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Long-term data on sex-differences in coronary plaque changes over time is lacking in a low-to-intermediate risk population of stable coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of sex on long-term plaque progression and evolution of plaque composition. Furthermore, the influence of menopause on plaque progression and composition was also evaluated. Patients that underwent a coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) were prospectively included to undergo a follow-up coronary CTA. Total and compositional plaque volumes were normalized using the vessel volume to calculate a percentage atheroma volume (PAV). To investigate the influence of menopause on plaque progression, patients were divided into two groups, under and over 55 years of age. In total, 211 patients were included in this analysis, 146 (69%) men. The mean interscan period between baseline and follow-up coronary CTA was 6.2 ± 1.4 years. Women were older, had higher HDL levels and presented more often with atypical chest pain. Men had 434 plaque sites and women 156. On a per-lesion analysis, women had less fibro-fatty PAV compared to men (β -1.3 ± 0.4%; p

Aims The relationship between dyspnoea, coronary artery disease (CAD), and major cardiovascular events (MACE) is poorly understood. This study evaluated (i) the association of dyspnoea with the severity of anatomical CAD by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and (ii) to which extent CAD explains MACE in patients with dyspnoea. Methods and results From the international COronary CT Angiography EvaluatioN for Clinical Outcomes: An InteRnational Multicenter (CONFIRM) registry, 4425 patients (750 with dyspnoea) with suspected but without known CAD were included and prospectively followed for ≥5 years. First, the association of dyspnoea with CAD severity was assessed using logistic regression analysis. Second, the prognostic value of dyspnoea for MACE (myocardial infarction and death), and specifically, the interaction between dyspnoea and CAD severity was investigated using Cox proportional-hazard analysis. Mean patient age was 60.3 ± 11.9 years, 63% of patients were male and 592 MACE events occurred during a median follow-up duration of 5.4 (IQR 5.1–6.0) years. On uni- and multivariable analysis (adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, chest pain typicality, and risk factors), dyspnoea was associated with two- and three-vessel/left main (LM) obstructive CAD. The presence of dyspnoea increased the risk for MACE [hazard ratio (HR) 1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.29–1.90], which was modified after adjusting for clinical predictors and CAD severity (HR 1.26, 95% CI: 1.02–1.55). Conversely, when stratified by CAD severity, dyspnoea did not provide incremental prognostic value in one-, two-, or three-vessel/LM obstructive CAD, but dyspnoea did provide incremental prognostic value in non-obstructive CAD. Conclusion In patients with suspected CAD, dyspnoea was independently associated with severe obstructive CAD on CCTA. The severity of obstructive CAD explained the elevated MACE rates in patients presenting with dyspnoea, but in patients with non-obstructive CAD, dyspnoea portended additional risk.

Background and aims: Elevated triglycerides (TG) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) define a specific lipid profile associated with residual coronary artery disease (CAD) risk independently of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Aim of the present study was to assess whether TG/ HDL-C ratio, coronary atherosclerosis and their change over time are characterized by a specific lipidomic profiling in stable patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). Methods: TG/HDL-C ratio was calculated in 193 patients (57.8 +/- 7.6 years, 115 males) with CCS characterized by clinical, bio-humoral profiles and cardiac imaging. Patient-specific plasma targeted lipidomics was defined through a high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) strategy. Patients underwent coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) and an individual CTA risk score, combining extent, severity, composition, and location of plaques, was calculated. All patients entered a follow-up (6.39 +/- 1.17 years), including clinical, lipidomics and coronary CTA assessments. Results: Patients were divided in groups according to baseline TG/HDL-C quartiles: IQ (= 3.287). A specific pattern of altered lipids, characterized by reduced plasma levels of cholesterol esters, phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins, was associated with higher TG/HDL-C both at baseline and follow-up (IVQ vs IQ). The CTA risk score increased over time and this lipid signature was also associated with higher CTA score at follow-up. Conclusions: In stable CCS, a specific lipidomic signature identifies those patients with higher TG/HDL- C ratio and higher CTA score over time, suggesting possible molecular pathways of residual CAD risk not tackled by current optimal medical treatments.

Introduction Catheter ablation is an established therapy for rhythm control in patients with drug-refractory atrial fibrillation (AF), however, recurrence is frequent particularly in persistent AF. There are no consistently confirmed predictors of AF recurrence after catheter ablation. Therefore, we aimed to study whether LAA volume (LAAV) and function influence the long-term recurrence of AF after catheter ablation, depending on AF type. Methods AF patients who underwent point-by-point radiofrequency catheter ablation after cardiac computed tomography (CT) were included in this analysis. LAAV and LAA orifice area were measured by CT. Uni- and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were performed to determine the predictors of AF recurrence. Results In total, 561 AF patients (61.910.2 years, 34.9% females) were included in the study. Recurrence of AF was detected in 40.8% of the cases (34.6% in patients with paroxysmal and 53.5% in those with persistent AF) with a median recurrence-free time of 22.7 9.3-43.1 months. Patients with persistent AF had significantly higher iLAV, LAAV, LAA orifice area and lower LAA flow velocity, than those with paroxysmal AF. After adjustment left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)

BackgroundWe aimed to correlate left atrial appendage (LAA) structure and function with the history of stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).MethodsWe analyzed data of 649 patients with AF who were scheduled for catheter ablation. Patients underwent cardiac CT and transesophageal echocardiography prior to ablation. LAA morphologies depicted by cardiac CT were categorized into four groups: cauliflower, chicken wing, swan and windsock shapes. ResultsMean age was 61.3±10.5 years, 33.9% were female. Prevalence of stroke/TIA was 7.1%. After adjustment for the main risk factors, LAA flow velocity ≤35.3 cm/sec (OR=2.18; 95%CI=1.09-4.61; p=0.033) and swan LAA shape (OR=2.69; 95%CI=0.96-6.86; p=0.047) independently associated with higher, while windsock LAA morphology with lower risk of stroke/TIA (OR=0.32; 95%CI=0.12-0.77; p=0.017) as compared to cauliflower LAA shape. When comparing the differences between LAA morphology groups, we measured significantly smaller LAA orifice area (389.3±137.7 mm2 in windsock vs 428.3±158.9 ml in cauliflower, p=0.021) and LAA volume (7.4±3.0 mm2 in windsock vs 8.5±4.8 mm2 in cauliflower, p=0.012) in patients with windsock LAA morphology, while LAA flow velocity did not differ significantly. ConclusionReduced LAA function and swan LAA morphology were independently associated with higher, while windsock LAA shape with lower prevalence of stroke/TIA. When comparing the differences between the various LAA morphology types, significantly lower LAA volume and LAA orifice area were measured in windsock LAA shape as compared to cauliflower LAA shape.

