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The field related to the visual system of wild animals is deeply scarce. Settling anatomical and physiological parameters for these animals is still a descriptive vision for Bradypus variegatus (Schinz, 1825). Thus, our research aimed to determine patterns of normal eye for this species. For this purpose, eight eye bulbs were dissected from the carcasses obtained by natural death, and then performed an overview of ocular anatomical. Rebound tonometry (RBT) and ocular B-mode ultrasonography were also applied for eight eyes in four animals from “Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos”, situated in the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco (PE), to estimate the intraocular pressure and ocular ecobiometry. The ocular morphology of sloth is similar as described for other species, however, with some peculiarities. They present a third eyelid emerging in the nasal region of the inferior conjunctival sac and retina and also contain little differentiated blood vessels. Medium the intraocular pressure (IOP) was 4.25mmHg with no difference for both eyes. Ultrasonography of ocular anatomy is also similar regarding other species. Ecobiometric patterns were evaluated to determine the anterior chamber depth, lens width, vitreous chamber depth, and axial length (AL) of ocular globe and the averaged as shown 0.63±1.11mm, 3.73±0.24mm, 6.15±0.41mm, 3.70±0.27mm, and 8.48±0.22mm, respectively. There was no difference between the right and left eyes. The RBT and ocular B-mode ultrasonography are fast exams and easy for animal testing. This study contributed to the characterization of ocular anatomy as well as settling medium values of IOP and intraocular measures; however, further research on physiology and histology is necessary to better understand the visual function of the species. RESUMO: O campo de estudo relacionado ao sistema visual de animais silvestres é muito escasso. Estabelecer parâmetros anatômicos e fisiológicos para estes animais ainda está restrito a uma visão descritiva, assim ocorre em Bradypus variegatus (Schinz, 1825). Diante deste fato, objetivou-se com este estudo determinar padrões de normalidade oftálmica nesta espécie. Para isto foram dissecados oito bulbos oculares de cadáveres obtidos por morte natural e realizada a descrição anatômica ocular. Além disso, foram realizadas tonometria de rebote (TonoVet®) e ultrassonografia em modo B em oito olhos de quatro animais provenientes do Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, Recife/PE, para avaliação da pressão intraocular e realização da ecobiometria ocular. A anatomia ocular do bicho-preguiça é semelhante à descrita para outras espécies com algumas particularidades. Apresentam uma terceira pálpebra emergindo na região nasal do saco conjuntival inferior e retina com vasos sanguíneos pouco diferenciados. A pressão intraocular média foi de 4,25mmHg não havendo diferença entre os olhos direito e esquerdo. A anatomia ocular ultrassonográfica é semelhante à encontrada para outras espécies. Os padrões ecobiométricos obtidos foram: profundidade da câmara anterior, espessura do cristalino, diâmetro do cristalino, profundidade da câmara vítrea e comprimento axial do bubo ocular com tamanhos médios de 0,63±1,11mm, 3,73±0,24mm, 6,15±0,41mm, 3,70±0,27mm e 8,48±0,22mm, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os olhos direito e esquerdo. A tonometria de rebote e a ultrassonografia ocular em modo B são exames de rápida e fácil execução, sendo bem tolerados pelos animais. Este estudo contribuiu para a caracterização anatômica ocular e para o estabelecimento de valores médios da pressão intraocular e das medidas intraoculares, no entanto são necessárias outras pesquisas na área da fisiologia e histologia para melhor compreensão da função visual da espécie.

Common sloth (Bradypus variegatus) is a mammal that belongs to the superorder Xenarthra, typical from neotropical regions, with geographic distribution from Honduras to northern Argentina. Our study aimed to describe the intestine blood supply of these Bradipodids in order to collaborate with the clinical-surgical for these animals. For that, ten animals, included four females and six males, were sampled from the collection of the Anatomy Division, Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco DMFA/UFRPE. Corpses received formalin, preserved in saline solution and subsequently dissected for description of the cranial (AMCr) and caudal (AMC) mesenteric arteries. Sixty percent of sloths presented AMCr and AMC, cwhile 30% of them had intestines (small and large) irrigation from the common mesenteric artery (AMCo), an arterial trunk from which AMCr and AMC originated. For 10% of the specimens, the entire intestine was vascularized only by AMCr. Along the AMCr branches, there were arched arrangements, with arches size reductionat the level of the small intestine. Therefore, B. variegatus presents anatomical variations regarding the irrigation of the intestine, which can be made from AMCr and AMC, from the AMCo arterial trunk or to a lower frequency exclusively through AMCr branches.

