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Essential oil from peels of lemon (Citrus Lumion) fruit had been evaluated for its physiochemical, phytochemical compositions and application in skin-care product. Lemon peel oil, which is one of the under-utilized essential oil was isolated from the matured fruits peel using petroleum ether by soxhlet extraction method. The percentage yield of 3.7 %, for air-dried peels and 2.30 %, for fresh peels are acceptable for most plants essential oils. The ash content of both the dried and fresh peels were 1.42 ± 0.001 and 4.007±0.003. Some phytochemicals like, saponins, flavonoids, terpenes, carbohydrates, tannins, were determined using standard methods. The lemon-peel-oil skin-lotion formulation was carried out by mixing 5 ml of the peel oil sample with corresponding mass of basic lotion compositions, in water base-tank, and homogenously mixed in oil base-tank under 700 C. The pH range(6.30), viscosity, spreadability, and properties of the lotion were compared to the non-lemon-oil lotion and to a commercial grade skin lotion.

Jun Wang,1,2 Yulin Zhai,1 Mingguang Ou,3 Yunfeng Bian,4 Chenglong Tang,5 Wanchao Zhang,6– 8 Yujiao Cheng,1,2 Guijie Li1,2 1Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 2National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 3Guang’an Nongfeng Agricultural Development Co., Ltd, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; 4Guang’an Zheng Wang Agriculture Co., Ltd, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; 5Yuanyang Hongtu Grapefruit Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China; 6Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 7National Patent Navigation Project (Chongqing) Research and Promotion Center, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 8Bio-Resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Wanchao Zhang Tel +86-13072382527Email boystory@163.comGuijie Li 15# Ganjucun, Xiema, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400712, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-17388209637Email liguijie@cric.cnAim: Lemon peel, a traditional Chinese medicine, was tested in this study for its novel application in inhibiting cellular oxidative stress, and the effect of lemon peel extract (LPE) on protecting H9c2 rat heart cells from oxidative stress was investigated.Methods: The scavenging effects of LPE on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radicals were measured in extracellular experiments. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolinyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-h-tetrazolylammonium bromide (MTT) assay was used to detect the cell survival rate. The cell supernatant and intracellular oxidation-related indicators were detected by a kit, and the mRNA expression in H9c2 cells was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The chemical substances of LPE were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results: The results showed that LPE exhibited better DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging abilities than vitamin C. Compared with the cells in the normal state (control group), the cell survival rate in the model group decreased, and the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased, the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) decreased, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased. Compared with the control group, the expression of Bcl-2-related X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the model group was increased, and the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) was reduced. Compared with the model group, LPE treatment improved the cell survival rate, reduced the levels of LDH and MDA, increased the levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH, downregulated the expression of Bax, caspase-3, Nrf2 and HO-1, and upregulated the expression of Bcl-2. The composition analysis showed that LPE contained catechin, rutin, naringin, quercetin, and hesperidin.Conclusion: The results indicated that LPE could protect H9c2 cells from oxidative stress through five active components. LPE has the potential to be developed into natural medicine or health food for the inhibition of cell oxidative damage.Keywords: lemon peel, oxidative stress, H9c2 rat heart cell, mRNA expression, HPLC

The aim of this study was to prepare a biodegradable film of sour lemon peel waste. The film of lemon peel powder (LPP) was modified with xanthan gum (XG) and TiO2–Ag nanoparticles (LPP/XG/TiO2–Ag). For this purpose, a central composite design was used to investigate the effect of xanthan gum and TiO2–Ag nanoparticles on the physicochemical and structural properties of the produced film. The results showed that the addition of xanthan gum led to an increase in thickness, moisture and index a of the samples and on the other hand a decrease in moisture and index a was observed with the addition of TiO2–Ag. With increasing xanthan gum, index b decreased slightly and with increasing TiO2–Ag, the amount of yellowness increased. With the addition of gum and nanoparticles, the antioxidant properties were slightly increased. With the addition of xanthan gum and TiO2–Ag, tensile strength and Young's modulus of the film significantly increased and the solubility and WVP decreased (P