We assessed whether high triglycerides (TG) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, expressed by an increased TG/HDL-C ratio, predict coronary atherosclerotic disease (CAD) outcomes in patients with stable angina. We studied 355 patients (60 ± 9 years, 211 males) with stable angina who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA), were managed clinically and followed for 4.5 ± 0.9 years. The primary composite outcome was all-cause mortality and non-fatal myocardial infarction. At baseline, the proportion of males, patients with metabolic syndrome, diabetes and obstructive CAD increased across TG/HDL-C ratio quartiles, together with markers of insulin resistance, hepatic and adipose tissue dysfunction and myocardial damage, with no difference in total cholesterol or LDL-C. At follow-up, the global CTA risk score (HR 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.09, P = 0.001) and the IV quartile of the TG/HDL-C ratio (HR 2.85, 95% CI 1.30–6.26, P Trial registration. EVINCI study: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00979199, registered September 17, 2009; SMARTool study: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04448691, registered June 26, 2020.

Background Catheter ablation is an established therapy for rhythm control in patients with drug-refractory atrial fibrillation (AF), however, recurrence is frequent particularly in persistent AF. There are no consistently confirmed predictors of AF recurrence after catheter ablation. The left atrial appendage (LAA) potentially plays an important role in AF recurrence, although the exact mechanism and pathophysiology are still unclear. Purpose We aimed to study whether LAA volume (LAAV) and function influence the long-term recurrence of AF after point-by-point radiofrequency catheter ablation, depending on AF type. Methods AF patients who underwent point-by-point radiofrequency catheter ablation after preprocedural cardiac computed tomography (CT) and transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) were included in this retrospective analysis. LAAV and LAA orifice area were measured by CT and LAA flow velocity assessed by TEE and was used as a surrogate marker of LAA function. Uni- and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were performed to determine the predictors of AF recurrence. Results In total, 561 AF patients (61.9±10.2 years, 34.9% females) were included in the study. Recurrence of AF was detected in 40.8% of the cases (34.6% in patients with paroxysmal and 53.5% in those with persistent AF) with a median recurrence-free time of 22.7 [9.3–43.1] months. Patients with AF recurrence had significantly higher body surface area-indexed left atrial volume (iLAV), LAAV and LAA orifice area, as compared to those without recurrence. Moreover, patients with persistent AF had significantly higher iLAV, LAAV, LAA orifice area and lower LAA flow velocity, than those with paroxysmal AF. After adjustment for the main cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) Conclusions The current study demonstrates that beyond left ventricular systolic dysfunction, LAA enlargement is associated with higher rate of AF recurrence after catheter ablation in persistent AF, but not in patients with paroxysmal AF. Our results suggest that preprocedural assessment of LVEF and LAAV might contribute to optimal patient selection and aid to improve long-term results of ablation procedures in patients with persistent AF. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Quantitative flow ratio (QFR) is a novel technique to calculate fractional flow reserve (FFR), without hyperemia induction or a pressure wire, and has not yet been validated in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), who are at increased risk of coronary microvascular dysfunction. The purpose of our study was to compare the diagnostic performance of QFR in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Patients who underwent invasive coronary angiography and subsequent invasive FFR measurement within 6 months were included. QFR was determined in all coronary arteries in which invasive FFR was performed, using a dedicated software package. Diagnostic accuracy and the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) were determined for QFR, using an invasive FFR cut-off value of

Background: The left atrial appendage (LAA) has been regarded as an important source of cardiac thrombus formation and appears important in the contribution to thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between LAA morphology and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack in 2 large and distinct patient cohorts with and without known AF. Methods: The study population consisted of patients with and without drug-refractory AF who underwent computed tomography before transcatheter AF ablation or clinically indicated for suspected coronary artery disease. The computed tomography data were used for volumetric assessment of the left atrium and LAA and to determine LAA morphology. The LAA was classified by 3 readers in consensus as chicken wing, swan, cauliflower, or windsock, based on predefined morphology classification criteria. Results: In total, 1813 patients (mean age 59±11 years, 42% female) who underwent computed tomography were included in this analysis (908 patients with AF and 905 patients without known AF). Swan LAA morphology was independently associated with prior stroke/transient ischemic attack in the overall study population (odds ratio, 3.40, P P =0.012) and without known AF (odds ratio, 3.96, P =0.011). Conclusions: Swan morphology of the LAA is independently associated with prior stroke or transient ischemic attack in patients with known AF, as well as in patients not previously diagnosed with AF.

