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Problem Little is known about what midwifery leaders need to effectively contribute to maternity services reform. Background Despite evidence establishing midwifery continuity of care as the gold standard of maternity care, implementation of these models has been slow. Midwives in health service leadership roles are in an ideal position to re-orientate maternity services to midwifery continuity of care. Question What do midwives in leadership positions need in order to be effective in contributing to the reform of maternity services in Australia? Methods This qualitative descriptive study used purposive sampling to recruit 13 midwifery leaders from across Australia. Individual telephone interviews were conducted and analysed through line-by-line coding and identification of themes. Findings Five main themes emerged from the data: ‘core leadership skills and education are essential’; ‘motivation and commitment to implementing evidence-based maternity care’; ‘ability to create and sustain strategic relationships’; ‘bringing the vision to life’ which contained two sub-themes of ‘changing the culture’ and ‘reaching midwifery’s full potential’; and, ‘organisational support and commitment are key to maternity reform’. Discussion This study echoes findings from previous research emphasising the importance of leadership attributes and development opportunities for midwifery leaders. Additional needs of midwifery leaders were also revealed, which have not yet been extensively explored in the literature, including a strong commitment to continuity of care, effective relationships with key stakeholders and support from healthcare executives. Conclusion Midwifery leaders need to be equipped to contribute to maternity care reform through leadership development opportunities, effective relationships and support from healthcare executives.

Aim To investigate the prevalence of burnout, depression, anxiety and stress of Lithuanian midwives. Design A descriptive, cross-sectional survey design. Methods The Work Health and Emotional Wellbeing of Midwives (WHELM) survey instrument developed within the Australian maternity context was adapted and used in this research. The survey collects country-specific demographic data and incorporates several validated measures including the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results Three hundred and thirty-eight completed surveys were received. Results obtained using a CBI subscale showed that 84.9% experienced personal burnout, 70.1% reported work-related burnout and 41.1% had client-related burnout. The results indicate that the midwives reported moderate to extreme levels of depression (16.3%), anxiety (28.4%) and stress (13.9%) symptoms.

Problem In countries where education programmes are assessed as meeting international standards there is limited knowledge about the challenges facing midwifery education. Background/aim The positive impact of quality midwifery education on maternal and newborn health is acknowledged by the World Health Organisation. However, there is limited research identifying the issues faced in providing quality midwifery education. The aim of this study was to identify the challenges and determine priority projects to strengthen midwifery education across Australia and New Zealand. Methods A two-round Delphi study with experts in midwifery education was undertaken. Findings In round one, 85 participants identified an initial 366 issues for midwifery education. Through thematic content analysis these were categorised into 89 statements reflecting five major themes: In round two, 105 midwifery experts from Australia n = 86 (79%) and New Zealand n = 23 (21%) rated the 89 statements in order of priority. Across the combined data (Australia and New Zealand) a total of 19 statements gained consensus of ≥80%. Discussion Five priority themes were identified including; (1) enabling success of First Peoples/Māori midwifery students; (2) increasing the visibility and influence of midwifery within regulation, accreditation and university governance; (3) determining how best to deliver the clinical practicum component of programmes; (4) reviewing midwifery programmes to enhance design, content and delivery; and (5) ongoing education and support for the midwifery workforce. Conclusion In Australia and New Zealand, it is imperative that collaborative work is undertaken to design and action identified projects addressing these priorities.

Problem Ensuring an adequate supply of the midwife workforce will be essential to meet the future demands for maternity care within Australia. Background Aim: To project the overall number of midwives registered with the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia and the timing of their retirement to 2043 based upon the ageing of the population. Methods: Using data on the number of registered midwives released by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia we calculated the five-year cumulative attrition rate of each five-year age group. This attrition rate was then utilized to estimate the number of midwives registered in each five-year time period from 2018 to 2043. We then estimated the number of midwives that would be registered after also accounting for stated retirement intentions. Findings Between 2018 and 2023 the overall number of registered midwives will decline from 28,087 to 26,642. After this time there is expected to be growth in the total number, reaching 28,392 in 2028 and 55,747 in 2043. If midwives did relinquish their registration at a rate indicated in previous workforce satisfaction surveys, the overall number of registered midwives would decline to 19,422 in 2023, and remain below 2018 levels until 2038. Discussion Due to the age distribution of the current registered midwifery workforce the imminent retirement of a large proportion of the workforce will see a decline in the number of registered midwives in the coming years. Additional retirement due to workforce dis-satisfaction may exacerbate this shortfall.

Background Continuity of midwifery care is the best maternity care model for women at any risk level, and there is a global imperative to improve access to midwifery-led care. However, diverse perspectives about how best to prepare graduates for working in midwifery continuity of care models persist. The continuity of care experience standard in Australia was anticipated to address this. Aim To challenge the dearth of published information about the structures and processes in midwifery education programs by identifying: the educational value and pedagogical intent of the continuity of care experience; issues with the implementation, completion and assessment of learning associated with continuity of care experience; and discuss curriculum models that facilitate optimal learning outcomes associated with this experience. We discuss the primacy of continuity of care experience in midwifery education programs in Australia. Discussion The inclusion of continuity of care experience in midwifery programs in Australia became mandatory in 2010 requiring 20, however this number was reduced to 10 in 2014. Research has shown the beneficial outcomes of continuity of care experience to both students and women. Continuity of care experience builds mutual support and nurturing between women and students, fosters clinical confidence, resilience, and influences career goals. We require curriculum coherence with both structural and conceptual elements focusing on continuity of care experience. Implications and recommendations Education standards that preference continuity of care experience as the optimal clinical education model with measurable learning outcomes, and alignment to a whole of program philosophy and program learning outcomes is required.

Background Work integrated learning opportunities account for approximately half of the Bachelor of Midwifery program with the goal being to ensure that on graduation students are skilled to provide woman centred evidenced based midwifery care within any environment. There is increasing concern, however, over the quality of clinical experiences students are afforded. Objective This study explored the experiences of third year Bachelor of Midwifery students in South East Queensland undertaking a clinical placement within a midwifery caseload model. Design A qualitative descriptive approach was adopted. Data were collected using semi-structured, digitally recorded telephone interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data set. Setting Midwifery student clinical placement in caseload practice Participants Twelve third year Bachelor of Midwifery students from one university who had experienced a clinical placement in a caseload midwifery model of between 4 and 8 weeks. Findings Five themes emerged. These were labelled ‘stepping in her shoes’, ‘bringing it all together’, ‘my own captive educator’, ‘knowing the woman’, and ‘it was hard – but it was worth it’. The three-way relationship between midwife, woman and student facilitated deep and active learning leading to a growth in confidence and readiness for practice. Students were afforded the opportunity to constantly integrate theory into practice within a woman centred social model of care where they also grew to understand how midwives operationalise caseload practice in a sustainable way. Students acknowledged the challenges they faced undertaking the placement, but all confirmed the value it had afforded them. Key conclusions and implications for practice This study has provided evidence that situating midwifery students within a continuity of care model facilitated a rich holistic learning experience for students. Not only did the placement enhance student's confidence and competence it also provided a real-world view of what working in that a caseload model could be like on graduation. This is vital if the profession is to support system level change ensuring all women have access to evidence informed maternity care.