Thirty one samples of gum swabs were collected from patients with tooth caries (5-30 years old) from the College of Science (Biology department )- University of Baghdad- Iraq for the period from October 2018 to December 2018. , The samples were transported, after inoculation in a transport media (nutrient broth), to the laboratory of the College of Science and then cultured on mannitol salt agar and blood agar). The isolates belonging to Staphylococcus spp. were identified by biochemical tests and Vitek 2 compact system, while the more antibiotic resistant isolates were identified by using Polymerase Chain Reaction(ï´¾PCR) and sequencing of 16SrRNA . The results showed sharp UV absorption peaks at 330 - 340nm and AFM at 56 nm. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) results showed that lemon silver nanoparticles (NPs) are spherical in shape. The results also demonstrated that the silver NPs have a higher antibacterial activity with a diameter of inhibition zone that reached 16mm as compared with the common three mouthwash and toothpaste brands (Colgate, Crest and Close up) that had inhibition zone values of 5-8mm.

The microwave-assisted extraction of pectin from sweet lemon peel (SLP) was optimized using Box-Behnken design. The highest pectin yield (25.31%) was observed under optimal condition (microwave power of 700 W, irradiation time of 3 min and pH of 1.5). The physicochemical, structural and some bioactivity of the SLP pectin isolated at optimum condition was evaluated. The SLP pectin was rich in galacturonic acid and galactose (87.2 mol%), high in molecular weight (615.836 kDa) and low in degree of esterification (1.2-35.1%). Furthermore, the SLP pectin was composed of 55.7% linear region (homogalacturonan) and 42.2% hairy region (rhamnogalacturonan-I). Also, the FT-IR and H-NMR results confirm the major presence of low methylated galacturonic acid rich structure in the isolated samples. In addition, SLP pectin showed good emulsifying and antioxidant properties. A pseudoplastic flow behavior was observed for SLP pectin solution at higher concentrations (1% w/v). These results represent an inexpensive source for pectin extraction with high pectin yield and good properties.

Pectin extracted via hydrodynamic cavitation in water only from waste lemon peel and further isolated via freeze drying displays significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram positive pathogen which easily contaminates food. The antibacterial effect of the new IntegroPectin is largely superior to that of commercial citrus pectin, opening the way to advanced applications of a new bioproduct now obtainable in large amounts and at low cost from citrus juice industry's waste., Bacteria vs. lemons! Pectin extracted via hydrodynamic cavitation in water only from waste lemon peel and further isolated via freeze drying displays significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram positive pathogen which easily contaminates food.

Dehydrated lemon peel (DLP) at two levels (1.5% and 3%) was included for 30days in the diet of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) and after 15 and 30days the serum and skin mucus of fish were analysed. In serum, both experimental diets led to an initial decrease in glucose and lactate after which the levels became comparable to the control. Dietary DLP modulated the activity of transaminases, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. The total antioxidant status showed a progressive increase in relation to levels of inclusion of DLP and time of administration (p'.05). In skin mucus, some biomolecular markers related to general stress, oxidative stress and apoptosis exhibited variations that suggest an adaptive response of fish to the new metabolic situation, resulting from the experimental diet. The inclusion of DLP in the diet seems to positively modulate the central metabolism and welfare of gilthead seabream.

