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Objectives: Present study was designed to evaluate Analgesic, Antidiarrhoeal and Antimicrobial activities of methanol and acetone extracts of fruit peels of Limonia acidissima L. by different methods. Method: The analgesic activity of the samples was studied using acetic acid- induced writhing model in mice. Castor oil-induced antidiarrheal activity was observed by Thomas method and antimicrobial activity was monitored by disc diffusion method. Results: Limonia acidissima L. inhibited 60.53 % and 59.65 % writhing of methanol as well as acetone fruit peels extracts, respectively, compared to standard drug Diclofenac Na inhibited 78.07 % writhing. At higher dose (500 mg/kg) of the methanol and acetone fruit peels extracts, significant inhibition 47.13 and 44.83 % of characteristic diarrhoeal feces was observed, respectively, as well as at lower dose (250 mg/kg) of the both extracts, inhibition 34.45 and35.63 %. Mention able on average 12mm zone of inhibition was observed of both extract at 250µg/disc and 500µg/disc compare to zone of inhibition 36mm of ciprofloxacin at 50µg/disc. Conclusion: From the above results, it will be very much possible source for an isolating lead compound for curing the numerous disorders. Keywords: Limonia acidissima L. Fruit peels, Diclofenac sodium, Loperamide, Ciprofloxacin.

Objective: The objective of this study was assessing the diverse pharmacological efficacies of methanolic extracts of the whole plant of Gardenia coronaria Buch-Ham This study illustrates the phytochemicals, antioxidants and thrombolytic activity which have the possibility to be used in the coming future to open a new line of investigation. The Gardenia coronaria, one of the necessary traditional medicinal plants in Bangladesh. In the rural area this plant is used by a lot of people as a treatment from various disease. Methods: Total sum of the flavonoids was spectrophotometrically ascertained with the help of aluminum chloride colorimetric assay as total phenolic and tannin content by Folin Chiocalteu’s reagent. Antioxidant activity, ascertained by DPPH (α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay giving some comparison between the resultant activity with the standard. The thombolytic activity was assessed based on the method of minor alterations. Results: The percentage of clot lysis was 87.58% when 100 μl of streptokinase (30,000 I.U.), and the methanolic extract displayed the least clot lysis activity (26.79%), much less compared to the standard. It can be elicited that the extract of Gardenia coronaria Buch-Ham contains antioxidant and thrombolytic activity. The potential of these activities probably because of the availability of most of the phytochemicals supporting previous claims and verify its uses as an expected folk medicine. Peer Review History: Received 9 January 2020; Revised 25 January; Accepted 4 March, Available online 15 March 20200 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 4.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Name: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel Affiliation: Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt E-mail: gehankandeel9@yahoo.com Name: Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed Affiliation: University of Sadat City, Egypt E-mail: maafayed@gmail.com Comments of reviewer(s): Similar Articles: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF LEAF, STEM-BARK AND ROOT OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA (NEEM) EXTRACTION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL POTENT MUCOADHESIVE BIO-MATERIAL OBTAINED FROM THE FRESH FRUITS PULP OF ACHRAS ZAPOTILLA

Objective: Present study aims to investigate both qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals presence, antioxidant, thrombolytic, α-amylase and cytotoxic activity of a Bangladeshi plant Steudnera colocasiifolia K. Koch leaf ethanolic extract. Methods: Phytochemical screening was accomplished by using established methods. Thrombolytic assay was conducted through clot lysis method. Alpha amylase inhibition assay was made by modified enzyme inhibitory action and cytotoxicity was studied by brine shrimp lethality test. Data was analyzed by One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using statistical software Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, Version 22.0, IBM corporation, NY) followed by student ‘t’ test with GraphPad Prism Data Editor for Windows, Version 6.0 (GraphPad software Inc., San Diego, CA). Results: Primary screening shows the presence of major metabolites such as alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, saponins, steroid, quinone, cellulose and glycosides while the quantitative analysis elicits the presence of magnificent amount of flavonoid (70.60 ± 0.23), proanthocyanidin (64.46 ± 0.58), flavonol (71.22 ± 0.07) and total antioxidant (66.40 ± 0.26) in the extract. The thrombolytic effect of S. colocasiifolia was found to be 35.16% and this extract had good α-amylase inhibitory activity (IC50=2.16 ± 0.06 mg/ml) as compared to Acarbose. The extract was found to have a LC50 value of 305.2 μg/ml in Brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Conclusion: Results demonstrate the Steudnera colocasiifolia has a very good prospect to be studied further for its extended antioxidative and α-amylase inhibitory effects. Key words: Steudnera colocasiifolia, Antioxidant, Thrombolytic, α-amylase, Cytotoxic activity.

