slap (TS) and jump (JT) (r=0.53, P

Bouhlel, E, Chelly, MS, Gmada, N, Tabka, Z, and Shephard, R. Effect of a prior force–velocity test performed with legs on subsequent peak power output measured with arms or vice versa. J Strength Cond Res 24(4): 992–998, 2010—The aim of this study was to examine whether measurement of peak anaerobic power (Wpeak) by force–velocity test using the arms or the legs influenced the performance obtained when the opposite muscle group was tested. Ten trained male throwers (age: 20.6 6 2; stature: 1.82 6 0.06 m; and body mass: 85.5 6 17.2 kg) performed, on separate days, 2 Monark cycleergometer protocols comprising (a) arm cranking (A1) followed by a leg cycling (L2) force–velocity test (series A–L) and (b) a leg cycling (L1) followed by an arm cranking (A2) force– velocity test (series L–A). On each day, 8 minutes of seated rest separated the 2 force–velocity tests. Arterialized capillary blood was collected from the finger tips for blood lactate analysis at rest and at the end of each force–velocity test. Wpeak-A1 and Wpeak-A2 were similar (8.1 6 1.7 and 8.6 6 1.5 Wkg 21 , respectively). Wpeak-L1 and Wpeak-L2 were 14.0 6 3 and 13.4 6 2.8 Wkg 21 (NS). Blood [La] increased significantly after each force–velocity test (p , 0.001), but peak blood [La] did not differ significantly between L1 (6.6 6 1.2) and L2 (6.2 6 1.4 mmolL 21 ) or between A1 (7.2 6 1.0) and A2 (7.4 6 1.6 mmolL 21 ). In this population, force–velocity tests performed using the legs or the arms did not induce a significant decrease in force–velocity determinations of peak anaerobic power performed subsequently with the opposite muscle group. In strength-trained athletes, the force–velocity approach can thus be used to measure the peak power output of both the legs and the arms in a single laboratory session, without adversely affecting estimates of an athlete’s performance.

PurposeThis study assessed the effectiveness and time course for improvements in explosive actions through resistance training (RT) vs. plyometric training (PT) in prepubertal soccer players.MethodsThirty-four male subjects were assigned to a control group (n = 11); 5 regular soccer training sessions per week, an resistance training group (RTG) (n = 12); 3 soccer training sessions and 2 RT sessions per week, and a plyometric training group (PTG) (n = 11); 3 soccer training sessions and 2 PT sessions per week. The outcome measures included tests for the assessment of muscle strength (e.g., 1-RM half-squat test), jump ability (e.g., countermovement jump, squat jump, standing long jump, and multiple 5 bounds test), linear speed (e.g., 20-m sprint test), and change of direction (e.g., Illinois change of direction test).ResultsThe RTG showed an improvement in the half-squat (Δ13%; d = 1.3, p

The aim of the present study was to investigate relationships between a performance index derived from the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) and other measures of physical performance and skill in handball players. The other measures considered included peak muscular power of the lower limbs (Wpeak), jumping ability (squat and counter-movement jumps (SJ, CMJ), a handball skill test and the average sprinting velocities over the first step (VS) and the first 5 m (V5m). Test scores for 25 male national-level adolescent players (age: 17.2 ± 0.7 years) averaged 4.83 ± 0.34 m·s-1 (maximal velocity reached at the Yo-Yo IR1); 917 ± 105 Watt, 12.7 ± 3 W·kg-1 (Wpeak); 3.41 ± 0.5 m·s-1 and 6.03 ± 0.6 m·s-1 (sprint velocities for Vs and V5m respectively) and 10.3 ± 1 s (handball skill test). Yo-Yo IR1 test scores showed statistically significant correlations with all of the variables examined: Wpeak (W and W·kg-1) r = 0.80 and 0.65, respectively, p≤0.001); sprinting velocities (r = 0.73 and 0.71 for VS and V5m respectively; p≤0.001); jumping performance (SJ: r = 0.60, p≤0.001; CMJ: r= 0.66, p≤0.001) and the handball skill test (r = 0.71; p≤0.001). We concluded that the Yo-Yo test score showed a sufficient correlation with other potential means of assessing handball players, and that intra-individual changes of Yo-Yo IR1 score could provide a useful composite index of the response to training or rehabilitation, although correlations lack sufficient precision to help in players’ selection.