This study was carried out to clear the effect of addition of pomegranate and lemonpeel extracts as natural antioxidant on Feta like cheese quality. These extracts were added to cheeseduring manufacture at a rate of 0.25 and 0.50% of each extract. Cheese treatments were analyzed forchemical analysis, oxidative stability, microbiological examination and organoleptic properties, whenfresh and after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage at refrigerator temperature. Results showed that theseextracts have a high content of phenolic compounds, and gave high antioxidant activity. As well as theaddition of these extracts to cheese did not significantly affect the chemical composition but affectedthe oxidative stability, bacteriological and organoleptic properties of cheese samples. A clear reductionin peroxide and acid values of cheese samples containing natural extracts during storage period thancontrol cheese samples where observed. As well as total bacterial, coliform, as well as yeast andmould counts of cheese samples contain natural extracts did not detected during storage comparedwith control cheese samples. Also, results showed that organoleptic properties of all cheese treatmentsimproved by progressed of storage period until the end of storage. Cheese containing lemon peelsextracts showed lowest flavour intensity and body characteristics than other cheese. From the previousresults, it could be recommended the use of some natural extracts in feta like cheese manufacture suchas pomegranate and lemon peel extracts at a rate of 0.5%, where it improved the sensory andbacteriological characteristics of cheese samples and increased stability against oxidation.

Objective: This study was planned to synthesizea novel green Zirconium nanoparticles (ZrNPs), fromlemon/and lemon peel with zirconium salt and test its bioactivity against free radicals, and certain cancer celllines (MCF-7).Materials and Method: Lemon/peel extracts were prepared, mixedwith water and heated to80 °C, and filtered. The zirconium nanoparticles were synthesized using (ZrCl3) solution which was addedto the filtrate (juice and peel) in 1:1 proportion, and UV-Visible was taken. Different concentrations wereprepared to study their activity. DPPH assay against free radicals and cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cell linewere measured. Results: UV-Visible absorbance of lemon peel/and lemon NPs was carried out and it wasfound that NPs gave peaks at 457 and 478 nm, while lemon NPs gave peak at 217, and 270 nm. antioxidantactivity of all the solutions were carried out, it was found that the peel and juice nanoparticles gave thehighest scavenging activity % in all concentrations at 800, 600, 400, and 200 µg/ml which were 93, 78, 57,and 20% respectively. The activity against MCF-7 cancer cell line, the highest inhibition percentage effect(95.16) showed by NPs + Peel, while the lowest effect was 18.42.Conclusion: Novel NPs were synthesized form ZrCl3 and lemon extract/and lemon peel, it was found thatthe last one is more active against free radical and MCF-7 cell line.

Lemon peel can be used as traditional Chinese medicine. Flavonoids are the most important components in lemon peel, which can be developed as natural medicine without side effects. This study investigated the protective effect of lemon peel polyphenols (LPP) on human keratinocyte HaCaT cells under oxidative stress. The active components of LPP were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The abilities of LPP to scavenge DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals were studied for detection of antioxidation in vitro. Cell survival rates were determined by MTT assay. The antioxidant enzyme activity and antioxidant index of cells were determined using kit. The mRNA and protein expression of cells were determined by qPCR and western blot. The ability of LPP to scavenge DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals were stronger than those of vitamin C (Vc) at the same concentration. As expected, compared with the normal group of cells, the model group had decreased cell survival, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), decreased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH), and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content. qPCR and western blot results indicated that the expression of Bcl-2-related X protein (Bax), caspases-3, erythroid-derived nuclear factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were decreased and the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) was increased in the model group, compared with the normal group. LPP treatment improved cell survival rate, reduced intracellular LDH and MDA levels, increased intracellular SOD, CAT, GSH levels, down-regulated Bax, caspases-3, Nrf2, HO-1 expression, and up-regulated Bcl-2 expression. Component analyses found that LPP contains gallic acid, neochlorogenic acid, (+)-catechin, caffeic acid, (−)-Catechin gallate, isochlorogenic acid A, rosmarinic acid, and protocatechuic acid. LPP was found to regulate the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway through 8 active substances to protect HaCaT cells against oxidative stress in vitro.