Highlights: Critical thinking is essential for safe, effective midwifery practice. Understanding critical thinking in midwifery practice makes processes explicit. Three new tools are available to measure critical thinking in midwifery practice. A 4 phase conceptual model of critical thinking in midwifery practice is presented. The model can be used in practice and education to understand midwifery thinking.

Background Internationally, midwifery education and maternity services are evolving to promote midwifery continuity of care. It is unclear whether current Australian midwifery education programs are graduating a midwifery workforce prepared and motivated to work in this way. Aim To discover how well midwifery students in Australia feel they have been prepared and motivated to work in midwifery continuity of care when they enter practice. Methods A pragmatist approach was used. Participants were final year midwifery students at one Australian university participating in the Midwifery Student Evaluation of Practice (MidSTEP) project over three consecutive years. Descriptive analysis of selected scaled and free text responses was undertaken to ascertain how students’ clinical practice experiences had influenced their learning, development and career aspirations. Results Exposure to midwifery continuity of care had profound impact on students’ learning, enabling them to provide woman-centred midwifery care whilst increasing confidence and preparedness for practice. The majority were motivated to work in midwifery continuity of care upon graduation. A small minority of participants felt unprepared to work in midwifery continuity of care, attributing this to their family commitments, a sense of needing more experience or unsupportive workplace cultures. Summary Midwifery continuity of care experiences are highly valued by midwifery students and positively influence confidence, preparation and motivation for beginning practice. It is necessary to review education standards to ensure quality, consistency, and adequacy of these experiences throughout pre-registration midwifery education. This will assist in generating a midwifery workforce prepared and motivated to deliver the goals of maternity service reform.

Background Central fetal monitoring systems transmit cardiotocograph data to a central site in a maternity service. Despite a paucity of evidence of safety, the installation of central fetal monitoring systems is common. Aim This qualitative research sought to explore whether, and how, clinicians modified their clinical safety related behaviours following the introduction of a central monitoring system. Methods An Institutional Ethnographic enquiry was conducted at an Australian hospital where a central fetal monitoring system had been installed in 2016. Informants (n = 50) were midwifery and obstetric staff. Data collection consisted of interviews and observations that were analysed to understand whether and how clinicians modified their clinical safety related behaviours. Findings The introduction of the central monitoring system was associated with clinical decision making without complete clinical information. Midwives’ work was disrupted. Higher levels of anxiety were described for midwives and birthing women. Midwives reported higher rates of intervention in response to the visibility of the cardiotocograph at the central monitoring station. Midwives described a shift in focus away from the birthing woman towards documenting in the central monitoring system. Discussion The introduction of central fetal monitoring prompted new behaviours among midwifery and obstetric staff that may potentially undermine clinical safety. Conclusion This research raises concerns that central fetal monitoring systems may not promote safe intrapartum care. We argue that research examining the safety of central fetal monitoring systems is required.

Objective Technologies for fetal heart rate monitoring have been widely introduced despite evidence of no improvement in perinatal outcomes. A significant body of research has raised concerns that healthcare information technologies can have unintended consequences. We sought to describe an unintended consequence of central fetal monitoring technology. Design The research was conducted as an Institutional Ethnography. Data generated from interviews, focus groups, and observations were analysed to generate an account of midwives’ experiences with the central fetal monitoring system. Setting The birthing unit of one Australian maternity service with a central fetal monitoring system. Informants 34 midwives and midwifery students who worked with the central fetal monitoring system. Findings Midwives described a disruptive social event they named being K2ed. Clinicians responded to perceived cardiotocograph abnormalities by entering the birth room despite the midwife not having requested assistance. Being K2ed disrupted midwives’ clinical work and generated anxiety. Clinical communication was undermined, and midwives altered their clinical practice. Midwives performed additional documentation work to attempt to avoid being K2ed. Key conclusions This is the first report of an unintended consequence relating to central fetal monitoring, demonstrating how central fetal monitoring technology potentially undermines safety by impacting on clinical and relational processes and outcomes in maternity care. Implications for practice Current evidence does not support implementation or ongoing use of central fetal monitoring systems. Further research is needed to inform scaling down central fetal monitoring systems in a safe and supported way.

Access to continuity of midwifery care (CoMC) models in Australia is increasing but the capacity of the emerging midwifery workforce to provide this care remains largely unknown. The aim of this integrative literature review is to discover how well pre-registration midwifery education prepares and motivates Australian midwifery students to work in CoMC models when they enter practice. Following title review of 432 papers, removal of duplicates and review against the inclusion and exclusion criteria, nine papers were included for review. The results show that access to CoMC is a crucial component of midwifery education, equipping students with knowledge, skills, confidence and motivation to work in this way upon graduation. Existing methods of program delivery and institutional structures often present students with challenges that detract from the value of their CoMC experiences. A focus on CoMC placement - particularly with a continuity of midwifery mentor - may motivate graduates to work in this model of care. This strategy is recommended to better align Australian midwifery education with maternity care reform.

Test the concurrent validity of three newly developed tools (student self-rating, preceptor rating, and reflective writing) that aim to measure critical thinking in midwifery practice.A descriptive matched cohort design was used.Australian research intensive university offering a three year Bachelor of Midwifery programme.Fifty-five undergraduate midwifery students.Students assessed their ability to apply critical thinking in midwifery practice using a 25-item tool and a 5-item subscale in Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. Clinical preceptors completed a 24-item tool assessing the students' application of critical thinking in practice. Reflective writing by students was assessed by midwifery academics using a 15-item tool. Internal reliability, and concurrent validity were assessed. Correlations, t-tests, multiple regression and confidence levels were calculated for the three scales and associations with student characteristics.The three scales achieved good internal reliability with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient between 0.93 and 0.97. Matched total scores for the three critical thinking scales were moderately correlated; student/preceptor (r=0.36, p0.01); student/reflective writing (r=0.38, p0.01); preceptor/reflective writing (r=0.30, p0.05). All critical thinking mean scores were higher for students with a previous degree, but only significant for reflective writing (t (53)=-2.35, p=0.023). Preceptor ratings were predictive of GPA (beta=0.50, p0.001, CI=0.10 to 0.30). Students' self-rating scores were predictive of year level (beta=0.32, p0.05, CI=0.00 to 0.03).The student, preceptor, and reflective writing tools were found to be reliable and valid measures of critical thinking. The three tools can be used individually or in combination to provide students with various sources of feedback to improve their practice. The tools allow formative measurement of critical thinking over time. Further testing of the tools with larger, diverse samples is recommended.