We studied the effect of supplementing normal in-season training by a 10-week lower limb plyometric training program (hurdle and depth jumping), examining measures of competitive potential (peak power output [PP], sprint running velocity, squat jump [SJ], countermovement jump [CMJ], drop jump [DJ], and lower limb muscle volume). The subjects (27 male track athletes, aged 11.9 ± 1.0 years; body mass: 39.1 ± 6.1 kg; height: 1.56 ± 0.02 m; body fat: 12.8 ± 4.4%) were randomly assigned between a control (normal training) group (C; n = 13) and an experimental group (E; n = 14) who also performed plyometric training 3 times per week. A force-velocity ergometer test determined PP and SJ, and an Optojump apparatus evaluated CMJ height and DJ (height and power). A multiple-5-bound test assessed horizontal jumping, and video-camera analyses over a 40-m sprint yielded velocities for the first step (VS), the first 5 m (V5m), and between 35 and 40 m (Vmax). Leg muscle volume was estimated anthropometrically. Experimental group showed gains relative to C in SJ height (p < 0.001); CMJ height (p < 0.01); DJ height and power relative to body mass (p < 0.01 for both); and all sprint velocities (p < 0.01 for VS and V(5m, p) ≤ 0.05 for Vmax). There was also a significant increase (p < 0.01) in thigh muscle volume, but leg muscle volume, thigh cross-sectional area, and PP remained unchanged. We conclude that adding plyometric training improved important components of athletic performance relative to standard in-season training in young runners.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of a specific resistance training program (throwing movement with a medicine ball) with that of regular training (throwing with regular balls) on ball velocity, anthropometry, maximal upper-body strength, and power. Thirty-four elite male team handball players (age: 18 ± 0.5 years, body mass: 80.6 ± 5.5 kg, height: 1.80 ± 5.1 m, body fat: 13.4 ± 0.6%) were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 groups: control (n = 10), resistance training group (n = 12), or regular throwing training group (n = 12). Over the 8-week in season, the athletes performed 3 times per week according to an assigned training program alongside their normal team handball training. One repetition maximum (1RM) bench press and 1RM pullover scores assessed maximal arm strength. Anthropometry was assessed by body mass, fat percentage, and muscle volumes of upper body. Handball throwing velocity was measured by a standing throw, a throw with run, and a jump throw. Power was measured by measuring total distance thrown by a 3-kg medicine ball overhead throw. Throwing ball velocity, maximal strength, power, and muscle volume increases for the specific resistance training group after the 8 weeks of training, whereas only maximal strength, muscle volume and power and in the jump throw increases were found for the regular throwing training group. No significant changes for the control group were found. The current findings suggest that elite male handball players can improve ball velocity, anthropometrics, maximal upper-body strength, and power during the competition season by implementing a medicine ball throwing program.

The intent of this study was to evaluate relative and absolute reliability of the 20-s anaerobic test (WAnT20) versus the WAnT30 and to verify how far the various indices of the 30-s Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT30) could be predicted from the WAnT20 data in male athletes. The participants were Exercise Science majors (age: 21.5±1.6 yrs, stature: 0.183±0.08 m, body mass: 81.2±10.9 kg) who participated regularly in team sports. In Phase I, 41 participants performed duplicate WAnT20 and WAnT30 tests to assess reliability. In Phase II, 31 participants performed one trial each of the WAnT20 and WAnT30 to determine the ability of the WAnT20 to predict components of the WAnT30. In Phase III, 31 participants were used to cross-validate the prediction equations developed in Phase II. Respective intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) for peak power output (PPO) (ICC = 0.98 and 0.95) and mean power output (MPO) (ICC 0.98 and 0.90) did not differ significantly between WAnT20 and WAnT30. ICCs for minimal power output (POmin) and fatigue index (FI) were poor for both tests (range 0.53 to 0.76). Standard errors of the means (SEM) for PPO and MPO were less than their smallest worthwhile changes (SWC) in both tests; however, POmin and FI values were “marginal,” with SEM values greater than their respective SWCs for both tests values. Stepwise regression analysis showed that MPO had the highest coefficient of predictability (R = 0.97), with POmin and FI considerable lower (R = 0.71 and 0.41 respectively). Cross-validation showed insignificant bias with limits of agreement of 0.99±1.04, 6.5±92.7 W, and 1.6±9.8% between measured and predicted MPO, POmin, and FI, respectively. WAnT20 offers a reliable and valid test of leg anaerobic power in male athletes and could replace the classic WAnT30.

This study examined the effects of 8-weeks of in-season lower limb plyometric training on repeated-sprint ability (RSA), leg power and jumping performance in elite male handball players. Twenty-four participants (age 20 ± 0.3 years, body mass 89.1 ± 2.1 kg, height 1.88± 0.07 m, body fat 13.2 ± 1.3%) were randomly assigned to a control group (CG; n = 10, handball training only) or an experimental group (PG; n = 14, biweekly plyometric training, and handball training). The players were tested for RSA using a protocol of 6 × (2 × 15m) shuttle sprints, separated by 20 s of active recovery. Best time in a single trial (RSAbest), fastest total time (RSATT) and performance decrement (RSAdec) were determined. Leg power was determined by the peak power output (PP) during a 7-second all-out cycling test. Jump heights during the squat jump (SJ) and the countermovement jump (CMJ) were measured. Compared to the CG, PG significantly improved the RSAbest (p < 0.01), RSATT (p dec (p < 0.001), average PP (p < 0.01) and all vertical jump performances (p < 0.001 for SJ and p