O meningioma é a neoplasia intracraniana mais comum em cães na clínica veterinária, em maior parte dos casos possui caráter benigno, além disso, pode vir a surgir em qualquer uma das três meninges que revestem e protegem o sistema nervoso central. O principal sinal clínico do meningioma é a convulsão, porém alteração de comportamento vem sendo relatada com frequência na literatura. A lomustina por ser altamente solúvel em lipídeos, atinge elevadas concentrações no fluido cérebro-espinhoso permitindo que a mesma seja usada como protocoloco quimioterapico para pacientes com meningioma. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho, relatar um caso de meningioma intracraniano em um cão de raça poodle com dez anos de idade destacando sua evolução clínica, diagnóstico presuntivo e conduta terapêutica.

Macrorhabdus ornithogaster, agente das Megabacterioses de forma leveduriforme, é encontrado na microbiota normal do proventrículo de aves. Sob circunstâncias inespecíficas, o equilíbrio hospedeiro-fungo é rompido e os sinais clínicos, chamado “Síndrome Light Going”, se manifestam. M. ornithogaster tem sido diagnosticado em laboratório como causa de doença em uma ampla diversidade de espécies de aves, com prognóstico reservado a depender do caso. Este trabalho aborda uma revisão de literatura sobre a megabacteriose em aves e relata um caso clínico em Calopsita (Nymphicus hollandicus), macho, de raça Cara Branca, com 1 ano de idade, onde se deu entrada na Clínica Veterinária. Por meio do histórico, anamnese, sinais clínicos, exame direto das fezes, chegou-se ao diagnóstico presuntivo da megabacteriose. Para o tratamento foi prescrito Nistatina 100.000 UI/mL/ por via oral (VO) na dose de 0,4mL duas vezes ao dia (Bid), por 15 dias via sonda de alimentação acoplada à seringa de insulina, juntamente com uma gota (gt) de Tilosina e uma gota (gt) de Glicopan Gold em duas tomadas diárias (dose diária recomendada pelo fabricante 1mL ou 11 gts diluídos em 100mL de água ou 2 a 3 gotas, uma vez ao dia) diretamente no bico, além de 5 gotas (gts) de vinagre de maçã em 100 mL de água para beber. Após 7 dias do tratamento, houve melhora do animal, mas ainda apresentava emagrecimento e sementes nas fezes. O tratamento seguiu e com 16 dias de tratamento o animal foi reavaliado, apresentando coloração normal das fezes, ganho de peso, ausência de regurgitação e sementes nas fezes, e voltou a cantar e recebeu alta.

Background: Sloths of the species Bradypus variegatus are mammals with peculiar habits, which feed mostly young leaves of ‘embaúba’ and occur broadly in Central and South America. This specie has the greatest occurrence in Brazilian Northeast, making it a biological model for several researches in the fields as anatomy, physiology, genetics, pathology, histology and ecology, which provide data to literature in order to benefit maintenance and preservation of these animals. This study aimed to describe unpublished data about small and large intestine anatomy of the sloth Bradypus variegatus, in order to collaborate for knowledge of its digestive processes.Materials, Methods & Results: In order to perform this present research, 10 corpses of specie Bradypus variegatus belonged to the acquis of Anatomy Division, Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology (DMFA); Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), with 5 males and 5 females, the study was authorized by Animal Use and Experimentation Ethic Committee license (CEUA-UFRPE), nº 034/2015. All 10 animals used had natural death, were obtained through a donation of CETAS Tangará (Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres - Wildlife Screening Center), and located in the city of Recife. Animals were dissected at abdominal and pelvic portion, from a median sagittal incision, followed by lateral folding of skin, muscle and withdrawal of pubis portion for exposition and description of intestines, with analysis of syntopy and measurement of these organs. A relation was observed among external holes of urinary, reproductive and digestive systems. A relation was still observed among intestines and stomach, liver, kidneys, bladder and abdominal cavity wall. Some animals had absence of sigmoid colon, ventral and dorsal descendent colon. Regarding measurement, small intestine ranged from 147.09 to 163.59 cm for males and 117.44 to 151.28 cm for females, while large intestine varied between 39.68 and 43.35 cm for males, and 33.19 and 44.47 cm for females. Urinary and reproductive systems had a same external hole at perineal portion for both gender. Whereas digestive system ended at anus as occur commonly among mammals.Discussion: Among specimens described, most had the same anatomic profile regarding the intestinal portions and syntopy performed over other abdominal cavity organs. A difference was observed on liver size, increment of 20% for females and males sampled, excluding animals that had absence of structure that were minority, once 40% of females had no ventral descending colon, 20% of males and females had no sigmoid colon, and 20% of males had no dorsal descending colon. However, some animals that had absence demonstrated increase of other adjacent structures, for example, male that had no dorsal descending colon developed the largest sigmoid colon observed among animals measured for portions of duodenum, ventral descending colon, ascending colon and dorsal descending colon. Regarding the measurement of small and large intestine, Bradypus variegatus had differences compared to other herbivores, what suggests that this fact is associated to a restricted diet, in which that animal is submitted. Because of literature shortage about digestive system of specie Bradypus variegatus and other species of wild animals in general, it still difficult to infer or plot more accurate affirmations about this subject.

Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor used to treat depression in pregnant and nursing women. However, recent studies have shown adverse effects in the male reproductive system after fluoxetine treatment. Aiming to analyze the extent of damage caused by fluoxetine in the testicle and safe doses for treatment during the perinatal period, the present study analyzed the effects of in utero exposure and exposure during lactation to fluoxetine in spermatogenesis of male rat offspring in adulthood. Wistar rat dams were orally treated with fluoxetine (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) from 13 days of gestation to lactation day 21 and their offspring were analyzed at 90 days old. Results showed a reduction in the weight of testes (16%), epididymis (28%), and seminal glands (18%) in animals exposed to fluoxetine 20 mg/kg compared to the control. Seminal gland weight was also reduced 25% and 30% in animals exposed to 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg fluoxetine, respectively. Body weight of animals exposed to 20 mg/kg fluoxetine was reduced from post-natal day 9 to 36 compared to controls but from the post-natal day 9 to 36 there was no statistical difference. The volume of seminiferous epithelium reduced 17% and the total volume of Leydig cells reduced 30% in the group exposed to fluoxetine at 20 mg/kg. Furthermore, Leydig cells volume reduced 29% in the 5 mg/kg group. The length of the seminiferous tubules reduced 17% and daily sperm production per testicle also reduced 18% in animals exposed to the highest dose of fluoxetine compared to controls. The individual area of Leydig cells increased 7% and plasma testosterone increased 49% in animals exposed to fluoxetine at 20 mg/kg. In conclusion, exposure to 20 mg/kg fluoxetine via the placenta and during lactation may change testosterone and testicular parameters important for sperm production and male fertility in adulthood.

Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug that has been increasingly used in acute treatment of, and therapeutic support for, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other psychoses. Considering that olanzapine acts on the dopaminergic receptor and this receptor is detected in germ cells, the present study aims to investigate the effects of treatment with different doses of olanzapine on spermatogenesis, plasma testosterone and weight of androgen-dependent organs in rats. Results showed reduced plasma testosterone levels, and reduced testis, epididymis and prostate weights. Histopathologic and histomorphometric analysis of spermatogenesis indicated testicular degeneration. Furthermore, germ cell desquamation, syncytial multinucleated cells, Sertoli cell vacuolization and presence of necrotic and apoptotic germ cells wwew observed. Olanzapine treatment in rats promoted endocrinological changes and lesions in the testis, leading to a disturbance in spermatogenesis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Endogenous opioid peptides play an important role in the ontogenesis of the functional and morphological parameters of the seminiferous epithelium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of neonatal manipulations with naloxone, an opioid antagonist, on the population of Sertoli cells and on sperm production in adult rats. Rats were assigned to receive 8 mug per gram of body weight twice a day with interval of 8 h of naloxone and they were compared to a control group receiving saline. Naloxone groups presented the following findings when compared to the control group: increased body weight from the 2nd to the 27th day; a smaller seminiferous epithelium height, smaller seminiferous tubule diameter, increased number of Sertoli cells and daily sperm production per testis, increased daily sperm production per gram per testis and increased total length of the seminiferous tubule of the treated groups. According to our study, the neonatal treatment with naloxone during the critical period of testis development was able to change the proliferative dynamics of Sertoli cells by an intra and/or extra testicular blockage of opioid receptors, confirming the direct relation between the number of Sertoli cells and the number of spermatozoids.