Background Coronary artery calcium (CAC) score has shown to provide incremental prognostic information when added to the Framingham risk score. Although the relation between CAC and myocardial ischemia has been evaluated, there has been little evaluation of the relationship between CAC score and inducible myocardial ischemia on computed tomography myocardial perfusion (CTP). Methods and Results Patients who were referred with stable chest pain from the outpatient clinic and who underwent non-contrast computed tomography scan, coronary computed tomography angiography, and adenosine stress CTP were included in this study. CAC score was subdivided in four groups (1 to 99; 100 to 399, 400 to 999, and ≥ 1000). Inducible myocardial ischemia was considered when reversible perfusion defects were observed in ≥ 1 segment. A total of 131 patients (age 62 ± 9.4 years; 56% male) were included. The median CAC score was 241 (73 to 539). Forty-nine patients (37%) had evidence of inducible myocardial ischemia. The presence of inducible myocardial ischemia increased with increasing CAC score from 22% in the CAC score 1 to 99 subgroup to 35, 47, and 65% in the 100 to 399, 400 to 999, and ≥ 1000 CAC score subgroup, respectively. In multivariable analysis CAC score was the only determinant that significantly predicted the presence of inducible myocardial ischemia on CTP. Conclusions In a population of symptomatic patients, the majority of patients with extensive calcification had evidence of inducible myocardial ischemia on CTP. CAC score was the only independent predictor of inducible myocardial ischemia on CTP.

Background: Lipidomics is emerging for biomarker discovery in cardiovascular disease, and circulating lipids are increasingly incorporated in risk models to predict cardiovascular events. Moreover, specific classes of lipids, such as sphingomyelins, ceramides, and triglycerides, have been related to coronary artery disease (CAD) severity and plaque characteristics. To avoid unnecessary testing, it is important to identify individuals at low CAD risk. The only pretest model available so far to rule out the presence of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with chest pain, but normal coronary arteries, is the minimal risk tool (MRT).Aim: Using state-of-the-art statistical methods, we aim to verify the additive predictive value of a set of lipids, derived from targeted plasma lipidomics of suspected CAD patients, to a re-estimated version of the MRT for ruling out the presence of coronary atherosclerosis assessed by coronary CT angiography (CCTA).Methods: Two hundred and fifty-six subjects with suspected stable CAD recruited from five European countries within H2020-SMARTool, undergoing CCTA and blood sampling for clinical biochemistry and lipidomics, were selected. The MRT was validated by regression methods and then re-estimated (reMRT). The reMRT was used as a baseline model in a likelihood ratio test approach to assess the added predictive value of each lipid from 13 among ceramides, triglycerides, and sphingomyelins. Except for one lipid, the analysis was carried out on more than 240 subjects for each lipid. A sensitivity analysis was carried out by considering two alternative models developed on the cohort as baseline models.Results: In 205 subjects, coronary atherosclerosis ranged from minimal lesions to overt obstructive CAD, while in 51 subjects (19.9%) the coronary arteries were intact. Four triglycerides and seven sphingomyelins were significantly (p < 0.05) and differentially expressed in the two groups and, at a lesser extent, one ceramide (p = 0.067). The probability of being at minimal risk was significantly better estimated by adding either Cer(d18:1/16:0) (p = 0.01), SM(40:2) (p = 0.04), or SM(41:1) at a lesser extent (p = 0.052) to reMRT than by applying the reMRT alone. The sensitivity analysis confirmed the relevance of these lipids. Furthermore, the addition of SM(34:1), SM(38:2), SM(41:2), and SM(42:4) improved the predictive performance of at least one of the other baseline models. None of the selected triglycerides was found to provide an added value.Conclusions: Plasma lipidomics can be a promising source of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cardiovascular disease, exploitable not only to assess the risk of adverse events but also to identify subjects without coronary atherosclerosis, thus reducing unnecessary further testing in normal subjects.

Molecular markers are suggested to improve the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) beyond current clinical scores based on age, gender, symptoms and traditional risk factors. In this context, plasma lipids are emerging as predictors of both plaque composition and risk of future events. We aim to identify plasma lipid biomarkers associated to CAD indexes of stenosis severity, plaque lipid content and a comprensive score of CAD extent and its risk. We used a simple high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to identify 69 plasma lipids in 132 subjects referred to Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) for suspected CAD, all under statin treatment. Patients were stratified in groups using three different CCTA-based annotations: CTA-risk score, lipid plaque prevalence (LPP) ratio and the coronary artery disease-reporting and data system (CAD-RADS). We identified a common set of lipid biomarkers composed of 7 sphingomyelins and 3 phosphatidylethanolamines, which discriminates between high risk CAD patients and controls regardless of the CAD annotations used (CTA score, LPP ratio, or CAD-RADS). These results highlight the potential of circulating lipids as biomarkers of stenosis severity, non calcified plaque composition and overall plaque risk of events.

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – EU funding. Main funding source(s): The EVINCI study was supported by a grant from the European Union FP7-CP-FP506 2007 project (GA 222915). The SMARTool study was supported by a grant from the European Union H2020-PHC-30-2015 (GA 689068). This study was also partially supported by a grant from AMGEN (Protocol N. 20167781, 2017). Background. High triglycerides (TG) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) characterize an atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CAD) risk condition defined as atherogenic dyslipidemia. Aim. To assess whether atherogenic dyslipidemia defined by TG/HDL-C ratio predicts CAD related outcomes in patients with stable angina, independently of other risk factors and treatments. Methods. We studied 355 patients (60 ± 9 y, 211m) with stable angina from the EVINCI Outcome study. Patients were characterized for clinical, bio-humoral and imaging profiles, managed clinically, and followed for 4.5 ± 0.9 years. A computed tomography angiography (CTA) coronary risk score was obtained at baseline in all patients, and at follow-up in 154 of them. The primary composite outcome was all-cause mortality and non-fatal myocardial infarction. CTA scan was repeated at follow-up in 154 patients to assess CAD progression. Results. The median value of TG/HDL-C ratio was 2.095 (2.079IQR). At baseline, the proportion of males, smoking, diabetes and metabolic syndrome, as well as circulating bio-markers of abnormal glucose metabolism and myocardial damage progressively increased across quartiles of TG/HDL-C ratio. The CTA score was significantly higher in the IV quartile of the TG/HDL-C ratio and both were the only independent predictors of the primary (CTA Score: HR 1.06, 95%CI 1.03-1.09, p = 0.001; TG/HDL-C IV quartile: HR 2.85, 95%CI 1.30-6.26, p Conclusions. In patients with stable angina, the TG/HDL-C ratio expresses a cardio-metabolic atherogenic disorder which is progressive over time and is associated with CAD related outcomes independently of LDL-C levels and treatments.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence following catheter ablation remains high. Recent studies have shown a relation between epicardial adipose tissue and AF. epicardial adipose tissue secretes several proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipokines that directly interact with the adjacent myocardium. The aim of the current study was to evaluate whether posterior left atrial (LA) adipose tissue attenuation, as marker of inflammation, is related to AF recurrences after catheter ablation. Methods: Consecutive patients with symptomatic AF referred for first AF catheter ablation who underwent computed tomography were included. The total epicardial adipose tissue and posterior LA adipose tissue were manually traced and adipose tissue was automatically recognized as tissue with Hounsfield units (HU) between −195 and −45. The attenuation value of the posterior LA adipose tissue was assessed, and the population was divided according to the mean HU value (−96.4 HU). Results: In total, 460 patients (66% male, age 61±10 years) were included in the analysis. After a median follow-up of 18 months (interquartile range, 6–32), 168 (37%) patients had AF recurrence. Patients with higher attenuation (≥−96.4 HU) of the posterior LA adipose tissue showed higher AF recurrence rates compared with patients with lower attenuation (P =0.046). Univariate analysis showed an association between AF recurrence and higher posterior LA adipose tissue attenuation (≥−96.4 HU; P P =0.181) remained a promising predictor of AF recurrence following catheter ablation. Conclusions: Posterior LA adipose tissue attenuation is a promising predictor of AF recurrence in patients who undergo catheter ablation. Higher adipose tissue attenuation might signal increased local inflammation and serve as an imaging biomarker of increased risk of AF recurrence. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.

