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Objective: To estimate the incidence and characteristics of coronary artery ectasia in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Study Design: A prospective analysis. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at Army Cardiac Center, Lahore over a period of two years from Jan 2018 to Dec 2019. Methodology: Its prospective analysis of all coronary angiograms performed in our catheterization laboratory during study period. Markis classification was the basis to define and classify coronary artery ectasia. Demographical, clinical, and laboratory data were collected for each patient in this study. Results: A total of 172 (3.9%) out of 4,372 coronary angiograms showed coronary artery ectasia. Among coronary artery ectasia group, mean age 58 ± 10 years, 90% were male, 47% were current smokers, 32% were hypertensive, 15% had diabetes Mellitus and 37% had dyslipidemia. The most common clinical presentation was Non STsegment elevation myocardial infarction (31%), followed by Stable ischemic heart disease in 28%. Right coronary artery was the most frequent coronary artery involved (57%) while Markis Class 3 pattern was seen as most common type of coronary artery ectasia. Conclusion: The frequency of coronary artery ectasia among our patients undergoing coronary angiography was about 4%. Right coronary artery remained the most common affected artery.

Objective: To determine the frequency of congenital cardiac lesions in pregnant women reporting for fetal echocardiogram and correlate with obstetrical risk factors. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: To be conducted at pediatric cardiology and obstetrical unit of AFIC/NIHD and CMH Rawalpindi, from Jan 2009 to Jan 2020. Methodology: Pregnant women referred for fetal echocardiogram from 19-49 years of age were enrolled. Echo was done between 20 to 36 weeks gestation. Primary outcome was the nature of cardiac lesion and gestation at diagnosis. Neonatal scan was done at follow up to confirm cardiac diagnosis. Secondary outcome was obstetrical risk factors which were the reason for referral. This included age consanguinity, family history, previous history of intrauterine death or early neonatal death, maternal and paternal diseases. Data was collected and analyzed n frequencies and percentage. Chi-square was applied for association between variable and p-valve 0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of n=967 pregnant women referred to outpatient department for fetal echocardiogram. Congenital cardiac lesion were detected in n=83 patients. Majority of patients had CAVSD (1.2%) CCAVB (1.2%) followed by ASD (1.1%) VSD (0.9%) Abnormal heart rate (0.8%) Single ventricle (0.3%). Most significant maternal age group was between 21 to 30 and 30-40 years (43.7 and 46.2%). Only 3% below 20 years and 6.7% above 40 years of age. Most important maternal risk factor was previous off spring 0.5% past family history 0.3% and abnormal obstetrical ultrasound 0.3% Followed by maternal diabetes 0.1% and maternal hypertension 0.1%. The yield of detection of congenital cardiac lesions was 8.3%. Conclusions: Congenital cardiac diseases are the second most common congenital anomaly and huge burden n pediatric population. Timely diagnosis and referral can be lifesaving.

Introduction: Vitamin D has been shown to have a strong association with both ischaemic stroke and cardiovascular disease. There is a scarcity of published data from Indian subcontinent on vitamin D status and its association with acute ischaemic stroke. Aim: To study the association between serum 25- hydroxyvitamin D and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT) in acute ischaemic stroke. Materials and Methods: One hundred ten consecutive subjects with acute ischaemic stroke were selected as cases and 55 healthy age and gender match subjects were included as controls. Quantitative measurement of 25-OH vitamin D in serum and plasma samples was done. Common Carotid Artery (CCA) doppler images were obtained to measure Intima-Media Thickness (IMT) by using three different angle views for each vessel. Student’s t-test was used for comparison of continuous variables. The results of comparing the correlation between two continuous variables were indicated by the correlation coefficient (r) using correlation analysis. Results: In the study population i.e., both in cases and controls, 59.39% subjects had vitamin D insufficiency, 34.44%had vitamin D deficiency and only 6.06% had Vitamin D levels within normal limits. The difference between the mean Vitamin D levels of cases (13.35±5.58 ng/mL) and controls (18.78±9.28 ng/mL) was found to be statistically significant (p