The main purpose of the agriculture circular economy is waste recycling with the intended goal of economic efficiency and environmental protection. In this study, the potential use of lemon peel, an agricultural waste, as a functional feed additive in aquafeed was evaluated by estimating the effects of fermented lemon peel (FLP) supplementation in diet on the growth, immune responses, and intestinal morphology of Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer. Lemon peel was fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum. Basal diet was supplemented with 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% FLP. Four experimental diets were each fed in triplicate to juvenile Asian sea bass (initial weight: 11.42 ± 0.39 g) in a recirculation rearing system for 8 weeks. Final weight, weight gain, feed intake, and survival were similar (p > 0.05) among all dietary treatments. Plasma lysozyme activity was higher in fish fed the diet with 3% FLP than that in fish fed the diet with 5% FLP. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance values were lower in fish fed diets with ≤3% FLP than that in fish fed the diet with 5% FLP. Fish fed diets with 1% and 3% FLP showed a tight lamina propria (LP) in microvilli compared with fish fed diets with 0% and 5% FLP. The microvilli area/height ratio was higher in fish fed diets with 0% and 5% FLP than that in fish fed diets with 1% and 3% FLP. The minimum level obtained from the second-order polynomial regression model were 0.26 % for microvilli area and area/height ratio. Results indicate that diets supplemented with 1 %–3 % fermented lemon peel can improve intestinal health for Asian sea bass. However, 5% FLP supplementation may lead to low immune response and high oxidative stress.

The antibacterial effect of citrus peel lemon against the bacterial strains obtained from the filters of air conditioners have been selected based on the presence most in these filters such as Streptococcus, Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas, E coli. agar well diffusion method used to evaluate antibacterial activity of citrus peels water extract. through the results became clear to us that the cold aqueous extract of lemon peel showed a significant effect on the growth of bacterial species through the diameters of inhibition zone that appeared in all concentrations of the extract (125, 250, 500, 1000) mg/ml. Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus spp were the most affected Where the diameters of inhibition zone (18, 15, 12, 0, 0) mm respectively, while The Gram-negative bacteria E coli least affected. The results obtained in this study indicate that citrus lemon peel can be used in the treatment of diseases caused by organisms for the purposes of the pharmaceutical.

In this study, functionalized biscuits were prepared through the enrichment of dough with lemon peel and natural antioxidants extracted from lemon pomace. Lemon pomace extract (LPE) was analyzed for total phenolic content before addition, and then a known concentration of 50 mg kg−1 was used for the formulation of enriched biscuits. Three different biscuit samples were compared to a control biscuit, without the addition of functional ingredients. The main physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory aspects of doughs and biscuits enriched with LPE were investigated. The enriched biscuits showed higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity than the control one and a longer induction period (IP), which means that the enriched products had a higher intrinsic resistance to lipid oxidation, thanks to the antioxidant effect exerted by the added fresh lemon peel and the LPE. Furthermore, from a sensorial point of view, they showed suitable acceptability, in terms of appearance, flavor, and aromatic attributes. Thus, results indicated that the incorporation of lemon processing by-products allowed the production of functional enriched biscuits with improved antioxidant properties.

The effect of dietary dehydrated lemon peel (Citrus limon) powder (DLPP) on growth, hemato-immunological, antioxidant and stress responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was investigated. Fish (26.8 ± 1.9 g) were randomly introduced to four treatments feeding diets containing 0 (control), 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5% of DLPP diets. After a 45-day period, the fish were exposed to 10-day crowding stress. At the end of feeding trial, growth performance, hematological, immunological, antioxidant parameters and cortisol levels were assessed. The results showed that the dietary DLPP had no significant effects on the fish growth performance (p > 0.05). There were no significant differences in hematological parameters between the control and DLPP before the stress, but the white blood cell significantly (p 0.05). After stress, the immune activity, catalase and superoxide dismutase significantly increased in 1.5% DLPP (p > 0.05). The cortisol level significantly decreased in 0.5 and 1.5% DLPP compared to the control after stress (p > 0.05). Summary, dietary 1.5% DLPP supplementation has beneficial effects to reduce crowding stress and stimulates most of the antioxidant and immune characteristics of rainbow trout, without affecting the fish growth performance.