Patients presenting with chronic and acute chest pain constitute a common and important diagnostic challenge. This has increased interest in using computerized tomography for non-invasive visualization of coronary artery disease in patients presenting with acute chest pain to the emergency department, particularly the subset of patients who are suspected of having an acute coronary syndrome, but without typical electrocardiographic changes and with normal troponin levels at presentation. As a result of rapid developments in coronary computerized tomography angiography technology, high diagnostic accuracies for excluding coronary artery disease can be obtained. It has been shown that these patients can be discharged safely. The accuracy for detecting a significant coronary artery stenosis is also high, but the presence of coronary artery atherosclerosis or stenosis does not imply necessarily that the cause of the chest pain is related to coronary artery disease. Moreover, non-invasive detection of coronary artery disease by computerized tomography has been shown to be related with an increased use of subsequent invasive coronary angiography and revascularization, and further studies are needed to define which patients benefit from invasive evaluation following coronary computerized tomography angiography. Conversely, implementation of coronary computerized tomography angiography can significantly reduce the length of hospital stay, with a significant cost reduction. Additionally, computerized tomography is an excellent modality in patients whose symptoms suggest other causes of acute chest pain such as aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, or pulmonary embolism. Furthermore, acquisition of the coronary arteries, thoracic aorta, and pulmonary arteries in a single computerized tomography examination is feasible, allowing ‘triple rule-out’ (exclusion of aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism, and coronary artery disease). Finally, other applications, such as evaluation of coronary artery plaque composition, myocardial function and perfusion, and non-invasive assessment of fractional flow reserve from coronary computerized tomography angiography, are currently being developed and may also become valuable in the setting of chronic and acute chest pain in the future.

Background Sex related differences exist for coronary artery disease (CAD). Women tend to be older when presenting with CAD and have lower rates of obstructive disease. Invasive intravascular ultrasound studies have shown differences in plaque composition between males and females. However, these studies were performed in a high risk population needing invasive imaging. Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) allows for a fast and non-invasive quantification of CAD in low risk patients. Sex differences and quantitative analysis of plaque progression and changes in plaque composition have not been studied intensively. Purpose To evaluate the role of sex on long term plaque progression and on the change of plaque composition in a population with low-intermediate risk. Methods Patients that received a coronary CTA were prospectively included in the SMARTool study to receive a follow-up coronary CTA. In total, 275 patients from 5 European countries were recruited in 7 centers. Baseline and follow-up coronary CTA were quantitative analyzed on a per-lesion basis using dedicated software package. Patients without coronary plaques at follow-up or with uninterpretable coronary CTA results were excluded. Total plaque volume and compositional volumes, calcified or non-calcified (defined as fibrous, fibro-fatty or necrotic core), were normalized using the vessel volume to calculate a percentage atheroma volume (PAV). Lesions between males and females were compared using linear mixed models. We further classified patients into age groups Results In total, 211 patients were included in this analysis, 146 (69%) were male and 65 (31%) were female. Mean interscan period was 6.2±1.4 years. Females were older (64±7 vs 61±8 years; p0.05). When stratifying the patients in above and below 55 years old, females still had less fibro-fatty PAV compared to males in both age groups (p Conclusions Males have larger fibro-fatty PAV compared to females, however the rate of change did not differ. Younger women showed more regression of fibrous PAV and non-calcified PAV compared to males. No differences in the rate of plaque progression or plaque composition changes were seen between males and females in the older age group. Figure plaque progression and sex diff Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – EU funding. Main funding source(s): EU H2020 research and innovation program