The ischiatic artery classically described as a branch of the inferior gluteal artery, is a long and thin vessel that is related to the ischiatic nerve. In a dissection was observed that this artery emerges from the internal pudendal artery with a caliber larger than the ones described in the literature. The knowledge of anatomical variations is important to the surgeons, radiologists and anatomists La arteria isquiática se describe clásicamente como una rama de la arteria glútea inferior, es un vaso largo y delgado que se relaciona con el nervio isquiático. En una disección se observó que esta arteria surge de la arteria pudenda interna con un calibre más grande que lo descrito en la literatura. El conocimiento de variaciones anatómicas es importante para los cirujanos, radiólogos y anatomistas

Sloth plows euterians mammals, belonging to the order Edentata, sub-order Xenarthra, infra-order Tardigrada, family Bradipodidae, which comprehend three specimen, Bradypus tridadctylus, Bradypus variegates and Bradypus torquatus. They plows few work found in the literature related to the anatomy of the placenta of this specimen. The material used in this research was consisted of 3 placentas of Bradypus variegatus of adult females (Briton, 1941) original of the Forests of the City of Recife and Zone of the Forest of the State of Pernambuco with average weight 4,2 Kg. Placentas were fixed in buffered glutaraldehyed 4%, pH 7,4, 0,1M and processed goes optical microscopy. Macroscopically was observed that the placenta of the sloth is composed of discoidal lobes and had the fundal position of the uterine cavity. The fetal membranes identified were chorium, applied on the uterine surface and, amnion adherent to inner face of chorium. In the specimen examined presented vestige of allantois sack and vitelline sack in these gestational phase. Anatomically, placenta of Bradypus variegatus could be classified like chorium-amniotic. Microscopic analysis of the placenta showed endothelial cells of maternal vessel hypertrophied and fetal components without cellular limits identified. The fetal tissue presented an epithelioid aspect with fetal vessel surrounded to connective tissue and epithelioid cells or next to maternal vessel. According our description, Placenta of Bradypus variegatus could be classified microscopically in syndesmochorial and endotheliochorial El mamífero euterion perezoso, perteneciente al orden Edentata, sub-orden Xenarthra, infra-orden Tardigrada, familia Bradipodidae, comprende tres especímenes, Bradypus tridadctylus, Bradypus variegates y Bradypus torquatus. Pocos trabajos fueron encontrados en la literatura relacionados con la anatomía de la placenta de este especimen. Usamos 3 placentas de hembras de Bradypus variegatus (Briton, 1941) provenientes de la Floresta de la ciudad de Recife y Zona de la Floresta del Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Las placentas tenía un peso promedio de 4,2 Kg y fueron fijadas en glutaraldehido tamponeado al 4%, pH 7,4, 0,1M y procesadas para microscopía óptica. Macroscópicamente se observó que la placenta del perezoso estaba compuesta por lóbulos discoidales y ocupaba una posición en el fondo de la cavidad uterina. Las membranas fetales identificadas fueron el corion, aplicado en la superficie uterina y amnios adherido a la cara interna del corion. El especimen examinado presentaba vestigios de sacos alantoideo y vitelino en esta fase gestacional. Anatomicamente, la placenta de Bradypus variegatus puede ser clasificada como corion-amniótica. El análisis microscópico de la placenta mostraba células endoteliales de vasos maternos hipertrofiados y componentes fetales sin límites celulares identificados. El tejido fetal presentaba un aspecto epiteliode con vasos rodeando al tejido conectivo y células epiteliales próximas a los vasos maternos. De acuerdo con nuestra descripción la placenta del Bradypus variegatus puede ser clasificada microscópicamente como sindesmocorial y endoteliocorial

Twenty-five animals, Buffaloes fetus, with 5 to 9 months of age (15 females and 10 males) was analyzed by dissection after injected with latex substance. The fetuses were collected in a slaughterhouse and fixed in aqueous formol solution 10%. In the Cranial Vena Cava the following origin tributaries were observed: External right and left jugular veins and their collateral tributaries; the internal right and left jugular veins; the mediastinals and pericardials veins; the internal right and left thoracic; thymic vein; the right and left subclavian vein, the right and left costocervicalvertebral venous trunk, and occasionally the thoracic duct. Para o presente trabalho utilizou-se 25 animais, fetos de búfalos, com idades variando entre 5 e 9 meses, sendo 15 fêmeas e 10 machos, com vistas à dissecação e sistematização dos vasos em estudo. Os animais foram coletados em abatedouro e fixados em solução aquosa de formol 10%. Obtiveram-se para a Veia Cava Cranial os seguintes afluentes de origem: veias jugulares externas direita e esquerda, e os afluentes colaterais: as veias jugulares internas direita e esquerda, veias mediastínicas e pericárdicas, veias torácicas internas direita e esquerda, veias tímicas, veias subclávias direita e esquerda, o tronco costocervicovertebral direita esquerda, e ocasionalmente o ducto torácico.