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Various types of DNA viruses are known to elicit the formation of a large nuclear viral replication compartment and marginalization of the cell chromatin. We used three-dimensional soft x-ray tomography, confocal and electron microscopy, combined with numerical modelling of capsid diffusion to analyse the molecular organization of chromatin in herpes simplex virus 1 infection and its effect on the transport of progeny viral capsids to the nuclear envelope. Our data showed that the formation of the viral replication compartment at late infection resulted in the enrichment of heterochromatin in the nuclear periphery accompanied by the compaction of chromatin. Random walk modelling of herpes simplex virus 1–sized particles in a three-dimensional soft x-ray tomography reconstruction of an infected cell nucleus demonstrated that the peripheral, compacted chromatin restricts viral capsid diffusion, but due to interchromatin channels capsids are able to reach the nuclear envelope, the site of their nuclear egress., published version, peerReviewed

To assess whether it is possible to make accurate vertical measurements of the jaws from panoramic radiographs.Five dry skulls were shifted 5 mm forwards and backwards and tilted 5 degrees up and down in the sagittal plane. Panoramic radiographs of each skull were obtained in nine different positions. In the maxilla, three reference lines were used and vertical measurements were made at the distal surfaces of the first premolar and first molar and in the midline. In the mandible, measurements were made at the distal surfaces of the first premolar and first molar, and at the mental foramen on both sides, and in the midline. The points and lines were marked manually and the radiographs were digitized, magnified and measured.Sagittal shifting and tilting had only a slight effect on measurements in the mandible. Sagittal tilting of the head had the greatest effect on all the measurements made from the line between the articular eminences to the alveolar crest, as well as measurements in the maxillary midline.The line between the articular eminences is unsuitable as a reference line for measurements of the tooth-bearing areas. A slight misalignment of the head does not significantly affect the vertical measurements in the mandible or of the posterior maxilla if the reference lines are in the same vertical plane as the teeth.

In a series of 69 human cadavers (age range 18-95 years), the tortuosity of the lingual artery and its association to age, sex, death of cardiovascular disease and general atherosclerotic state as assessed at necropsy were studied. The tortuosity increased significantly with age, but there were no sex differences. Within the three age groups there were no significant associations between arterial tortuosity and death from cardiovascular disease or general atherosclerotic state.

Several authors have determined clinically the width of attached gingiva (AG) over the deciduous and early permanent dentitions in children. They have noticed that when comparing the width of AG over deciduous teeth to the width of AG over the succeeding newly erupted permanent teeth, a clear diminishing in AG can be seen. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to assess the width of radiologically-defined AG (RAG) over the permanent teeth of 6-, 10- and 12-year-old children. Altogether 123 subjects were recruited. The mucogingival junction (MGJ) was revealed with Schiller's iodine solution and marked over each tooth with a piece of metal wire before taking a panoramic radiograph. The width of RAG over permanent teeth was measured from the radiographs as the midfacial distance from the cementoenamel junction to the mucogingival junction. When comparing the width of RAG over 1st molars and the 1st and 2nd incisors, statistically significant differences were found between 6- and 10-year-olds, between 6- and 12-year-olds and between 10- and 12-year-olds. For the 1st maxillary incisor, the difference in width was not statistically significant between ages 10 and 12 years. The findings seem to justify the conclusion that an inadequate width of AG will correct itself from 6 to 12 years of age without interference by means of periodontal surgery.

The anatomy of the facial, transverse facial and infraorbital arteries and their tortuosity was studied in 69 human cadavers (age range 18-95 years). The types of facial vascularisation were divided into four categories according to the gradually diminishing relative dominance of the facial artery. Type A, in which the facial artery was dominant, comprised 22% of the cases; type B 49%; type C 20%; and the variant of the hypoplastic facial artery, type D, 9% of the cases. The type of vascularisation was not dependent on age or sex. The tortuosity of all three arteries showed a statistically significant increase with age. A weak correlation was found between the relative dominance and the tortuosity of the facial artery.

Summary The use of cylindrical image layers in pantomographic roentgen diagnosis of fractures of the middle third of the face and base of the skull, is presented. Three-dimensional pictures are presented from the horizontal, backward tilt (retroversion) and forward tilt (anteversion) projections as well as the projection of the base of the skull, which yield most information. Of these, the horizontal projection may be considered to be the projection which provides the best basic picture of the middle third of the face. The backward tilt projection reveals the bone structures of the central area and fractures in them best. Fractures in the lateral region are best seen in the forward tilt projection. The radiography of the base of the skull and the lateral walls on one film also presents a new application of the pantomographic technique. The positions of the patient used in taking these roentgenograms with a new pantomographic device developed for patients in a horizontal position are explained, and photographs of them presented. The future aims of this investigation series are referred to in the discussion.