Background Elevated TG/HDL-C ratio is associated with CVD outcomes in high-risk populations presenting for coronary angiography, but studies were limited in gender-specific populations or in pts with ACS. Purpose Aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic role of TG/HDL-C levels and their association with CAD progression in pts with suspected stable CAD. Methods TG/HDL-C ratio was calculated in 545 pts (60±9yrs,330males) with symptoms of stable CAD enrolled in the EVINCI study. 490 pts underwent coronary CTA to assess the presence of CAD (>50%stenosis) and entered a clinical follow up (4.5±0.9yrs). The CVD outcome measure included all cause mortality, non fatal MI, hospitalization for unstable angina or HF. After 6±1yrs, during the SMARTool study, a second CTA was obtained in 171 EVINCI pts and a CTA risk score (based on plaque extent, severity, composition, and location) was calculated at enrolment and at follow up to assess CAD progression (ΔCTA score). Results Pts were divided according to TG/HDL-C quartiles: IQ (3.33). As reported in Table, the frequency of male, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity increased among quartiles. Glucidic biomarkers progressively increased from quartile I to IV, while LDL-C decreased. The prevalence of obstructive CAD at CTA did not differ among groups. The CVD endpoint occurred in 7% of pts. At multivariable analyses, high TG/HDL-C ratio (IVQ) was associated with the outcome endpoint independently from presence of obstructive CAD and treatment (HR 3.477, 95% CI 1.181–10.239, P=0.0237). CTA score was significantly higher in pts in IVQ compared to IQ at both SMARTool enrolment and follow up (Figure1). A significantly higher ΔCTA score was observed in pts in III-IVQ compared with those in I-IIQ (Figure2). Conclusion Elevated TG/HDL-C ratio is an independent predictor of outcome and it is associated with CAD progression in patients with stable CAD. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – EU funding. Main funding source(s): “EValuation of INtegrated Cardiac Imaging” - EVINCI [GA number: 222915]; “Simulation Modeling of coronary ARTery disease: a tool for clinical decision support - SMARTool” [GA number: 689068]

Aims In patients without obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), we examined the prognostic value of risk factors and atherosclerotic extent. Methods and results Patients from the long-term CONFIRM registry without prior CAD and without obstructive (≥50%) stenosis were included. Within the groups of normal coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) (N = 1849) and non-obstructive CAD (N = 1698), the prognostic value of traditional clinical risk factors and atherosclerotic extent (segment involvement score, SIS) was assessed with Cox models. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were defined as all-cause mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or late revascularization. In total, 3547 patients were included (age 57.9 ± 12.1 years, 57.8% male), experiencing 460 MACE during 5.4 years of follow-up. Age, body mass index, hypertension, and diabetes were the clinical variables associated with increased MACE risk, but the magnitude of risk was higher for CCTA defined atherosclerotic extent; adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for SIS >5 was 3.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3–4.9) while HR for diabetes and hypertension were 1.7 (95% CI 1.3–2.2) and 1.4 (95% CI 1.1–1.7), respectively. Exclusion of revascularization as endpoint did not modify the results. In normal CCTA, presence of ≥1 traditional risk factors did not worsen prognosis (log-rank P = 0.248), while it did in non-obstructive CAD (log-rank P = 0.025). Adjusted for SIS, hypertension and diabetes predicted MACE risk in non-obstructive CAD, while diabetes did not increase risk in absence of CAD (P-interaction = 0.004). Conclusion Among patients without obstructive CAD, the extent of CAD provides more prognostic information for MACE than traditional cardiovascular risk factors. An interaction was observed between risk factors and CAD burden, suggesting synergistic effects of both.

Contains fulltext : 220894.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) AIMS: We aimed to compare semiquantitative coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) risk scores - which score presence, extent, composition, stenosis and/or location of coronary artery disease (CAD) - and their prognostic value between patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM). Risk scores derived from general chest-pain populations are often challenging to apply in DM patients, because of numerous confounders. METHODS: Out of a combined cohort from the Leiden University Medical Center and the CONFIRM registry with 5-year follow-up data, we performed a secondary analysis in diabetic patients with suspected CAD who were clinically referred for CCTA. A total of 732 DM patients was 1:1 propensity-matched with 732 non-DM patients by age, sex and cardiovascular risk factors. A subset of 7 semiquantitative CCTA risk scores was compared between groups: 1) any stenosis ≥50%, 2) any stenosis ≥70%, 3) stenosis-severity component of the coronary artery disease-reporting and data system (CAD-RADS), 4) segment involvement score (SIS), 5) segment stenosis score (SSS), 6) CT-adapted Leaman score (CT-LeSc), and 7) Leiden CCTA risk score. Cox-regression analysis was performed to assess the association between the scores and the primary endpoint of all-cause death and non-fatal myocardial infarction. Also, area under the receiver-operating characteristics curves were compared to evaluate discriminatory ability. RESULTS: A total of 1,464 DM and non-DM patients (mean age 58 ± 12 years, 40% women) underwent CCTA and 155 (11%) events were documented after median follow-up of 5.1 years. In DM patients, the 7 semiquantitative CCTA risk scores were significantly more prevalent or higher as compared to non-DM patients (p ≤ 0.022). All scores were independently associated with the primary endpoint in both patients with and without DM (p ≤ 0.020), with non-significant interaction between the scores and diabetes (interaction p ≥ 0.109). Discriminatory ability of the Leiden CCTA risk score in DM patients was significantly better than any stenosis ≥50% and ≥70% (p = 0.003 and p = 0.007, respectively), but comparable to the CAD-RADS, SIS, SSS and CT-LeSc that also focus on the extent of CAD (p ≥ 0.265). CONCLUSION: Coronary atherosclerosis scoring with semiquantitative CCTA risk scores incorporating the total extent of CAD discriminate major adverse cardiac events well, and might be useful for risk stratification of patients with DM beyond the binary evaluation of obstructive stenosis alone.