Aim This study aimed to identify personal, professional and workplace factors that contribute to burnout in midwives. Background Burnout is prevalent in the midwifery workforce. Burnout adversely affects the well-being of midwives, diminishes the quality of care they provide and can shorten career duration. Design Self-administered online survey. The survey included the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory as well as personal and professional variables related to age, children, years of experience, role, model of care and satisfaction with work-life. Midwives were invited to participate via an email sent the Australian College of Midwives and through professional networks between June and July 2014. Variables associated with burnout were entered in a multinomial logistic regression. Results A total of 1037 responses were received and 990 analysed. The prevalence of moderate to severe personal (N=643 64.9%) and work-related burnout (N=428 43.8%) were high. Having children, providing caseload midwifery care and working in a regional area were associated with low burnout. However, midwives registered for 5-10 years were more likely to report work and client related burnout. Similarly, midwives reporting a lack of satisfaction with work-life balance were also more likely to report personal and work-related burnout. Conclusions Family-friendly work environments that facilitate work-life balance can help to reduce the personal and organisational costs of burnout. Similarly, providing continuity of midwifery care in a caseload model can facilitate work-life balance and provide significant mental health benefits to participating midwives. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Problem or issue • Rates of elective and unplanned caesarean section continue to increase in high income countries. • Evidence-based clinical guidelines aim to promote and support normal birth but are rarely evaluated. What is already known The Queensland Normal Birth Guideline was developed in consultation with stakeholders and disseminated to public and private hospitals and released in 2012.1 Impact of the Guideline on practice has not been investigated. What this paper adds • Although most midwives (90%) were aware of the guideline, only 71% reported that it routinely guided practice. • Being employed in a public hospital caseload model, and having a strong belief in evidenced based practice predicted guideline use.

Background As a strategy to promote workforce sustainability a number of midwives working in one health district in New South Wales, Australia were trained to offer a reflective model of clinical supervision. The expectation was that these midwives would then be equipped to facilitate clinical supervision for their colleagues with the organisational aim of supporting professional development and promoting emotional well-being. Aim To identify understanding, uptake, perceptions of impact, and the experiences of midwives accessing clinical supervision. Method Mixed Methods. In phase one 225 midwives were invited to complete a self-administered survey. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. In phase two 12 midwives were interviewed. Thematic analysis was used to deepen understanding of midwives’ experiences of receiving clinical supervision. Results Sixty percent of midwives responding in phase one had some experience of clinical supervision. Findings from both phases were complementary with midwives reporting a positive impact on their work, interpersonal skills, situational responses and career goals. Midwives described clinical supervision as a formal, structured and confidential space for ‘safe reflection’ that was valued as an opportunity for self-care. Barriers included misconceptions, perceived work related pressures and a sense that taking time out was unjustifiable. Conclusion Education, awareness raising and further research into reflective clinical supervision, to support emotional well-being and professional midwifery practice is needed. In addition, health organisations need to design, implement and evaluate strategies that support the embedding of clinical supervision within midwives’ clinical practice.

Objective Develop and test a tool designed for use by pre-registration midwifery students to self-appraise their critical thinking in practice. Design A descriptive cohort design was used. Participants All students (n=164) enrolled in a three-year Bachelor of Midwifery program in Queensland, Australia. Methods The staged model for tool development involved item generation, mapping draft items to critical thinking concepts and expert review to test content validity, pilot testing of the tool to a convenience sample of students, and psychometric testing. Students (n=126, 76.8% response rate) provided demographic details, completed the new tool, and five questions from the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) via an online platform or paper version. Findings A high content validity index score of 0.97 was achieved through expert review. Construct validity via factor analysis revealed four factors: seeks information, reflects on practice, facilitates shared decision making, and evaluates practice. The mean total score for the tool was 124.98 (SD=12.58). Total and subscale scores correlated significantly. The scale achieved good internal reliability with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.92. Concurrent validity with the MSLQ subscale was 0.35 (p Conclusion This study established the reliability and validity of the CACTiM – student version for use by pre-registration midwifery students to self-assess critical thinking in practice. Implications for practice Critical thinking skills are vital for safe and effective midwifery practice. Students' assessment of their critical thinking development throughout their pre-registration programme makes these skills explicit, and could guide teaching innovation to address identified deficits. The availability of a reliable and valid tool assists research into the development of critical thinking in education and practice.

Background Reflective practice is considered an essential aspect of personal and professional development, and critical reflection is considered the cornerstone of being an accountable and autonomous practitioner. Tertiary education should lay the foundations of lifelong learning by ensuring students develop into critically reflective and reflexive practitioners, who demonstrate self-awareness and an ability to reflect on personal values and beliefs and their impact on the wider healthcare system. This level of reflective practice is essential to effect change at both an individual and societal level. Reflection should therefore be embedded into education programs as a learning, teaching and assessment strategy. Aim The aim of this paper is to describe a structured Model of Holistic Reflection embedded within an Australian Bachelor of Midwifery Program. The paper firstly outlines the theoretical and conceptual underpinnings of the newly developed model. Secondly describes the six integrated and inter-dependant phases of the model. Discussion and conclusion The aim of developing the Holistic Reflective Model was to produce a sound educational tool to assist midwifery students to progressively build reflexivity and reflective practice. Furthermore, provide midwifery academics with an educational resource to facilitate development of reflective and critical thinking skills in students. The specific intention was to promote deep personal and transformative learning across an entry to practice program. This paper highlights a number of ways the model can be embedded within the curriculum to support the scaffolded development of critical reflection and reflexivity required to facilitate transformative learning. While evaluation is required the model may have transferability to other disciplines.

PURPOSE: Ankyloglossia (commonly referred to as tongue-tie), is increasingly being reported as a significant contributory factor to difficulties experienced in establishing the mother–infant breastfeeding relationship. Frenotomy as a management option is contributing to international interest and interdisciplinary controversy. The aim of this article was to identify and examine the evidence in relation to frenotomy to inform practice for newborns diagnosed with symptomatic ankyloglossia.DESIGN: An integrated literature review, informed by Whittemore and Knafl (2005) was used to identify and evaluate contemporary evidence.MAJOR FINDINGS: There is a marked difference in opinion between health disciplines regarding frenotomy as a treatment option for ankyloglossia. There is agreement that support from a trained professional such as a lactation consultant prior to undergoing any invasive procedures to treat ankyloglossia is essential. Controversy persists however as to whether the condition will resolve spontaneously without treatment.CONCLUSION: Although frenotomy does seem to resolve breastfeeding difficulties, little is known regarding long-term consequences for the baby and optimal timing for the procedure. This review indicates a need for education of professionals and standardization of assessment processes along with ongoing research to identify efficacy and optimal timing of frenotomy when used.

Problem Caesarean section rates have risen in high-income countries. One of the potential drivers for this is the widespread use of CTG monitoring. Background Intrapartum cardiotocograph monitoring is considered to be indicated for women at risk for poor perinatal outcome. Aim This systematic literature review with meta-analysis examined randomised controlled trials and non-experimental research to determine whether cardiotocograph monitoring rather than intermittent auscultation during labour was associated with changes in perinatal mortality or cerebral palsy rates for high-risk women. Methods A systematic search for research published up to 2019 was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases. Non-experimental and randomised controlled trial research in populations of women at risk which compared intrapartum cardiotocography with intermittent auscultation and reported on stillbirth, neonatal mortality, perinatal mortality and/or cerebral palsy were included. Relative risks were calculated from extracted data, and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials was undertaken. Findings Nine randomised controlled trials and 26 non-experimental studies were included. Meta-analysis of pooled data from RCTs in mixed- and high-risk populations found no statistically significant differences in perinatal mortality rates. The majority of non-experimental research was at critical risk of bias and should not be relied on to inform practice. Cardiotocograph monitoring during preterm labour was associated with a higher incidence of cerebral palsy. Discussion Research evidence failed to demonstrate perinatal benefits from intrapartum cardiotocograph monitoring for women at risk for poor perinatal outcome. Conclusion There is an urgent need for well-designed research to consider whether intrapartum cardiotocograph monitoring provides benefits.

