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Lung cancer is still diagnosed at a late stage in most lung cancer patients. Regarding Non-small Cell lung cancer there are novel therapies such as; tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunotherapy. Currently we have two immunotherapies that can be used either as first-line treatment or second line treatment; pembrolizumab and nivolumab. A third one is being investigated as a combination of immunotherapy; ipilimumab. Aerosol treatment has been investigated for many diseases not only for the lung, but also for systematic diseases. The design of cups was found the most significant factor in producing significant effects. The comparison of cups reveals the design J as the most capable of reducing the droplets at a minimum size of mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) MMAD=1.99. Drug effect comes second in sequence (F=62.04) showing that nivolumab is the most drastic preparation at low particle sizes (1.89), two drugs share an intermediate particle diameter (pembrolizumab and ipilimumab). In total drugs demonstrate a decreasing droplet size: Ipilimumab>Pembrolizumab> Nivolumab.

Pancreatic cancer is considered one of the most lethal malignances. It has been observed that the five year survival rate is less than 5%. Early diagnosis, understanding the risk factors and investigation of the molecular pathways with targeted therapy are the keys for efficient treatment. Moreover; there are several local treatments for patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer. There are several combined therapies with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, however; a local therapy approach for many patients with poor performance status are in need. For those patients with good performance status new polychemotherapy regimens are used with success and increased survival improvement. Polychemotherapy has been observed to increase the rate of radical resections in some cases. Second line therapy is used for patients with good performance status and metastatic disease. Oxaliplatin-based regimens are mostly used, however; there are several other drugs that are being developed. Unfortunately, targeted therapy has not presented the expected efficiency. Moreover; immunotherapy; another treatment approach for several cancers types has again failed to present positive results for pancreatic cancer. In the current mini review, we will present information from the diagnosis to molecular pathways and targeted treatment.

This article emphasizes the therapeutic potential of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) in the autonomous nerve system disorder of sialorrhea, a pathologic situation found mainly in patients with neurologic deficits. Major applications that are well known to be treated with botulinum toxin in the head and neck area, include undesirable muscular dysfunctions and spasms, based on the toxins blocking effect on the neuromuscular junction transmitter acetylcholine. In the 90’s it became clear that BoNT could block the release of acetylcholine in gland tissues, too. A new era in the management of autonomic dysfunctions began. There have been numerous of treatments such as Frey’s syndrome, sialorrhea, facial and cranial hyperhidrosis reviewed. Ultrasound guided intraglandular injections of botulinum toxin type A into both the submandibular and parotid glands, have been noted to be effective at controlling sialorrhea in practice. The doses and injection techniques are described and further discussed in this article. The option of the minimal invasive, well tolerated BoNT injections into the major salivary glands is crucial for the best management of sialorrhea patients, avoiding the side-effects of anticholinergic medications. The indications of BoNT in the head and neck region are still expanding as physicians are finding out the therapeutic valuability of the toxin in otorhinolaryngology.

Deep neck space infection (DNSI) is defined as infection in the potential spaces and fascial planes of the neck. It has been observed that recognition of DNSI is challenging due to the complex head and neck anatomy. The following five factors are the most important to be considered. Firstly, clinical presentation: management of a compromised airway is the priority. Clinical history and examination. Secondly: laboratory investigations along with computed tomography (CT) imaging in most cases. Thirdly the antibiotics used. Fourthly: treatment in children lacking indications for surgical intervention, therefore a 48-hour trial with of intravenous antibiotics (IV Abx) is firstly commenced. Fifth, surgical intervention: most important indications include signs of airway compromise, no clinical improvement after 48 hours of IV administration. Conservative and surgical approach is viable treatment options and may complement each other.

Currently interventional bronchoscopy is used for debulking, desobstruction and airway patency stabilization. The interventional techniques are being used for both benign and malignant cases. There are two types of stents that are currently being used, silicon and self-expandable metallic. The method of application and stent remains for the treating physician to choose. In the current case we will present a case of metastatic disease from ovarian cancer in the airway lumen and a long term follow-up.