Soy protein with essential oil of lemon peel was used to produce a biodegradable film, which showed inhibition activity against some species of selected bacterial strains. The films were white cheese coating and studied for its biodegradation in the soil. The percentage of soy protein extract was 15% (W: W) while the percentage of lemon peel essential oil was 3% (V: W). The GC-MS result of lemon peel essential oil consisted of 38 compounds, of which the main compound is D-Limonene in 63.43%. The films produced showed inhibition activity against both Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria. Inhibition activity was highest against Staphylococcus aureus (22 mm zone), while E. coli O157: H7 had the lowest inhibition (18mm) when 0.1mL of essential oil with 10mL film mixed. The coating process of white cheese reduced the total microbial population (CFU/g) during 30 days of storage time. The TCB, TC, ST and MY of cheese coating were 4.28, 1.53, 1.62 and 1.33 log. CFU/g respectively after 30 days compared to the cheese non-coating samples, with 6.53, 2.51, 3.17 and 1.81 log. CFU/g, respectively. The biodegradation in soil was 97 and 72% for soy protein film and soy protein film with lemon peel essential oil after 35 days.

The influence of natural, hot-air and infrared drying on chemical composition and bioactivity of lemon peel essential oil are investigated in this study. The results showed that drying resulted in losses or increases of some components or production of some new substances, but the d-limonene (59.52–70.01%) was found as the main component of essential oil. Drying brought about decreases in the yield, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of essential oil. However, the natural drying had little effect, while the hot-air and infrared drying resulted in significant decreases in these parameters, especially at the higher temperature. The yield was the lowest under hot-air drying (60 °C) and decreased by 78%, while infrared drying (60 °C) sample exhibited the lowest antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Infrared drying was easier to lead to the decrease in bioactivity than hot-air drying at the same temperature. These results provided the theoretical basis for drying lemon peel.

This study examines the ameliorative effects of lemon (Citrus limon) peel (LP) powder on intestinal inflammation and barrier defects in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitic mice. The whole LP powder was fractionated into methanol (MetOH) extract and its extraction residue (MetOH residue), which were rich in polyphenolic compounds and dietary fibers, respectively. Mice were fed diets containing whole LP powder, MetOH extract, and MetOH residue for 16 d. DSS administration for 9 d induced bodyweight loss, reduced colon length, reduced the colonic expression of tight junction proteins including zonula occludens-1 and -2, and claudin-3 and -7, and upregulated colonic mRNA expression of interleukin 6, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2, and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2. Feeding LP powder restored these abnormalities, and the MetOH residue, but not MetOH extract, also showed similar restorations. Feeding LP powder and MetOH residue increased fecal concentrations of acetate and n-butyrate. Taken together, LP powder reduced intestinal damage through the protection of tight junction barriers and suppressed an inflammatory reaction in colitic mice. These results suggest that acetate and n-butyrate produced from the microbial metabolism of dietary fibers in LP powder contributed to reducing colitis.

Sugar beet pulp (SBP) and lemon peel wastes (LPW) were used to obtain two mixtures of pectic oligosaccharides (denoted as SBPOS and LPOS, respectively). Oligogalacturonides in LPOS showed a larger molecular weight, higher degree of methylation and lower degree of acetylation than the ones in SBPOS. The suitability of pectic oligosaccharides, pectins from SBP and LPW and commercial FOS for causing prebiotic effects were compared by in vitro fermentation and fluorescence in situ hybridization using human faecal inocula and eight different probes. The joint populations of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli increased from 19% up to 29%, 34% and 32% in cultures with LPOS, SBPOS and FOS, respectively. Faecalibacterium and Roseburia also increased their counts with all the substrates (especially with LPOS). The highest concentrations of organic acids were observed in media containing oligosaccharides. This work confirms that pectic oligosaccharides present better prebiotic properties than pectins, and similar or better than FOS.