Background Reflective practice is a core professional competency and the hallmark of an autonomous, evidence-based midwife practitioner committed to lifelong learning. Despite this professional imperative little is currently known about how the development of reflective capacity is facilitated with midwifery students. Aim This study aimed to determine (1) the extent to which a holistic, structured model of reflection develops reflective capacity in midwifery students; and (2) their perceptions of learning and teaching strategies that build reflective capacity. Design A qualitative cross-sectional design involving focus groups and thematic analysis. Participants The Bass Model of Holistic Reflection was introduced to promote development of reflective capacity in midwifery students enrolled in entry to practice programs in two Australian universities. Students were provided with guidance on how to apply the model to their reflections. After using the model for at least one trimester twenty-seven (27) participants volunteered to participate in focus groups. Findings Four themes emerged ‘safe space within a circle of trust’, ‘deep personal learning’, ‘consistency of application by skilled facilitators’, and ‘integration and connection’. Key conclusions and implications for practice Use of a holistic model combined with integrative and structured reflective activities supports the scaffolded and developmental nature of reflection. Alignment of the model with a woman centred midwifery philosophy generates midwifery knowledge and reflects student expectations of their role as aspiring midwives. Midwives’ attitudes regarding reflection influences students’ perceptions of value. Quality of feedback provided by educators affects levels of student motivation and engagement with reflection.

Background Within the context of an ageing health workforce it is important to gain a greater understanding of the motivations of young people (aged less than 21 years) to choose a career in midwifery. Aim To explore the reasons why young students decided to study midwifery and enrol in one Australian Bachelor of Midwifery program. Method A descriptive exploratory qualitative design was used. Eleven midwifery students aged less than 21 years on enrollment participated in a semi-structured tape-recorded interview. The transcribed interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings Direct and indirect exposure to positive constructions of childbirth as well as the midwives role fuelled young student's fascination with midwifery and drove their desire to enrol. While some young students entered midwifery studies as a result of their ‘love of babies’ others took a more pragmatic ‘wait and see’ approach about their career choice. Many young students however clearly distinguished midwifery from nursing demonstrating an intention to be a midwife rather than a nurse. This decision often took place within the context of opposition from within their family, school and social networks where the public discourse continued to reinforce nursing as the preferred pathway to midwifery. Conclusion Creating opportunities for young people to be exposed to positive constructions of childbirth as well as midwifery role models may increase the number of young students entering midwifery. There is also a need for information to be provided to school careers officers to assist them to understand the distinction between midwifery and nursing.

Background The value and importance of incorporating strategies that promote critical thinking in nursing and midwifery undergraduate programmes are well documented. However, relatively little is known about the effectiveness of teaching strategies in promoting CT. Evaluating effectiveness is important to promote ‘best practise’ in teaching. Objective To evaluate the efficacy of teaching methods used to develop critical thinking skills in nursing and midwifery undergraduate students. Data Sources The following six databases; CINAHL, Ovid Medline, ERIC, Informit, PsycINFO and Scopus were searched and resulted in the retrieval of 1315 papers. Review Methods After screening for inclusion, each paper was evaluated using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool. Twenty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria and quality appraisal. Results Twelve different teaching interventions were tested in 8 countries. Results varied, with little consistency across studies using the same type of intervention or outcome tool. Sixteen tools were used to measure the efficacy of teaching in developing critical thinking. Seventeen studies identified a significant increase in critical thinking, while nine studies found no increases, and two found unexplained decreases in CT when using a similar educational intervention. Conclusions Whilst this review aimed to identify effective teaching strategies that promote and develop critical thinking, flaws in methodology and outcome measures contributed to inconsistent findings. The continued use of generalised CT tools is unlikely to help identify appropriate teaching methods that will improve CT abilities of midwifery and nursing students and prepare them for practise. The review was limited to empirical studies published in English that used measures of critical thinking with midwifery and nursing students. Discipline specific strategies and tools that measure students' abilities to apply CT in practise are needed.

Objective develop and test a tool designed for use by preceptors/mentors to assess undergraduate midwifery students׳ critical thinking in practice. Design a descriptive cohort design was used. Setting participants worked in a range of maternity settings in Queensland, Australia. Participants 106 midwifery clinicians who had acted in the role of preceptor for undergraduate midwifery students. Methods this study followed a staged model for tool development recommended by DeVellis (2012). This included generation of items, content validity testing through mapping of draft items to critical thinking concepts and expert review, administration of items to a convenience sample of preceptors, and psychometric testing. A 24 item tool titled the XXXX Assessment of Critical Thinking in Midwifery (CACTiM) was completed by registered midwives in relation to students they had recently preceptored in the clinical environment. Findings ratings by experts revealed a content validity index score of 0.97, representing good content validity. An evaluation of construct validity through factor analysis generated three factors: ‘partnership in practice', ‘reflection on practice' and ‘practice improvements'. The scale demonstrated good internal reliability with a Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.97. The mean total score for the CACTiM scale was 116.77 (SD=16.68) with a range of 60–144. Total and subscale scores correlated significantly. Conclusion the CACTiM (Preceptor/Mentor version) was found to be a valid and reliable tool for use by preceptors to assess critical thinking in undergraduate midwifery students. Implications for practice given the importance of critical thinking skills for midwifery practice, mapping and assessing critical thinking development in students׳ practice across an undergraduate programme is vital. The CACTiM (Preceptor/Mentor version) has utility for clinical education, research and practice. The tool can inform and guide preceptors׳ assessment of students׳ critical thinking in practice. The availability of a reliable and valid tool can be used to research the development of critical thinking in practice.

Background The Practice Environment Scale (PES) has been used extensively to measure the quality of the practice environment of nurses working in a variety of work settings, and has been linked with quality of care, nurse wellbeing, job dissatisfaction and burnout. Although developed for nurses, many of the aspects addressed by the PES are also relevant to the midwifery profession, and may provide a tool to better understand midwives' decision to leave the profession. Aim To adapt the PES for use with midwives and to assess its psychometric properties. Methods An online survey containing the adapted version of the PES was distributed to a sample of hospital-employed New Zealand midwives ( n =600). Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify subscales which were compared for midwives who had, versus had not considered, leaving the midwifery profession. Findings Four subscales were identified, showing good internal consistency reliability ( Quality of Management , Midwife–Doctor Relations, Resource Adequacy and Opportunities for Development ). The lowest mean score was recorded for Resource Adequacy ( M =2.38). All subscales of the adapted 20-item PES:Midwives were significant predictors of the decision to leave the profession ( p Quality of Management (OR=2.6). Conclusion The PES:Midwives was successfully adapted for use with midwives and provides a psychometrically sound tool for research to identify factors associated with the wellbeing, job satisfaction and risk of attrition amongst hospital employed midwives. The PES:Midwives also provides a means of comparing the practice environment across different models of care and employing organizations.