Background Progression of coronary artery disease using serial coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) is of clinical interest. Our primary aim was to prospectively assess the impact of clinical characteristics and statin use on quantitatively assessed coronary plaque progression in a low-risk study population during long-term follow-up. Methods Patients who previously underwent coronary CTA for suspected coronary artery disease were prospectively included to undergo follow-up coronary CTA. The primary end point was coronary artery disease progression, defined as the absolute annual increase in total, calcified, and noncalcified plaque volume by quantitative CTA analysis. Results In total, 202 patients underwent serial coronary CTA with a mean interscan period of 6.2±1.4 years. On a per-plaque basis, increasing age (β=0.070; P =0.058) and hypertension (β=1.380; P =0.075) were nonsignificantly associated with annual total plaque progression. Male sex (β=1.676; P =0.009), diabetes mellitus (β=1.725; P =0.012), and statin use (β=1.498; P =0.046) showed an independent association with annual progression of calcified plaque. While hypertension (β=2.259; P =0.015) was an independent determinant of noncalcified plaque progression, statin use (β=−2.178; P =0.050) was borderline significantly associated with a reduced progression of noncalcified plaque. Conclusions Statin use was associated with an increased progression of calcified coronary plaque and a reduced progression of noncalcified coronary plaque, potentially reflecting calcification of the noncalcified plaque component. Whereas hypertension was the only modifiable risk factor predictive of noncalcified plaque progression, diabetes mellitus mainly led to an increase in calcified plaque. These findings could yield the need for intensified preventive treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension to slow and stabilize coronary artery disease progression and improve clinical outcome.

Calcium in the cardiac valves can be observed in patients with severe chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the prevalence and prognostic implications of left-sided cardiac valve calcium in patients with stage 2 and 3 CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 60 to 89 and 30 to 59 ml/min/1.73 m² respectively) is unknown. The present study investigates the prevalence of mitral and aortic valve calcium in patients with stage 2 and 3 CKD and evaluates its association with all-cause mortality. In patients with stage 2 and 3 CKD who underwent clinically indicated coronary computed tomography angiography, the presence of mitral and/or aortic valve calcium was assessed. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the presence of mitral and/or aortic valve calcium on coronary computed tomography angiography. Patients were followed for the occurrence of all-cause mortality (primary end point). Of 204 stage 2 and 3 CKD patients (54% men, mean age 60 ± 10 years), 66 (32%) patients had mitral and/or aortic valve calcium. During a median follow-up of 6 years (IQR; 2, 9 years), 29 (14%) patients died. Patients with mitral and/or aortic valve calcium showed significantly higher mortality rates compared with patients without left-sided valve calcium (log-rank p = 0.009). Mitral valve calcium was independently associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, whereas aortic valve calcium was not. In conclusion, the prevalence of left-sided valve calcium in patients with stage 2 and 3 CKD is high. Mitral valve calcium was independently associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, whereas aortic valve calcium was not.

Contains fulltext : 182860.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Fractional flow reserve (FFR) guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with favourable outcome compared with revascularization based on angiographic stenosis severity alone. The feasibility of the new image-based quantitative flow ratio (QFR) assessed from 3D quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame count using three different flow models has been reported recently. The aim of the current study was to assess the accuracy, and in particular, the reproducibility of these three QFR techniques when compared with invasive FFR. QFR was derived (1) from adenosine induced hyperaemic coronary angiography images (adenosine-flow QFR [aQFR]), (2) from non-hyperemic images (contrast-flow QFR [cQFR]) and (3) using a fixed empiric hyperaemic flow [fixed-flow QFR (fQFR)]. The three QFR values were calculated in 17 patients who prospectively underwent invasive FFR measurement in 20 vessels. Two independent observers performed the QFR analyses. Mean difference, standard deviation and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) between invasive FFR and aQFR, cQFR and fQFR for observer 1 were: 0.01 +/- 0.04 (95% LOA: -0.07; 0.10), 0.01 +/- 0.05 (95% LOA: -0.08; 0.10), 0.01 +/- 0.04 (95% LOA: -0.06; 0.08) and for observer 2: 0.00 +/- 0.03 (95% LOA: -0.06; 0.07), -0.01 +/- 0.03 (95% LOA: -0.07; 0.05), 0.00 +/- 0.03 (95% LOA: -0.06; 0.05). Values between the 2 observers were (to assess reproducibility) for aQFR: 0.01 +/- 0.04 (95% LOA: -0.07; 0.09), for cQFR: 0.02 +/- 0.04 (95% LOA: -0.06; 0.09) and for fQFR: 0.01 +/- 0.05 (95% LOA: -0.07; 0.10). In a small number of patients we showed good accuracy of three QFR techniques (aQFR, cQFR and fQFR) to predict invasive FFR. Furthermore, good inter-observer agreement of the QFR values was observed between two independent observers.

Background and Aims. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease with long-lasting activation of innate immunity and monocytes are the main blood cellular effectors. We aimed to investigate monocyte phenotype (subset fraction and marker expression) at different stages of coronary atherosclerosis in stable coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Methods. 73 patients with chronic coronary syndrome were evaluated by CT coronary angiography (CTCA) and classified by maximal diameter stenosis of major vessels into three groups of CAD severity: CAD1 (no CAD/minimal CAD, n°=30), CAD2 (non-obstructive CAD, n°=21), and CAD3 (obstructive CAD, n°=22). Flow cytometry for CD14, CD16, and CCR2 was used to quantify Mon1, Mon2, and Mon3 subsets. Expression of CD14, CD16, CD18, CD11b, HLA-DR, CD163, CCR2, CCR5, CX3CR1, and CXCR4 was also measured. Adhesion molecules and cytokines were quantified by ELISA. Results. Total cell count and fraction of Mon2 were higher in CAD2 and CAD3 compared to CAD1. By multivariate regression analysis, Mon2 cell fraction and Mon2 expression of CX3CR1, CD18, and CD16 showed a statistically significant and independent increase, parallel to stenosis severity, from CAD1 to CAD2 and CAD3 groups. A similar trend was also present for CX3CR1 and HLA-DR expressions on total monocyte population. A less calcified plaque composition was associated to a higher Mon2 expression of CD16 and higher TNF-α levels. IL-10 levels were lower at greater stenosis severity, while the IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio, a marker of a systemic pro-inflammatory imbalance, was directly correlated to stenosis degree and number of noncalcified plaques. Conclusions. The results of this study suggest that a specific pattern of inflammation-correlated monocyte marker expression is associated to higher stenosis severity and less calcified lesions in stable CAD. The clinical trial Identifier is NCT04448691.

