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Aquaculture is seen as an essential requirement for improving food security and nutrition. Fish such as salmonids are a primary source of protein and essential nutrients. Aquaculture provide income for communities across the world and have a smaller carbon footprint than terrestrial animal-production systems. However, fish diseases are a constant threat, and the use of antibiotics is a source of concern due to its adverse impacts on the environment and human health. Chilean salmon farming has made several efforts to reduce the use of antibiotics for the eradication of piscirickettsiosis, a disease caused by the gram-negative bacteria Piscirickettsia salmonis. Excessive amounts of antibiotics continue to be used in Chilean aquaculture, playing an important role in the emerging public health crisis of antimicrobial resistance. Without doubt, P. salmonis is becoming increasingly resistant to important frontline antimicrobial classes, with severe implications for the future treatment of infectious human and animal diseases. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria as well as antibiotic residues from salmon production are spreading in the environment, and thus both salmon food commodities and wild organisms can become a source of resistant bacteria that can be transmitted to humans as foodborne contaminants. This urgent threat needs to be addressed by implementing national strategies in compliance with international standards that include both prudent antimicrobial use in marine salmon farms and the investment towards a One Health approach, which combines human, animal and environmental health., Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image

Pharmacotherapy has long been used to control viral diseases. However, its success is questionable because its use can negatively impact environmental and human health. An alternative solution is the use of functional foods and diets containing natural products, which tend to be more biodegradable than synthetic molecules and are less likely to generate resistance. Seaweed contains biologically active macronutrients and minerals that offer a natural alternative to synthetic molecules. Red seaweeds, in particular, are a rich source of anti-viral compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two edible red seaweeds, Pyropia columbina and Gracilaria chilensis cryo concentrates (RSCC), on the gene transcription levels in leukocyte proteins involved in antiviral response (INFγ, Mx, interleukin-6, cathelicidin, and lysozyme). The RSCCs were fed to fish (Salmo salar L.) at concentrations of 0.1, 1, or 10 g kg−1 for 56 days, and blood samples were collected at 8 weeks. The transcription levels of key genes associated with the antiviral response were analyzed by qRT-PCR using leukocyte mRNA as template. The Mx transcript level was significantly decreased (p

The Distress Risk Assessment Method (DRAM) was presented by Main, Wood and Hillis in 1992 as a simple means of assessing the risk of failure due to psychosocial factors in spine surgery. To our knowledge, it has not been used in our setting. The aim of this study was to analyse the usefulness of the Spanish translation of this instrument to predict poor outcomes. Methods: A prospective blind study was conducted including 65 patients undergoing spine surgery. We created two groups of patients based on DRAM score: not distressed (NDRAM) or distressed (DDRAM). A visual analogue scale for pain and the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) were used at baseline, 6 weeks and 6 months. Results: 24 patients were classified as DDRAM and 38 as NDRAM, with 3 patients not completing the questionnaires. The analysis found no significant differences in the demographic or clinical variables at baseline. At 6 weeks and 6 months, the NDRAM group showed improvements in low back pain (p &lt, 0.001, p = 0.005), leg pain (p &lt, p = 0.017), physical health (p = 0.031, p = 0.003) and mental health (p = 0.137, p = 0.049). In contrast, in the DDRAM group, though leg pain score improved (p &lt, p = 0.002), there was no improvement at 6 weeks or 6 months in low back pain (p = 0.108, p = 0.287), physical health (p = 0.620, p = 0.263) or mental health (p = 0.185, p = 0.329). Conclusions: In our setting, the DRAM is a useful screening tool, and it has allowed the creation of a program between psychiatry and spine surgery.