Background/Aims: A conservative estimate suggests women giving birth in Malawi are 14 times more likely to die giving birth than women in western nations. Despite attempts to address maternal and neonatal health, Malawi will not meet World Health Organization Millennium Development Goals 3, 4 and 5 for improving gender equity, reducing child mortality and improving maternal health by 2015. This integrative literature review looks through a social lens to view Malawi's progress towards meeting Millennium Development Goals 3, 4 and 5. Methods: A search was conducted using CINAHL, Google Scholar, Medline and Health Source online databases. Initial keywords included but were not limited to: gender bias; gender inequality; midwifery care; maternity; traditional birth attendants; skilled birth attendants; and social determinants. All searches included keywords with Boolean operator ‘and’ Malawi. Search filters were limited to publications dated from 2010 to 2015 and in English only. Additionally, reference lists from articles selected were reviewed, which led to further relevant sources. Although 48 articles were accessed, only 13 were considered to have high relevance, credibility and currency and were therefore included. Findings: Poverty underpins all social determinants of health and is the primary barrier to Malawi achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Poverty limits girls' access to education, which increases their risk of being exposed to infectious diseases. A lack of education is also associated with limited use of primary maternity care with a skilled birth attendant. Conclusions: Primary maternity care needs to be affordable and acceptable to Malawian women and provided close to their families and communities. The primary responsibility for this rests with Malawi's government, which should be encouraged to adopt supportive, enabling policies. To assist in this, western governments need to be socially responsible in deployment of their foreign aid and strategies to attract and retain skilled workers.

Objective\udThe overall study aim was to explore the relationship between the emotional wellbeing of UK midwives and their work environment. Specific research questions were to: assess levels of burnout, depression, anxiety and stress experienced by UK midwives; compare levels of burnout, depression, anxiety and stress identified in this sample of UK midwives, with levels reported in Australia, New Zealand and Sweden; identify demographic and work-related factors associated with elevated levels of burnout, depression, anxiety and stress.\ud\udDesign\udCross sectional research design using an online survey. The WHELM survey tool was developed within the Australian maternity context and includes a number of validated measures: The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), as well as items from the Royal College of Midwives (RCM) ‘Why Midwives Leave’ study (Ball et al., 2002).\ud\udSetting\udUnited Kingdom.\ud\udParticipants\udAn on-line survey was distributed via the RCM to all full midwife members in 2017 (n = 31,898).\ud\udData analysis\udThe demographic and work-related characteristics of the sample were analysed using descriptive analyses. Levels of depression, anxiety, stress and burnout, measured by the CBI and DASS scores, were analysed using non-parametric statistical tests. Comparisons were made between groups based on demographic and work characteristics. Mann-Whitney U tests were used for two group comparisons, and Kruskal Wallis tests were used for groups with 2+ groups. Given the large number of analyses undertaken, statistically significant comparisons were identified with a conservative alpha level (p < .01).\ud\udFindings\udA total of 1997 midwives responded to the survey, representing 16% of the RCM membership. The key results indicate that the UK's midwifery workforce is experiencing significant levels of emotional distress. 83% (n = 1464) of participants scored moderate and above for personal burnout and 67% (n = 1167) recorded moderate and above for work-related burnout. Client-related burnout was low at 15.5% (n = 268). Over one third of participants scored in the moderate/severe/extreme range for stress (36.7%), anxiety (38%) and depression (33%). Personal and work-related burnout scores, and stress, anxiety and depression scores were well above results from other countries in which the WHELM study has been conducted to date. Midwives were more likely to record high levels of burnout, depression, anxiety and stress if they were aged 40 and below; reported having a disability; had less than 10 years’ experience; worked in a clinical midwifery setting, particularly if they worked in rotation in hospital and in integrated hospital/community settings.\ud\udKey conclusions and implications for practice\udMany UK midwives are experiencing high levels of stress, burnout, anxiety and depression, which should be of serious concern to the profession and its leaders. NHS employed clinical midwives are at much greater risk of emotional distress than others surveyed, which has serious implications for the delivery of high quality, safe maternity care. It is also of serious concern that younger, more recently qualified midwives recorded some of the highest burnout, stress, anxiety and depression scores, as did midwives who self-reported a disability.\ud\udThere is considerable scope for change across the service. Proactive support needs to be offered to younger, recently qualified midwives and midwives with a disability to help sustain their emotional wellbeing. The profession needs to lobby for systems level changes in how UK maternity care is resourced and provided. Making this happen will require support and commitment from a range of relevant stakeholders, at regional and national levels.

Background Practice-based or clinical placements are highly valued for linking theory to practice and enabling students to meet graduate outcomes and industry standards. Post-practicum, the period immediately following clinical experiences, is a time when students have an opportunity to share, compare and engage critically in considering how these experiences impact on their learning. Reflective practice has merit in facilitating this process. Aim This project aimed to optimise the learning potential of practice-based experiences by enhancing midwifery students’ capacity for reflective practice through writing. Methods Design-based research was used to implement an educational intervention aimed at developing reflective practice skills and enhance reflective writing. The Bass Model of Holistic Reflection was introduced to promote the development of reflective capacity in midwifery students. Academics and midwifery students were provided with guidance and resources on how to apply the model to guide reflective writing. Students’ written reflections completed before (n = 130) and after the introduction of the intervention (n = 96) were evaluated using a scoring framework designed to assess sequential development of reflective capacity. Findings The pre-intervention scores ranked poorly as evidence of reflective capacity. All scores improved post-intervention. Conclusions The introduction of a holistic structured model of reflection resulted in improved scores across all five components of reflective writing; self-awareness, sources of knowledge, reflection and critical reflection, evidence informed practice and critical thinking. While further work is required the results show that the implementation process and use of the Bass Model enables students to demonstrate their capacity to reflect-on-practice through their writing.

Objective to assess the psychometric properties of the Perceptions of Empowerment in Midwifery Scale (PEMS) on a sample of New Zealand midwives. Design cross sectional study. Midwives completed an online survey containing the 22 item PEMS, and a number of demographic and work-related questions. Participants active practising members listed on the New Zealand College of Midwives database were invited to participate. A sample of midwives who were currently employed by an organisation was extracted ( n =600). Findings exploratory factor analysis on the PEMS identified four subscales (Autonomy/Empowerment, Manager Support, Professional Support, Skills and Resources). This structure differed from that reported by the original scale developers. Each subscale showed adequate internal consistency reliability and was able to distinguish midwives who had considered leaving the profession in the past six months ( p =.001). Key conclusions the psychometric properties of the revised 19-item four-subscale structure of PEMS were supported. Implications for practice The PEMS-Revised provides a psychometrically sound tool for further quantitative research to supplement the growing number of qualitative investigations of midwives perceptions and experiences of their workplace.