Objective: To evaluate the analgesic, neuropharmacological, cytotoxic and thrombolytic potentials of the aqueous, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Kalanchoe pinnata leaves. Methods: At the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight, the analgesic activity of the extracts were evaluated by the acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced persistent pain tests while neuropharmacological activity was evaluated by the open field, hole cross and elevated plus maze tests. The cytotoxic potential was observed by brine shrimp lethality bioassay and the thrombolytic potential was investigated by clot lysis test. Results: The aqueous extract significantly suppressed the number of writhing (96.78%) as well as the formalin-induced persistent pain on the early phase (46.92%) and on the late phase (40.98%). Again in case of hole cross and open field tests, the locomotor activity was decreased significantly (P < 0.001) mostly by the ethyl acetate extract. Furthermore, the sedative-anxiolytic activity was supported by the increased percent (P < 0.01) of frequency into the open arm on elevated plus maze test. Besides, the extracts showed moderate lethality and thrombolytic activity. Conclusions: The findings showed that activities are comparable to the standards and in some cases are stronger than the standards. Therefore, based on the results, it is evident that it has great analgesic and sedative-anxiolytic activity with moderate cytotoxic and thrombolytic potential.

Objective: To estimate the antidepressant, anxiolytic and antinociceptive activities of ethanol extract of Steudnera colocasiifolia K. Koch (S. colocasiifolia) leaves. Methods: Swiss albino mice treated with 1% Tween solution, standard drugs and ethanol extract of S. colocasiifolia, respectively, were subjected to the neurological and antinociceptive investigations. The tail suspension test and forced swimming test were used for testing antidepressant activity, where the parameter is the measurement of immobility time. Anxiolytic activity was evaluated by hole board model. Anti-nociceptive potential of the extract was also screened for centrally acting analgesic activity by using formalin induced licking response model and acetic acid induced writhing test was used for testing peripheral analgesic action. Results: Ethanol extract of S. colocasiifolia significantly decreased the period of immobility in both tested models (tail suspension and forced swimming models) of antidepressant activity. In the hole board model, there was a dose dependant (at 100 and 200 mg/kg) and a significant increase in the number of head dipping by comparing with control (1% Tween solution) (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001). In formalin induced licking model, a significant inhibition of pain compared to standard diclofenac sodium was observed (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001). In acetic acid induced test, there was a significant reduction of writhing response and pain in mice treated with leaves extract of S. colocasiifolia at 200 mg/kg body weight (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001). Conclusions: The results proofed the prospective antidepressant, anxiolytic and antinociceptive activities of ethanol extract of S. colocasiifolia leaves.

Background: Diabetes has become one of the major burdens for developing country people mainly due to excessive cost and adverse effects of synthetic drugs. Plant-derived drugs in Bangladesh is currently being paid an emerging attention because of low cost and diverse floral distribution. This research investigated thein vitroα-amylase inhibitory and hypoglycemic activityof organic etracts of Phrynium imbricatumin normal and glucose induced hyperglycemic mice. Methods: Extracts were undertaken to measure in vitroα-amylase activity using starch-iodine method while the hypoglycemic effect was studied in glucose induced hyperglycemic mice. Results: All the extracts of P. imbricatum (EEPI) showed considerable α-amylase inhibitory activity and chloroform extract (CHPI) showed the highest activity among them as compared to Acarbose the reference antidiabetic drug.The extracts at 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w. significantly (p < 0.05) reduced fasting glucose level in normal mice as compared to standard drug glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) but CHPI at 800 mg/kg showed the highest hypoglycemic effect decreasing 23.78 % of blood glucose level after 2 h of administration in normal mice, while glibenclamide decreased 49.30 %. In oral glucose tolerance test, at 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg of extracts significantly reduced blood glucose level (p < 0.05) at 30 min. Area under the curve (AUC) of the extracts were at the range of 12.895-14.258 hr.mmol/L., and 14.573 hr.mmol/L and 9.835 hr.mmol/L for control and glibenclamide respectively. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that Phrynium imbricatummay be a very remarkable source for the development of new oral antihyperglycemic agent.

To determine the in vivo neuropharmacological and in vitro antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Tetracera sarmentosa. Open field (OFT), hole cross (HCT), thiopental-induced sleeping time (TIST), elevated plus-maze (EPMT) tests were used to determine the neuropharmacological activity and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay, total phenolic content tests were used to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of T. sarmentosa. In the case of OFT and HCT, the extract showed a decrease in exploratory and locomotion activities at both dose levels (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight). In the thiopental-induced hypnosis test, 400 mg/kg dose of T. sarmentosa produced quick onset of sleep and prolonged duration of sleep than that of 200 mg/kg dose. T. sarmentosa extract showed the lessening percentage of entries of mice into the open arm and decreased percentage of time spent in open arm compared to the standard drug diazepam. In the case of DPPH scavenging activity, IC50 value of methanolic plant extract of T. sarmentosa is 151.56 μg/ml whereas the value of ascorbic acid is 23.53 μg/ml. In this current study, the phenolic content of T. sarmentosa was found to be 140.34 ± 1.56 GAE mg/gm dry extract. Results of this study revealed that methanolic extract of T. sarmentosa contains significant neuropharmacological and antioxidant activities.