Item does not contain fulltext OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess the prognostic value of a new comprehensive coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) score compared with the stenosis severity component of the Coronary Artery Disease-Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS). BACKGROUND: Current risk assessment with coronary CTA is mainly focused on maximal stenosis severity. Integration of plaque extent, location, and composition in a comprehensive model may improve risk stratification. METHODS: A total of 2,134 patients with suspected but without known CAD were included. The predictive value of the comprehensive CTA score (ranging from 0 to 42 and divided into 3 groups: 0 to 5, 6 to 20, and >20) was compared with the CAD-RADS combined into 3 groups (0% to 30%, 30% to 70% and >/=70% stenosis). Its predictive performance was internally and externally validated (using the 5-year follow-up dataset of the CONFIRM [Coronary CT Angiography Evaluation for Clinical Outcomes: An International Multicenter Registry], n = 1,971). RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 55 +/- 13 years, mean follow-up 3.6 +/- 2.8 years, and 130 events (myocardial infarction or death) occurred. The new, comprehensive CTA score showed strong and independent predictive value using the Cox proportional hazard analysis. A model including clinical variables plus comprehensive CTA score showed better discrimination of events compared with a model consisting of clinical variables plus CAD-RADS (0.768 vs. 0.742, p = 0.001). Also, the comprehensive CTA score correctly reclassified a significant proportion of patients compared with the CAD-RADS (net reclassification improvement 12.4%, p < 0.001). Good predictive accuracy was reproduced in the external validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: The new comprehensive CTA score provides better discrimination and reclassification of events compared with the CAD-RADS score based on stenosis severity only. The score retained similar prognostic accuracy when externally validated. Anatomic risk scores can be improved with the addition of extent, location, and compositional measures of atherosclerotic plaque. (Comprehensive CTA risk score calculator is available at: http://18.224.14.19/calcApp/).

Background Even though implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation for primary prevention has shown to reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death in chronic heart failure patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), a significant portion of these patients will never receive appropriate ICD therapy. We aimed to functionally characterize the arrhythmogenic substrate using left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) and heart-to-mediastinum (H/M) ratio on 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) scintigraphy. Methods We included patients with heart failure with reduced LVEF who received an ICD for primary prevention. To functionally characterize the arrhythmogenic substrate, we measured the LV GLS with two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography and cardiac innervation measured as the H/M ratio on 123I-MIBG scintigraphy. An event was defined as appropriate ICD therapy. Results A total of 155 patients were included, 74% were male and the mean age was 72 ± 9 years. During a median follow-up of 10 (6–12) years, 43 patients (28%) experienced appropriate ICD therapy. Patients that experienced an event were more often male, had more often ischaemic cardiomyopathy and were more likely to have worse renal function. There was no difference in the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) between the two groups (25 ± 6.4% vs 26 ± 6.0%, p = 0.276). However, LV GLS was significantly more impaired in the group that experienced an event compared to patients that did not (− 6.7 ± 2.1% vs − 7.6 ± 2.1%; p = 0.020). The innervation, measured as the H/M ratio on 123I-MIBG scintigraphy was also significantly more impaired in the patients that experienced and event compared to patients that did not (1.34 ± 0.2 vs 1.47 ± 0.2, p ≤ 0.001). Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed LV GLS and H/M ratio independently associated with appropriate ICD therapy with a hazard ratio of 1.24 (95% CI 1.027–1.491, p = 0.025) and 5.71 (95% CI 1.135–28.571, p = 0.034), respectively. LV GLS and H/M ratio were significantly correlated (Pearson correlation coefficient − 0.30, p

Item does not contain fulltext Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the long-term prognostic value of infarct size and myocardial ischaemia on single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT MPI) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods and results: In total, 1092 STEMI patients who underwent primary PCI and SPECT MPI within 1-6 months were included (median follow-up time of 6.9 years). In the entire cohort, SPECT infarct size was independently associated with the composite of cardiac death or reinfarction [hazard ratio (HR) per 10% increase in summed rest score 1.33; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.12-1.58; P = 0.001], whereas myocardial ischaemia was not (HR per 5% increase in summed difference score 1.18; 95% CI 0.94-1.48; P = 0.16). Addition of SPECT infarct size to a model including the clinical variables provided significant incremental prognostic value for the prediction of cardiac death or reinfarction (global chi2 13.8 vs. 24.2; P = 0.002), whereas addition of SPECT ischaemia did not add significantly (global chi2 24.2 vs. 25.6; P = 0.24). In the subgroup of patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 45%, only SPECT ischaemia was independently associated with cardiac death or reinfarction (HR 1.28; 95% CI 1.00-1.63; P = 0.050). Conclusion: In patients with first STEMI and primary PCI, SPECT infarct size was independently associated with cardiac death and/or reinfarction, whereas myocardial ischaemia was not. In patients with LVEF 45%, only SPECT ischaemia was independently associated with cardiac death or reinfarction.

Aims Quantitative flow ratio (QFR) is a recently developed technique to calculate fractional flow reserve (FFR) based on 3D quantitative coronary angiography and computational fluid dynamics, obviating the need for a pressure-wire and hyperaemia induction. QFR might be used to guide patient selection for FFR and subsequent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) referral in hospitals not capable to perform FFR and PCI. We aimed to investigate the feasibility to use QFR to appropriately select patients for FFR referral. Methods and results Patients who underwent invasive coronary angiography in a hospital where FFR and PCI could not be performed and were referred to our hospital for invasive FFR measurement, were included. Angiogram images from the referring hospitals were retrospectively collected for QFR analysis. Based on QFR cut-off values of 0.77 and 0.86, our patient cohort was reclassified to ‘no referral’ (QFR ≥0.86), referral for ‘FFR’ (QFR 0.78–0.85), or ‘direct PCI’ (QFR ≤0.77). In total, 290 patients were included. Overall accuracy of QFR to detect an invasive FFR of ≤0.80 was 86%. Based on a QFR cut-off value of 0.86, a 50% reduction in patient referral for FFR could be obtained, while only 5% of these patients had an invasive FFR of ≤0.80 (thus, these patients were incorrectly reclassified to the ‘no referral’ group). Furthermore, 22% of the patients that still need to be referred could undergo direct PCI, based on a QFR cut-off value of 0.77. Conclusion QFR is feasible to use for the selection of patients for FFR referral.