Summary Background Well developed critical thinking skills are essential for nursing and midwifery practices. The development of students' higher-order cognitive abilities, such as critical thinking, is also well recognised in nursing and midwifery education. Measurement of critical thinking development is important to demonstrate change over time and effectiveness of teaching strategies. Objective To evaluate tools designed to measure critical thinking in nursing and midwifery undergraduate students. Data Sources The following six databases were searched and resulted in the retrieval of 1191 papers: CINAHL, Ovid Medline, ERIC, Informit, PsycINFO and Scopus. Review Methods After screening for inclusion, each paper was evaluated using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Tool. Thirty-four studies met the inclusion criteria and quality appraisal. Sixteen different tools that measure critical thinking were reviewed for reliability and validity and extent to which the domains of critical thinking were evident. Results Sixty percent of studies utilised one of four standardised commercially available measures of critical thinking. Reliability and validity were not consistently reported and there was a variation in reliability across studies that used the same measure. Of the remaining studies using different tools, there was also limited reporting of reliability making it difficult to assess internal consistency and potential applicability of measures across settings. Conclusions Discipline specific instruments to measure critical thinking in nursing and midwifery are required, specifically tools that measure the application of critical thinking to practise. Given that critical thinking development occurs over an extended period, measurement needs to be repeated and multiple methods of measurement used over time.

Background In 2010 Australian Government reform of maternity services enabled midwives to access Medicare. This significant change provides midwives with new opportunities to engage in patterns of working that provide continuity of care to childbearing women. There remains limited evidence, however, on midwives perceptions of how the reforms impact them both personally and professionally. Aim This research examined midwives’ perceptions of their role and how, in light of the reform agenda, they might conceptualise a change in working patterns and environment to provide greater levels of continuity of care. Method A qualitative descriptive approach was employed using the four-stage Appreciative Inquiry model. Twenty-three midwives from three maternity units within south-east Queensland participated in one of six focus groups. Thematic iterative analysis was employed to identify empirical codes and examine relationships within and across the data. Findings Midwives endorsed the reforms and considered the concept of continuity of midwifery care as fundamental to achieving a woman centred maternity system. Most participants, however, found it difficult to conceptualise how they might contribute to any level of system change. In addition the majority passively accepted the status quo of their employing organisation and believed they were powerless to effect change. Conclusion In order to promote the growth of evidence based continuity of care models midwives need to work to their full scope of practice. Strong midwifery leadership is required to enable midwives to re-conceptualise roles and work patterns and identify how they can engage with and contribute to reform of maternity services.

AIM: To examine the contribution of the Virtual International Day of the Midwife (VIDM) conference to midwives’ continuing professional development (CPD).BACKGROUND: Knowledge and understanding of CPD for midwives as synchronous online learning is limited. Studies of e-learning programs for CPD have underlined the need for interaction with others. The VIDM is a synchronous online 24-hour conference freely available for midwives designed to provide a unique CPD opportunity.METHOD: An online survey with a mix of fixed-response, multiple-response, and open-ended free-text questions was available to participants for 1 month after the conference via the wiki page in 2012 and 2013.FINDINGS: The survey was completed by 239 conference participants. Midwifery students and clinical midwives were the largest groups of attendees. The most common countries of residence were Australia, United Kingdom, and United States. Respondents believed that the conference contributed to their professional development by enabling professional growth, facilitating shared learning, and raising awareness of global issues.CONCLUSION: Offering synchronous events is important to facilitate deeper learning for those engaging in online activities. As an annual synchronous 24-hour, open online conference, the VIDM has become a valuable CPD opportunity for midwives.

Background developing a student׳s sense of capability, purpose, resourcefulness, identity and connectedness ( five-senses of success ) are key factors that may be important in predicting student satisfaction and progression within their university program. Aim the study aimed to examine the expectations and experiences of second and third year midwifery students enroled in a Bachelor of Midwifery program and identify barriers and enablers to success. Method a descriptive exploratory qualitative design was used. Fifty-six students enroled in either year 2 or 3 of the Bachelor of Midwifery program in SE Queensland participated in an anonymous survey using open-ended questions. In addition, 16 students participated in two year-level focus groups. Template analysis, using the Five Senses Framework, was used to analyse the data set. Findings early exposure to ‘hands on' clinical midwifery practice as well as continuity of care experiences provided students with an opportunity to link theory to practice and increased their perception of capability as they transitioned through the program. Student׳s sense of identity, purpose, resourcefulness, and capability was strongly influenced by the programs embedded meta-values, including a ‘woman centred' approach. In addition, a student׳s ability to form strong positive relationships with women, peers, lecturers and supportive clinicians was central to developing connections and ultimately a sense of success. A sense of connection not only fostered an ongoing belief that challenges could be overcome but that students׳ themselves could initiate or influence change. Conclusions the five senses framework provided a useful lens through which to analyse the student experience. Key factors to student satisfaction and retention within a Bachelor of Midwifery program include: a clearly articulated midwifery philosophy, strategies to promote student connectedness including the use of social media, and further development of clinician׳s skills in preceptorship, clinical teaching and facilitation. Program delivery methods and student support systems should be designed to enable maximum flexibility to promote capability and resourcefulness and embed sense of purpose and identity early in the program.

BACKGROUND: A shift has occurred in the last decade toward preregistration undergraduate Bachelor of Midwifery programs in Australia. This has led to an increase in the numbers of student midwives from diverse backgrounds with limited experience of university and socialization into hospital systems.AIM: This study aimed to explore commencing midwifery students’ beliefs about birth and expectations of the role of the midwife.METHOD: A qualitative descriptive approach was used. All 115 commencing first-year midwifery students enrolled in the first week of an undergraduate Bachelor of Midwifery program were invited and completed a self-administered survey. The survey used open-ended questions to elicit student beliefs about birth and the role of the midwife. Latent content analysis was used to analyze the data set.FINDINGS: Midwifery students’ beliefs were captured within the four themes: birth as “a miracle,” “a woman’s journey,” “a transformative event,” and “a natural process.” Students articulated the role of the midwife as one of support, education, advocacy, and partnership. Student beliefs and expectations were aligned with the emergent philosophy of the normality of birth and woman-centered care within the Australian maternity care context.CONCLUSION: Greater understanding is essential to designing quality midwifery education programs that are responsive to the needs of commencing student midwives. Supporting midwifery students’ successful transition into, and early engagement with the midwifery profession, may have long-term benefits in terms of retention and successful completion of their program. In addition, ensuring professional socialization occurs early is likely to develop graduates who are well prepared to work across their full scope and are willing to participate in the reform of maternity services in Australia.

Relatively little is known about the extent of trauma and birth-related fear in midwives and how this might affect practice.(1) Determine prevalence of birth related trauma and fear in midwives and associations with midwives' confidence to advise women during pregnancy of their birth options and to provide care in labour. (2) Describe midwives' experiences of birth related trauma and/or fear.A mixed methods design. A convenience sample of midwives (n=249) completed an anonymous online survey. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the quantitative data. Latent content analysis was used to extrapolate meaning from the 170 midwives who wrote about their experiences of personal and/or professional trauma.The majority of midwives (93.6%) reported professional (n=199, 85.4%) and/or personal (n=97, 41.6%) traumatic birth experiences. Eight percent (n=20) reported being highly fearful of birth. Trauma was not associated with practice concerns but fear was. Midwives categorised as having 'high fear' reported more practice concerns (Med 23.5, n=20) than midwives with 'low fear' (Med 8, n=212) (U=1396, z=-3.79, p0.001, r=0.24). Reasons for personal trauma included experiencing assault, intervention and stillbirth. Professional trauma related to both witnessing and experiencing disrespectful care and subsequently feeling complicit in the provision of poor care. Feeling unsupported in the workplace and fearing litigation intensified trauma.High fear was associated with lower confidence to support childbearing women. Fear and trauma in midwives warrants further investigation to better understand the impact on professional practice.