This study investigated the relationship between performance measures of the lower-limb and repeated shuttle-sprint ability (RSSA) in elite adolescent handball players. Twenty-two male handball players (age: 17.7 ± 0.3 years) participated in the study. Subjects underwent measurements of lower-limb maximal strength (1-RM half back squat), explosive power (force-velocity test), jumping ability (squat and counter-movement jumps), sprinting velocities over the first step (VS) and the first 5 m (V5) of a 15 m sprint, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, Level 1. The players were tested for RSSA using a protocol of 6 repetitions of maximal 2 × 15-m shuttle sprints with 180° turns (∼6 s) departing every 20 s. RSSA results were evaluated in three ways: best time in a single trial (RSSAbest), decrement (RSSAdec) and total time (RSSATT). The correlations of RSSA with the assorted fitness measures varied considerably. The RSSATT and RSSAdec were positively associated with 1-RM half back squat ( r = 0.78 and r = 0.68 respectively; pTT and RSSAbest and absolute peak power of the lower limb ( r = −0.81 and −0.66, respectively; pTT ( r = −0.71; p< 0.01). The RSSA test score has a moderate to large association with other explosive power measurements in elite adolescent handball players. RSSA may provide a useful composite index on responses to training or rehabilitation, and is very suitable for monitoring athletic performance of the lower-limbs of elite adolescent handball players.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of free throw shooting with a reduced diameter rim (diameter 0.35 m) upon the kinematics of basketball free throws. Ten basketball players (mean ± SD age 17.1 ± 0.7 years, height 1.85 ± 0.23 m, body mass 78.8 ± 5.8 kg) performed 8 “clean” successful free throws; 4 in a standard rim (diameter = 0.45 m), and 4 in a reduced diameter rim (diameter = 0.35 m). Ball release angle, ball release speed, ball release height and angles at release in elbow, shoulder, trunk, knee and ankle joints were determined for each subject. Statistical analysis showed significant increases in ball release angle, in ball release speed, in shoulder joint angle at release ( p < 0.0001) and in ball release height ( p < 0.01) when shooting in a reduced diameter rim. There were no other significant differences ( p > 0.05) in any other determined parameter between the standard and reduced rim conditions. The increase of the minimum entry angle of the ball through the rim, caused by the 0.10 m reduction in diameter of the standard rim, resulted in subjects performing clean successful free throws with higher release angles and consequently with higher release speeds. The reduced hoop diameter rim can be used as an aid in training of young basketball players. Specifically, this constraint may act to increase ball release angle in basketball players with low percentage of successful free throws and when the principal cause of decreased free throws accuracy is due to a shot technique with low release angle.

The aims of this study were to test the potential of in-season heavy upper and lower limb strength training to enhance peak power output (Wpeak), vertical jump, and handball related field performance in elite male handball players who were apparently already well trained, and to assess any adverse effects on sprint velocity. Twenty-four competitors were divided randomly between a heavy resistance (HR) group (age 20 ± 0.7 years) and a control group (C; age 20 ± 0.1 years). Resistance training sessions were performed twice a week for 8 weeks. Performance was assessed before and after conditioning. Peak power (W(peak)) was determined by cycle ergometer; vertical squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ); video analyses assessed velocities during the first step (V(1S)), the first 5 m (V(5m)), and between 25 and 30 m (V(peak)) of a 30-m sprint. Upper limb bench press and pull-over exercises and lower limb back half squats were performed to 1-repetition maximum (1RM). Upper limb, leg, and thigh muscle volumes and mean thigh cross-sectional area (CSA) were assessed by anthropometry. W(peak) (W) for both limbs (p < 0.001), vertical jump height (p < 0.01 for both SJ and CMJ), 1RM (p < 0.001 for both upper and lower limbs) and sprint velocities (p < 0.01 for V(1S) and V(5m); p < 0.001 for V(peak)) improved in the HR group. Upper body, leg, and thigh muscle volumes and thigh CSA also increased significantly after strength training. We conclude that in-season biweekly heavy back half-squat, pull-over, and bench-press exercises can be commended to elite male handball players as improving many measures of handball-related performance without adverse effects upon speed of movement.

The purposes of this study were to examine the activity profile of elite adolescent players during regular team handball games and to compare the physical and motor performance of players between the first and second halves of a match. Activity patterns (video analysis) and heart-rate (HR) responses (telemetry) were monitored in top national-division adolescent players (18 men, aged 15.1 ± 0.6 years) throughout 6 regulation games (25-minute halves with a 10-minute interval). The total distance covered averaged 1,777 ± 264 m per game (7.4% less in the second than in the first half, p > 0.05). Players ran 170 ± 24 m at high intensity and 86 ± 12 m at maximal speed, with 32 ± 6 bouts of running (duration 2.3 ± 0.3 seconds) at speeds > 18 km·h(-1); they stood still for 16% of the playing time. The mean HR during play was 172 ± 2 b·min(-1) (82 ± 3% of maximal HR). Blood lactate concentrations at the end of the first and second halves were 9.7 ± 1.1 and 8.3 ± 0.9 mmol·L(-1), respectively (difference p < 0.05). We conclude that adolescent handball players cover less distance and engage in fewer technical actions in the second half of a match. This indicates that team handball is physiologically very demanding. The practical implication is that coaches should seek to sustain performance in the second period of a game by modifying playing tactics and maximizing both aerobic and anaerobic fitness during training sessions.