Objective: To analyze in vivo neuro-pharmacological effects of Alpinia nigra as anxiety is a particular form of behavioral inhibition that occurs in response to novel environmental events. Methods: In present study, the extract of Alpinia nigra was evaluated for its central nervous system depressant effect using mice behavioral models, such as hole cross, open field and thiopental sodium induced sleeping time tests for its sedative properties and an elevated plus-maze test for its anxiolytic potential, respectively. Results: In anxiolytic study, the extract displayed increased percentage of entry into open arm at the dose of 400 and 200 mg/kg. The extract produced a significant (P

The sedative and anxiolytic potential of Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr., a Bangladeshi tribal medicinal plant was studied for the first time. The crude methanol extract of L. indica leaves was evaluated for its central nervous system (CNS) depressant effect using rodent behavioral models, such as hole cross, open field and thiopental sodium induced sleeping time tests for its sedative properties and an elevated plus-maze (EPM) test for its anxiolytic potential, respectively. The methanol extract of L. indica at doses of 200 mg/kg, p.o. and 400 mg/kg, p.o., displayed a dose dependent suppression of motor activity, exploratory behavior (in hole cross and open field tests) and prolongation of thiopental induced sleeping time in mice; the highest CNS depressant effect was shown at a dose of 400 mg/kg, p.o. In the EPM test, both dose of methanol extract significantly (p < 0.01) increased exploration to and time spent by the treated mice in EPM open arms in a dose dependent manner. These results provide in vivo evidence that leaves of L. indica in general have significant sedative and anxiolytic effects. However, these results may rationalize the scientific basis for use of this plant in traditional medicine for treatment of anxiety and related disorders.

Background: Averrhoa bilimbi, Gymnema sylvestre and Capsicum frutescens are medicinal plants commonly used as traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant activities of Ethanolic extract of A. bilimbi, G. sylvestre and C. frutescens . Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activity of the extracts were evaluated using total phenolic and flavonoid contents, ferric reducing power and the free radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were higher in G. sylvestre (53.63636 ΁ 0.454545 mg/g gallic acid equivalent) and C. frutescens (26.66667 ΁ 2.081666 mg/g quercetin equivalent) respectively. Reducing power of the crude ethanol extracts increased with the concentrations of the extracts and all the extracts showed moderate free radical scavenging activity against DPPH. The plant extract displayed moderate phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to gallic acid and quercetin equivalent respectively, whereas also exhibited significant scavenging of DPPH radical and reducing power compared with ascorbic acid as standard. Conclusion: Our study suggests that G. sylvestre has significant antioxidant activity. The antioxidant compound of this plant might be a therapeutic candidate against oxidative stress related diseases. Different sub-fraction of A. bilimbi and C. frutescens should be studied further to assess the effect. Further study is necessary for isolation and characterization of the active antioxidant agents for better treatment.

Background Hopea Odorata, locally known as Telsur (Bangladesh), has some traditional uses as folk medicine. This study aims to investigate the antioxidant, antidiarrheal, hypoglycemic and thrombolytic activities of H. odorata leaf extracts as new therapeutic prospects predicting the activity of some of the isolated compounds of this plant. Methods Leaves of Hopea odorata was extracted with pure methanol (MEHO), ethanol (EEHO) and water (AEHO). The extract was tested for antioxidant activity by using reducing power and H2O2 scavenging assay. Antidiarrheal effects were assayed by three standard methods of bioassay: Castor oil-induced diarrhea, Castor oil induced enteropooling and gastrointestinal transit test. Hypoglycemic effect was determined by normoglycemic model of mice. Thrombolytic activity was evaluated by clot lyses test for human and mice blood. In silico PASS prediction was applied for phytoconstituents namely Balanocarpol, Hopeaphenol and Ampelopsin H isolated from this plant. Result Among the all extracts, MEHO exhibited strong antioxidant activity in both reducing power and H2O2 scavenging assay. Phenol content of MEHO was 297.22 ± 0.78 mg/g and flavonol content was 91.53 ± 1.82 mg/g. All the experiment of extracts at dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg and the standard drug loperamide (5 mg/kg) showed significant (p