develop and test a tool designed for use by academics to evaluate pre-registration midwifery students' critical thinking skills in reflective writing.a descriptive cohort design was used.a random sample (n = 100) of archived student reflective writings based on a clinical event or experience during 2014 and 2015.a staged model for tool development was used to develop a fifteen item scale involving item generation; mapping of draft items to critical thinking concepts and expert review to test content validity; inter-rater reliability testing; pilot testing of the tool on 100 reflective writings; and psychometric testing. Item scores were analysed for mean, range and standard deviation. Internal reliability, content and construct validity were assessed.expert review of the tool revealed a high content validity index score of 0.98. Using two independent raters to establish inter-rater reliability, good absolute agreement of 72% was achieved with a Kappa coefficient K = 0.43 (p0.0001). Construct validity via exploratory factor analysis revealed three factors: analyses context, reasoned inquiry, and self-evaluation. The mean total score for the tool was 50.48 (SD = 12.86). Total and subscale scores correlated significantly. The scale achieved good internal reliability with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of .93.this study establishedthe reliability and validity of the CACTiM (reflection) for use by academics to evaluate midwifery students' critical thinking in reflective writing. Validation with large diverse samples is warranted.reflective practice is a key learning and teaching strategy in undergraduate Bachelor of Midwifery programmes and essential for safe, competent practice. There is the potential to enhance critical thinking development by assessingreflective writing with the CACTiM (reflection) tool to provide formative and summative feedback to students and inform teaching strategies.

Continuity of midwifery care contributes to significant positive outcomes for women and babies. There is a perception that providing continuity of care may negatively impact on the wellbeing and professional lives of midwives.To compare the emotional and professional wellbeing as well as satisfaction with time off and work-life balance of midwives providing continuity of care with midwives not providing continuity.Online survey. Measures included; Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI); Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21; and Perceptions of Empowerment in Midwifery Scale (PEMS-Revised). The sample (n=862) was divided into two groups; midwives working in continuity (n=214) and those not working in continuity (n=648). Mann Whitney U tests were used to compare the groups.The continuity group had significantly lower scores on each of the burnout subscales (CBI Personal p=.002; CBI Work p.001; CBI Client p.001) and Anxiety (p=.007) and Depression (p=.004) sub-scales. Midwives providing continuity reported significantly higher scores on the PEMs Autonomy/Empowerment subscale (p.001) and the Skills and Resources subscale (p=.002). There was no difference between the groups in terms of satisfaction with time off and work-life balance.Our results indicate that providing continuity of midwifery care is also beneficial for midwives. Conversely, midwives working in shift-based models providing fragmented care are at greater risk of psychological distress. Maternity service managers should feel confident that re-orientating care to align with the evidence is likely to improve workforce wellbeing and is a sustainable way forward.

Background The health and wellbeing of midwives are important considerations for workforce retention and quality care. The occurrence and relationships among mental health conditions such as burnout and depression have received little attention. We investigated the prevalence of burnout, depression, anxiety and stress in Australian midwives. Methods An online survey was conducted in September 2014. Participants were recruited through the Australian College of Midwives and professional networks. The survey sought personal and professional details. Standard measures included the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) (Personal, Work and Client subscales), and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS). The sample was collapsed into two groups according to DASS clinical cut-offs (normal/mild versus moderate/severe/extreme). Effect size statistics were calculated and judged according to Cohen’s guidelines. Results One thousand thirty-seven surveys were received. Respondents were predominantly female (98%), with an average age of 46.43 years, and 16.51 years of practice. Using a CBI subscale cut-off score of 50 and above (moderate and higher), 64.9% (n = 643) reported personal burnout; 43.8% (n = 428) reported work-related burnout; and 10.4% (n = 102) reported client-related burnout. All burnout subscales were significantly correlated with depression, anxiety and stress, particularly personal and work-related burnout with Spearman’s rho correlations ranging from .51 to .63 (p

Summary Background Midwives require well developed critical thinking to practice autonomously. However, multiple factors impinge on students' deep learning in the clinical context. Analysis of actual case scenarios using root cause analysis may foster students' critical thinking and application of ‘best practice' principles in complex clinical situations. Objective To examine the effectiveness of an innovative teaching strategy involving root cause analysis to develop students' perceptions of their critical thinking abilities. Methods A descriptive, mixed methods design was used. Final 3rd year undergraduate midwifery students ( n =22) worked in teams to complete and present an assessment item based on root cause analysis. The cases were adapted from coroners' reports. After graduation, 17 (77%) students evaluated the course using a standard university assessment tool. In addition 12 (54%) students provided specific feedback on the teaching strategy using a 16-item survey tool based on the domain concepts of Educational Acceptability, Educational Impact, and Preparation for Practice. Survey responses were on a 5-point Likert scale and analysed using descriptive statistics. Open-ended responses were analysed using content analysis. Results The majority of students perceived the course and this teaching strategy positively. The domain mean scores were high for Educational Acceptability (mean=4.3, SD=.49) and Educational Impact (mean=4.19, SD=.75) but slightly lower for Preparation for Practice (mean=3.7, SD=.77). Overall student responses to each item were positive with no item mean less than 3.42. Students found the root cause analysis challenging and time consuming but reported development of critical thinking skills about the complexity of practice, clinical governance and risk management principles. Conclusions Analysing complex real life clinical cases to determine a root cause enhanced midwifery students' perceptions of their critical thinking. Teaching and assessment strategies to promote critical thinking need to be made explicit to students in order to foster ongoing development.

Suitably qualified Australian midwives may prescribe drugs. By June 2016, 250 midwives were endorsed to prescribe. The range of drugs that midwives may prescribe is determined by state and territory legislation. There are therefore significant variations across the country in what can be prescribed. Midwives must undertake additional training to become competent to prescribe. Clear guidelines for consultation and referral also underpin safe prescribing.

Background: The Trans-Tasman Midwifery Education Consortium was established in 2017 to provide leadership and strategic direction to drive progressive, high quality, evidence-informed midwifery education. In 2018, the Consortium conducted a Delphi study to investigate the priorities facing midwifery education in Australia and New Zealand.

the predicted midwifery workforce shortages in several countries have serious implications for the care of women during pregnancy, birth and post partum. There are a number of factors known to contribute to midwifery shortages and work attrition. However, midwives assessment of their own professional identity and role (sense of empowerment) are perhaps among the most important. There are few international workforce comparisons.to compare midwives' sense of empowerment across Australia, New Zealand and Sweden using the Perceptions of Empowerment in Midwifery Scale-R (PEMS-Revised).a self-administered survey package was distributed to midwives through professional colleges and networks in each country. The surveys asked about personal, professional and employment details and included the Perceptions of Empowerment in Midwifery Scale-R (PEMS-Revised). Descriptive statistics for the sample and PEMS were generated separately for the three countries. A series of analysis of variance with posthoc tests (Tukey's HSD) were conducted to compare scale scores across countries. Effect size statistics (partial eta squared) were also calculated.completed surveys were received from 2585 midwives (Australia 1037; New Zealand 1073 and Sweden 475). Respondents were predominantly female (98%), aged 50-59 years and had significant work experience as a midwife (+20 years). Statistically significant differences were recorded comparing scores on all four PEMS subscales across countries. Moderate effects were found on Professional Recognition, Skills and Resources and Autonomy/Empowerment comparisons. All pairwise comparisons between countries reached statistical significance (p.001) except between Australia and New Zealand on the Manager Support subscale. Sweden recorded the highest score on three subscales except Skills and Resources which was the lowest score of the three countries. New Zealand midwives scored significantly better than both their Swedish and Australian counterparts in terms of these essential criteria.midwives in New Zealand and Sweden had a strong professional identity or sense of empowerment compared to their Australian counterparts. This is likely the result of working in more autonomous ways within a health system that is primary health care focused and a culture that constructs childbirth as a normal but significant life event. If midwifery is to reach its full potential globally then developing midwives sense of autonomy and subsequently their empowerment must be seen as a critical element to recruitment and retention that requires attention and strengthening.

