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Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma (JNA) remains one of the most enigmatic tumors encountered by laryngotologists-head neck surgeons. Its origin at a particular age in a particular sex has intrigued many. Histopathologically benign, JNAs are locally aggressive tumors with tendency to cause massive recurrent nasal bleeds. While surgery remains the gold standard treatment, a paradigm shift from open approaches to endoscopic approach is noted. Recent advances in genomic testing, radiodiagnosis and endoscopic nasal surgeries allow us to manage these tumors more efficiently. Introduction of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), stereotactic surgery, and interventional radiology (embolisation) has further helped in this cause. This chapter aims to give a brief overview of all these aspects related to JNA with the hope to initiate more ENT surgeons to contribute to further research on this benign but dangerous tumor.

Smile is one of the most natural and important expressions of human emotion. Man uses his lips mainly to register his emotions. Thus, the slightest asymmetry or weakness around the lips and mouth may transform this pleasant expression into embarrassment and distortion. The circumoral musculature, the major part of which is supplied by the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve, is the main factor in this expression. Therefore, an injury to this nerve during a surgical procedure can distort the expression of the smile as well as other facial expressions. This nerve often gets injured by surgeons in operative procedures in the submandibular region, like excision of the submandibular gland due to lack of accurate knowledge of variations in the course, branches and relations. In the present study, 50 facial halves were dissected to study the origin, entire course, termination, branches, muscles supplied by it, its anastomoses with other branches of facial nerve on the same as well as on the opposite side and its relations with the surrounding structures. The marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve was found superficial to the facial artery and (anterior) facial vein in all the cases (100%). Thus the facial artery can be used as an important landmark in locating the marginal mandibular nerve during surgical procedures. Such a study can help in planning precise and accurate incisions and in preventing the unrecognized severance of this nerve during surgical procedures.

Today, Internet is playing a vital role as both an information seeking and an electronic commerce tool thus it becomes indispensable to understand different aspects of web sites and their visibility concerns. At the same time, the number of consumers is seeking ways to infer the customer's interests and to adapt their web sites to make the content of interest more easily accessible. Pattern mining is a promising approach in support of this goal. Assuming that past navigation behavior is an indicator of the user's interests, then, the records of this behavior, kept in the form of the webserver logs, can be mined to infer what the users are interested in. On that basis, recommendations can be dynamically generated, to help new web-site visitors find the information of interest faster. In this work, a new pattern mining algorithm, for efficiently extracting approximate behavior patterns so that slight navigation variations can be ignored when extracting frequently occurring patterns, is introduced. This algorithm is particularly useful with websites that have a large number of web — pages. Our particular approach is tailored to "focus" web sites that offer information on a well defined subject, such as, for example, the web site of an undergraduate course. Visitors of such focused sites exhibit similar types of navigation behavior, corresponding to the services offered by the web sites; therefore, page recommendation based on usage pattern mining can be quite effective.