The principal objective of this study was to appraise the variation of antioxidant activity, total phenols, and total flavonoids of fresh lemon peel from regions located Marrakech and Kenitra in Morocco and a region Taiz in Yemen. The test of polyphenol was performed from extracts that were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu technique. Also, an analysis of Flavonoid was performed of was measured by using the aluminum chloride. The Free radical scavenging activity of lemon extracts was measured by 2,2′-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH).The DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract of fresh lemon peel found to be highest at 200μl concentration, which was 77. 15 %; 67. 88 %; 37.74%. Through it, 50% inhibition (IC50) was obtained to be 92. 04; 153. 55 and 215.407 μg/ml in Marrakech, Kenitra, and Taiz, respectively. As well, the values radical scavenging activity of methanolic extract of the same concentration, which are 82, 77 %, 53, 33 %, and 47,5%. Through it, 50% inhibition (IC50) was obtained to be 145. 6; 179. 17 and 274.899 μg/ml in Marrakech, Kenitra, and Taiz, respectively. But regarding the values radical scavenging activity of essential oil of the same concentration, which is 63.77 %, 42.19 %, and 80.25%. Through it, 50% inhibition (IC50) was obtained to be 155.54; 271.158 and 101.31 μg/ml in Marrakech, Kenitra, and Taiz, respectively. According to the results obtained in our study, the antioxidant activity increases with increased polyphenols and IC50 deficiency in Marrakech, Kenitra, and Taiz.

This study evaluated the effect of high pressure processing on the recovery of high added value compounds from citrus peels. Overall, the total phenolic content in orange peel was significantly (P < .05) higher than that in lemon peel, except when pressure treated at 500 MPa. However, lemon peel demonstrated more antioxidant activity than orange peel. Pressure-treated samples (300 MPa, 10 min; 500 MPa, 3 min) demonstrated higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity comparatively to the control samples. For more severe treatments (500 MPa, 10 min), the phenolic content and antioxidant activity decreased in both lemon and orange peels.

Lemon (Citrus limon) is the third most important species of citrus in the world, while Spain is the major producer in Europe. Numerous beneficial effects of lemon are known, which explains their use in traditional medicine. The paper describes the effect of dietary dehydrated lemon peel (a sub-product of the lemon industry) on the growth, immune and antioxidant status of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) over a period of 30 days. Fish fed diets enriched with dehydrated lemon peel (1.5% and 3%) for 15 days showed improved growth and both humoral (seric immunoglobulin M) and cellular (peroxidase activity and phagocytic ability of head kidney leucocytes) immunity, as well as the expression of some immune-related genes (nkefa, il1β, igth and csfr1). However, decreases growth promotion was observed after thirty days of trial. Neither the anti-oxidant enzymes activity nor the expression of several anti-oxidants and anti-stress genes in liver was improved by the diet. The possible inclusion of dehydrated lemon peel in fish diets for its immunostimulant effects is discussed.

Diabetes is classified as a metabolic disorder manifested by elevated level of glucose in the blood. An attempt has been made to compare the antidiabetic activity of hexane extract of lemon peel (Citrus Limon) with that of a marketed product, glimepiride, in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The study was performed by the measurement of blood glucose level using a glucometer. It was found that the hexane extract of lemon peel showed antidiabetic activity comparable to that of glimepiride. It can thus be inferred that the extract of lemon peel possesses significant antidiabetic activity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v15i2.12577 Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 15(2): 131-134, 2012

We prepared fermented lemon peel (FLP) with high antioxidative activity by fermentation of the lemon peel (LP) with Aspergillus saitoi. The antioxidative activity of LP and FLP was examined by the radical-scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in vitro, and the suppressive effect against exercise-induced oxidative damage in rat liver. FLP exhibited higher radical-scavenging activity against DPPH than LP. The administration of LP and FLP prior to exercise significantly suppressed the increases in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance caused by lipid peroxidation during exhaustive exercise, with FLP having a tendency of higher activity than LP. Moreover, FLP showed a significant suppressive effect of Ne-(hexanonyl)lysine content, a primary oxidative stress marker, which increases due to exhaustive exercise, whereas LP did not. The fermentation of LP with A. saitoi was thought to produce a high antioxidative activity. The high antioxidative activity of FLP was assumed to be related to the production of antioxidative flavonoids, as a hydroxyflavanone and aglycones, by the fermentation of lemon peel with Aspergillus saitoi.