STEWART S., SIDEBOTHAM M. & DAVIS D. (2012) International networking: connecting midwives through social media. International Nursing Review59, 431–434 Purpose: This article reports on the ‘Virtual International Day of the Midwife E-vent’, an innovative initiative that uses social media to provide opportunities for learning and networking internationally. Background: This e-vent was conceived of and initiated in 2009 by a small group of midwives with an interest in social media. The e-vent uses web conferencing software and schedules a presentation every hour for a 24-h period so as to reach midwives or other interested parties in all time zones of the globe. Methods: The authors draw on their experiences to describe the e-vent including the e-vent aims and organizing processes, and to report on participation trends over the 3-year period. Findings: The e-vent has seen significant growth over a 3-year period with participation increasing from an average of five participants per session to 50. The organizing committee has expanded to include an international team and they have extended the reach of the project by establishing a Facebook page. Conclusions: While the use of social media has its limitations, projects such as the International Day of the Midwife E-vent have real potential to increase access to educational materials and provide opportunities for international networking.

Background Midwifery prescribing was introduced in Australia in 2010 and is available to those notated as Medicare Eligible. Only 59% of Medicare Eligible midwives are endorsed prescribers. Aim To explore and describe Australian midwives views of prescribing including the barriers and enablers to prescribing. Methods Online survey. Eligible participants were Australian midwives who had completed an educational programme required for endorsement as a midwifery prescriber (n = 131). Descriptive statistics and content analysis were used to analyse the data set. Results Sixty-six midwives entered data (50% response rate). Twelve midwives (18%) had commenced prescribing. Prescribers agreed that being able to prescribe enhanced women's access to medicines and role satisfaction. The most common barriers to initiating prescribing were regulatory issues and processes, and no pathway to support midwifery prescribing in the public sector. The enabling factors most commonly reported were supportive relationships, education and personal factors such as motivation, knowledge and confidence. Conclusion Prescribing was viewed positively by midwives, but only a small proportion of suitably educated midwives were able to translate this into prescribing. Prolonged and complicated registration processes, restrictive drug formularies, and a lack of prescribing roles for public sector midwives were clear barriers. Supportive professional relationships, quality education and personal motivation and confidence assisted midwives in overcoming these barriers. Offering mentoring may help midwives to move into prescribing practice and use it in a manner that best meets the health needs of women and infants in midwifery care.

Background: Within the current literature on the globalization of the healthcare workforce, it is difficult to separate the migration experience of nurses from that of midwives. As more countries are moving to offer direct entry educational programmes and provide separate registration for midwives, information specific to that professional group will be required to guide workforce planners and inform employment practice. This qualitative study tracks the migration experience of midwives moving between the UK and Australia. Methods: A purposeful sample of 18 midwives who had migrated from the UK to one state in Australia was interviewed within a descriptive phenomenological framework. Data were analysed using thematic coding within Nvivo (QSR International, Melbourne, Australia). Results: The strongest motivator for migration was to improve the family's lifestyle. Push factors included disillusionment with working conditions, standard of living in the UK and national politics. The majority of midwives had organized their own entry visa and employment. Most midwives had occupied senior positions in the UK but accepted employment initially within entry-level positions in Australia. Discussion: Despite both countries offering similar standards of living, the majority of midwives expected to achieve an improvement in family lifestyle in Australia. Midwives indicated they were prepared to lose professional status and seniority of position to gain a better overall lifestyle for their family. To examine the long-term sustainability of international recruitment processes, further research is indicated to examine the ongoing experience and integration of migrant midwives into the workforce in Australia. © 2011 The Authors. International Nursing Review

Background the number of midwives and nurses migrating from the United Kingdom (UK) and seeking registration in Australia is growing annually. Studies examining nurse migration have yet to identify features of the experience that apply specifically to the midwifery workforce. This information is vital to inform future international recruitment practice and to promote midwifery retention. This paper reports on a study examining the experiences of a group of midwives from the United Kingdom settling into the workforce within one state in Australia. Design this descriptive phenomenological study examined the lived experience of UK migrant midwives practising in Queensland using open ended interviews and reflective journaling. Data analysis was conducted following the guidance of Moustakas, adapted from the van Kaam method of analysis of phenomenological data. Setting all data gathered from midwives living and working in Queensland. Participants midwives ( n =18) working in Queensland who had left the UK after 1 January 2000. Findings a central theme emerging from participants' experiences is described as ‘finding a way'. Their experience was encompassed in a model of acculturation used by the midwives to find their way through the health-care systems in Queensland to be the kind of midwife that suited them and their life style. The three ways of being were influential association, capitulation and detachment. The most common feature of the experience was that of influential association. Key conclusions midwives need to be well informed to provide realistic expectations prior to migration. Recruitment and management personnel should seek to match midwifery capacity with roles where their skills will be maximised.

Background undergraduate midwifery programmes offer opportunities for school leavers and young people (aged less than 21 years) to enter the profession. There is limited research exploring this age groups experience of their Bachelor of Midwifery programme. In order to retain these students we need to ensure that their experiences of undertaking a Bachelor of Midwifery program are positive and barriers and challenges are minimised. Aim this study explored young midwifery students' experience of their Bachelor of Midwifery program. Method a descriptive exploratory qualitative approach was used to explore the experiences of eleven students aged 20 years or less on enrolment. Data was collected using face-to-face or telephone-recorded interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analysis the data set. Findings three major themes described the young students' experiences. The first labelled ‘The challenges of being young' presented a number of age related challenges including transport issues with on-call commitments as some students had not gained a driver's license. Students experienced some degree of prejudice relating to their age from their older student peers and some clinical staff during placements. ‘Finding your way' was the second theme and described the strategies students used to build confidence and competence both in the university and clinical environment. The young students reported a strong commitment to the profession. They demonstrated high levels of connection with women and found the continuity of care experiences invaluable to their learning. The final theme ‘Making the transition from teenager to midwife' demonstrated some unique insights into how studying to become a midwife impacted upon their personal and professional growth. Conclusion the young students in this study encountered some unique issues related to their age. However as they progressed through the program they developed confidence in themselves and visualised themselves as having a long midwifery career. They were strongly motivated towards providing woman-centred maternity care and considered their continuity of care experiences fundamental to them developing a strong sense of themselves as midwives. Attracting and retaining young students is essential if the profession is to realise its goal of ensuring all women have access to a known midwife.