Item does not contain fulltext BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients who received chest irradiation for treatment of a malignancy are at increased risk for the development of coronary artery atherosclerosis. Little is known about the anatomical coronary artery plaque characteristics of irradiation induced coronary artery disease (CAD). This study aimed to evaluate potential differences in the presence, extent, severity, composition and location of CAD in patients treated with mediastinal irradiation compared with non-irradiated controls matched on age, gender and cardiovascular risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-nine asymptomatic Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma survivors, all treated with mediastinal irradiation with or without chemotherapy, who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) to exclude or detect CAD were included. Patients were 1:3 matched with non-irradiated controls (n=237) for age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, family history of CAD and currently smoking. Mean age at cancer diagnosis was 26+/-9years and age at the time of coronary CTA was 45+/-11years. RESULTS: More patients had an abnormal CTA (defined as any coronary artery atherosclerosis): 59% vs. 36% (P70% (7% vs. 0%) (overall P=0.001). Patients had more coronary artery plaques in proximal coronary artery segments: left main (17% vs. 6%, P=0.004), proximal left anterior descending artery (30% vs. 16%, P=0.004), proximal right coronary artery (25% vs 10%, P

A new method has been developed to calculate fractional flow reserve (FFR) from invasive coronary angiography, the so-called “contrast-flow quantitative flow ratio (cQFR)”. Recently, cQFR was compared to invasive FFR in intermediate coronary lesions showing an overall diagnostic accuracy of 85%. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between cQFR and myocardial ischemia assessed by single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT MPI). Patients who underwent SPECT MPI and coronary angiography within 3 months were included. The cQFR computation was performed offline, using dedicated software. The cQFR computation was based on 3-dimensional quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and computational fluid dynamics. The standard 17-segment model was used to determine the vascular territories. Myocardial ischemia was defined as a summed difference score ≥2 in a vascular territory. A cQFR of ≤0.80 was considered abnormal. Two hundred and twenty-four coronary arteries were analysed in 85 patients. Overall accuracy of cQFR to detect ischemia on SPECT MPI was 90%. In multivariable analysis, cQFR was independently associated with ischemia on SPECT MPI (OR per 0.01 decrease of cQFR: 1.10; 95% CI 1.04-1.18, p = 0.002), whereas clinical and QCA parameters were not. Furthermore, cQFR showed incremental value for the detection of ischemia compared to clinical and QCA parameters (global chi square 48.7 to 62.6; p

Item does not contain fulltext OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to evaluate, in low-to-intermediate pre-test probability patients who were referred for coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) and did not show obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), whether an intramural course of a coronary artery is associated with worse outcome compared with patients without an intramural course of the coronary arteries. BACKGROUND: The prognostic value of an intramural course of the coronary arteries on coronary CTA in patients without obstructive CAD is not well-known. METHODS: The study population consisted of 947 patients with a low-to-intermediate pre-test probability who were referred for coronary CTA and who did not have obstructive CAD. During follow-up, the occurrence of unstable angina pectoris that required hospitalization, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and all-cause mortality was evaluated. RESULTS: On coronary CTA, 210 patients (22%) had an intramural course of a coronary artery. The median depth of the intramural course was 1.9 mm (interquartile range: 1.4 to 2.6 mm). In 84 patients (40%), the depth of the intramural course was considered deep (>2 mm surrounded by myocardium). During a median follow-up of 4.9 years (interquartile range: 3.2 to 6.9 years), a total of 43 events occurred: hospitalization due to unstable angina pectoris in 13 patients (1.4%); 7 patients (0.7%) had a nonfatal myocardial infarction; and 23 patients died (2.4%). The 6-year cumulative event rate of unstable angina pectoris requiring hospitalization (0.0% vs. 1.1%), nonfatal myocardial infarction (0.5% vs. 0.4%), all-cause mortality (1.9% vs. 2.2%) as well as the combined endpoint of all 3 events (2.4% vs. 3.7%) was similar in patients with and without an intramural course of a coronary artery. CONCLUSIONS: In patients without obstructive CAD on coronary CTA, the presence of an intramural course of a coronary artery was not associated with worse outcome.

Background— Epicardial adipose tissue located close to the atrial wall can change the electric conduction of the left atrium, potentially leading to atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of this study was to assess whether an increased atrial adipose tissue mass posterior to the left atrium is related to AF independent of demographical and cardiovascular risk factors. Methods and Results— Two hundred patients with AF and 200 patients without AF who underwent computed tomographic angiography were included. The posterior left atrial adipose tissue mass was quantified on computed tomographic angiography images as tissue with Hounsfield Units between −195 and −45. The adipose tissue mass was significantly larger in patients with AF compared with patients with sinus rhythm: 10.6±5.5 versus 4.7±3.5 g, P P P Conclusions— Posterior left atrial adipose tissue mass is significantly larger in patients with AF versus without AF. An increase in adipose tissue was independently associated with AF and provided incremental value over well-known predictors of AF. These findings add to the hypothesis that the posterior left atrial adipose tissue mass contributes to structural and electric remodeling leading to AF.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) catheter ablation is commonly performed to treat AF. However, the success rate is suboptimal, as is the algorithm to predict success. We recently demonstrated that epicardial fat located posterior to the left atrium (LA) is strongly associated with AF. In this study we

Contrast-flow quantitative flow ratio (cQFR) is a recently developed technique to calculate fractional flow reserve (FFR) from invasive coronary angiography (ICA), obviating the need for hyperaemia induction. The purpose of our study was to assess the feasibility to use cQFR for the selection of