Central neurilemmomas involving the jaws are rare benign tumours probably originating from the neural sheath. We report 2 cases involving the posterior part of the mandible. The 1st case (male, age 20 years) had no symptoms of a tumour, which was discovered by accident in an orthopantomogram. The 2nd case (female, age 66 years) had experienced pain because of a tumour. The radiographic appearance of these tumours seemed to be non-specific. These 2 neurilemmomas have recurred, probably due to incomplete primary removal of the tumour.

In a series of 79 autopsies performed on subjects aged from 18 to 95 years occlusions in the external carotid, maxillary and inferior alveolar arteries were rare: only two cases were found in the maxillary and one in the inferior alveolar arteries. Tortuosity of the arteries increased with age, being most extensive in the external carotid and least in the inferior alveolar artery. Variations in the diameter of the maxillary artery occurred in 11 persons (14%), the incidence increasing with age. The youngest person showing such changes was aged 55 years. The average diameter of the arterial lumen of the inferior alveolar artery decreased with advancing age. This narrowing of the lumen also correlated with the loss of teeth. Calcified atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid bifurcation were present in 59% of the cases studied. In persons aged over 60 years a correlation was found between the carotid calcifications and coronary artery disease.

The present study reports a case in which a clinically asymptomatic radiolucent change surrounded by a sclerotic wall developed below the second molar in the mandible of a middle-aged man. The change was diagnosed as a typical case of Stafne bone cavity. In the earlier literature, development of a mandibular bone cavity has been described in only three patients. The appearance of bone cavities in a mandible that has previously been found normal indicates that these defects are not congenital but developmental processes.

Because of their degree of mobility, the first and second cervical vertebrae differ both anatomically and functionally from the other vertebrae. It follows therefore, that trauma of these two vertebrae create fractures of a singular nature (HOHL 1964, BYRNE et al 1972 and TERMANSEN 1974). In road accidents especially, great pressure may be directed exclusively to the cervical vertebrae. The initial state of these injuries cannot always be determined due, for instance, to the unconscious state of the victim.

Selective external carotid angiography was performed on a series of 80 cadavers and the arteriograms were studied from stereoradiographs taken with a Zonarc@radiographicapparatus. Theorderoframification of the lingual, facial and occipitalarteries varied: the most proximalbranch was most often the lingual (53.8%), whereas the most distal branch was either the facial (40%) or the occipital (36.3%). The facial and lingual arteries had a common origin in 17.5% ofthe cases. Thecourse ofthe maxillaryartery was superficialin 58.2% and deep in 41.8% of this series. In the superficial variant the inferior alveolar artery most commonly arose after the middle meningeal, and the origins of the middle deep temporal and inferior alveolar arteries were always independent. In contrast in the deep variant, the inferior alveolarartery rarely arose after the middle meningeal, and, in most cases, it showed a common origin with the middle deep temporal artery. The maxillofacial region is supplied chiefly by the external carotid artery, but, because of the large number of anatomic variations, the conventional description of its organization (11, 15,19) represents considerable over-sim­

The present material consists of 46 respected molars, 20 of which were located in the maxilla and 26 in the mandible. Altogether, 93 different roots were resected and 109 root fillings made. The follow-up study was made 1-6 years after the apicoectomy. The patients were examined clinically, special attention being paid to the subjective and objective symptoms shown by each apicoetomized tooth. Then a stereoscopic picture of the resected tooth and an orthopantomogram were taken. Of these 46 apicoectomized teeth, 33 (71%) showed complete healing, five (11%) were uncertain, four (9%) showed unsatisfactory healing, and four (9%) were extracted. When examining molars it seems reasonable to study each root as a separate case. Among the 93 apicoectomized roots, there were 75 (81%) cases of complete healing, six (6%) of uncertain healing, four (4%) of unsatisfactory healing, and eight (9%) extractions. There was no difference between the groups of radicular cysts and periapical granulomas in healing. The percentage of cases of complete healing was higher when approximately one-half of the roots were resected than when approximately one-third were resected. The orthograde root filling made in connection with resection was found better than the retrograde or the earlier orthograde filling. It was also found that when several periapical lesions were present in the other teeth, the number of complete healings in the group of resected teeth was less.

(1964). A Roentgenological Study of Internal Defects in Chrome-Cobalt Implants and Partial Dentures. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 215-228.

The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to radiologically investigate the continuous eruption process in the deciduous dentition by assessing the difference in the width of radiologically-defined attached gingiva (RAG) in 6-year-old and 10-year-old children. The group of 6-year-olds had predominantly deciduous teeth and the 10-year-olds were in their mixed dentition period. The mucogingival junction was revealed with Schiller's iodine solution and marked mid-labially along the long axis of each tooth with a piece of metal wire prior to taking panoramic radiographs. The width of RAG over deciduous canines and molars was measured from the cementoenamel junction to the mucogingival junction. A significant increase in the width of RAG was found from 6 to 10 years of age.