AIM: To identify key determinants of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) patients' satisfaction and to evaluate the efficiency of an artificial neural network (ANN) model to prognosticate satisfaction derived from the hospital stay in this specific patient group. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A single item question was used to assess patient satisfaction. Principal component analysis evaluated several aspects of care (15 items). An ANN encompassed all variables and its prediction ability was tested. The ANN performance was correlated to a binary logistic regression (BLR) model. RESULTS: Higher levels of satisfaction were reported by females, older patients, Greeks, and patients with elementary education staying in not rural areas. A history of a single previous hospitalisation was correlated with more satisfaction. The accuracy of ANN was 96% for satisfaction prediction outperforming the BLR model. CONCLUSION: Satisfactory health services are influenced by sex, age, nationality, and number of prior admissions. The self-perceived health state plays also a crucial role. The current study is the first one reporting on the capability of an ANN to accurately predict the satisfaction levels of LDH patients.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer type in humans, the fourth most common cause of death because of cancer, and the second most common cancer type in terms of the number of individuals living with cancer 5 years after diagnosis worldwide, almost 694,000 people die from CRC annually. As it is expected is more frequent in older patients (patients older than 70 years old than in young patients (patients younger than 40 years old). The incidence of CRC in young adults is rising the last years and this fact arises the question; is this coincidence or is young adult CRC a real epidemy. In our current commentary we try and elucidate based on current data whether disease on young individuals is a new entity.

Bile duct lesions, including leaks and strictures, are immanent complications of open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Endoscopic procedures have gained increasing potential as the treatment of choice in the management of postoperative bile duct injuries. Bile duct injury (BDI) is a severe and potentially life-threatening complication of LC. Several series have described a 0.5% to 0.6% incidence of BDI during LC. Early recognition and an adequate multidisciplinary approach are the cornerstones for the optimal final outcome. Suboptimal management of injuries often leads to more extensive damage to the biliary tree and its vasculature. Early referral to a tertiary care center with experienced hepatobiliary surgeons and skilled interventional radiologists would appear to be necessary to assure optimal results.

Background: Giuseppe Gradenigo (1859–1926), a legendary figure of Otology, was born in Venice, Italy. He soon became a pupil to Adam Politzer and Samuel Leopold Schenk in Vienna, demonstrating genuine interest in the embryology, morphology, physiopathology, as well as the clinical manifestations of ear diseases. In this paper, the authors attempt to highlight the major landmarks during Gradenigo’s career and outline his contributions to neurosciences, which have been viewed as looking forward to the 20 th century rather than awkward missteps at the end of the 19 th . Methods: Several rare photographs along with many non-English, more than a century old articles have been meticulously selected to enrich this historical journey in time. Results: It was after Gradenigo that the well-known syndrome consisting of diplopia and facial pain due to a middle ear infection was named. However, Gradenigo was much more than a syndrome. Surprisingly, despite the fact that he is considered a pioneer of the Italian Otology of the late 19 th and early 20 th century, little is written of his life and his notable achievements in the English literature. Conclusions: Even though his name lives on nowadays only in the eponym “Gradenigo’s syndrome,” his accomplishments are much wider and cast him among the emblematic figures of science. His inherent tendency for discovering the underlying mechanisms of diseases and his vision of guaranteeing quality of services, professional proficiency, respect, and dedication toward the patients is in fact what constitutes his true legacy to the next generations.

Introduction Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by the spirochete, Leptospira interrogans. While most cases of leptospirosis are mild to moderate, the course may be complicated by multiorgan dysfunction. We present a rare case of leptospirosis with acute myocarditis, pancreatitis, polyarthritis, mononeuritis multiplex and severe vasculitis with necrosis of the extremities. Case presentation A 32-year-old man from Congo presented with high-grade fever, confusion and headache. He developed tachycardia and hypotension followed by electrocardiogram changes and elevation of troponin I levels suggesting myocarditis. A physical examination revealed conjunctival suffusion, polyarthritis of his lower extremities and cutaneous necrosis of his feet due to vasculitis. Laboratory findings included amylase levels 10-fold the upper normal serum levels and thrombocytopenia. The diagnosis was confirmed by a positive leptospira immunoglobulin M, negative immunoglobulin G and a positive rapid agglutination test. Our patient recovered progressively with antimicrobials and supportive care. Conclusions Because the clinical features and diagnostic findings of leptospirosis are not specific, a high index of suspicion must be maintained for the diagnosis. Serology is the most important tool for accurate and quick diagnosis in order to administer the appropriate therapy.