In the present study, a high-surface area activated carbon was prepared by chemical activation of lemon peel with H3PO4 as the active agent. Then, the adsorption behavior of Malachite green dye and Pb(II) ions on the produced activated carbon was studied. Batch process was employed for sorption kinetics and equilibrium studies. Experimental data were �tted to various isotherm models. According to the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacities of Malachite green dye and Pb(II) ions were found to be 66.67 and 90.91 mg g-1, respectively, at room temperature. Kinetic studies showed the adsorption process followed a pseudo second-order rate model. The sorption kinetics were controlled by intra-particle diffusion. The results indicated that the produced activated carbon can be economically and effectively used as an adsorbent for the removal of Malachite green dye and Pb(II) ions from wastewaters.

The aim of this work was to compare some in uitro health-promoting properties in fruit dietary fibre (antioxidant activity, fermentability and glucose retardation index), which could be useful to predict their physiological effects better than physico-chemical analyses. These properties were evaluated in mango and lemon peel fibre. Mango fibre was better than lemon fibre because of the highest values of antioxidant activity (67.6%) and glucose retardation index (21.5%). Antioxidant activity is proposed as a new health-promoting property associated to dietary fibre.

Two limonoid glycosides were isolated from lemon peel, and their structures were established on the basis of FAB-MS data, 2D-NMR spectroscopic data, and chemical evidence to be ichangin 4-β-glucopyranoside (1) and nomilinic acid 4-β-glucopyranoside (2).In the present study, compounds 1 and 2 are shown to be new limonoid glycosides.

Two limonoid glycosides were isolated from lemon peel, and their structures were established on the basis of FAB-MS data, 2D-NMR spectroscopic data, and chemical evidence to be ichangin 4-β Jglucopyranoside (1) and nomilinic acid 4-β-glucopyranoside (2). In the present study, compounds 1 and 2 are shown to be new limonoid glycosides.

Patch Testing: Test Concentrations and Vehicles , by Anton de Groot, is a reference book that contains recommended patch-test concentrations and vehicles for 2800 contact allergens. De Groot compiled these recommendations from major textbooks of dermatology, textbooks on contact dermatitis, the patch-test recommendations of the International Contact Dermatitis Group, and the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, and by reviewing all volumes of the journal Contact Dermatitis . The recommendations are contained in a 250-page "table" in which chemicals are listed in alphabetical order. The table also provides synonyms for each chemical, and the synonyms are cross-referenced in the table. In a separate table, de Groot provides patch-test recommendations for a variety of products such as tape, carbon paper, cosmetics, lemon peel, and many others. There are also lists of chemicals that cause contact photosensitivity, contact urticaria, and patch-test sensitization. Alphabetical listing and extensive cross-referencing make it quite easy to find information in

No case of eczema due to lemon peel could be found in the literature; hence this report. J. H., a white man, aged 23, was employed by a beverage manufacturing company for four weeks. A week after he began work he was assigned the task of peeling lemons by hand. Itching sensations, followed by an eruption on the hands and forearms, began soon thereafter. In the midst of the peeling operation he would rub both hands and arms to get relief. When first seen, May 2, 1931, he presented an erythematous, vesicular eruption on the dorsum of each hand and on the anterior and posterior aspects of the forearms. A few scattered minute pustules were on the back of the hands. An erythematous vesicular eruption was found on his chin and neck. Contact tests were carried out with fresh lemon peel and lemon juice. These were negative for the lemon