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Disasters are among the crises that can test the decision making skill of elected and appointed public officials from planning through response and recovery. The COVID-19 crisis, a public health emergency rather than one with immediate damage to the built environment, has affected many aspects of community life. Experiences in responding to the pandemic will likely stimulate fresh planning initiatives for public health emergencies. How then should emergency planners approach planning and response tasks? The All-Hazards approach has been a mainstay of both research and policymaking for over 40 years, but it has come under recent criticism. In this paper, we consider if the All-Hazards approach to disaster management is still viable. Comparing the management needs that emerged in the pandemic with those of disasters from more familiar hazard agents, we conclude that the All-Hazards approach is valid and can continue to guide policymakers in their hazard and disaster management activities.Los desastres se encuentran entre las crisis que pueden poner a prueba la capacidad de toma de decisiones de los funcionarios públicos electos y designados desde la planificación hasta la respuesta y la recuperación. La crisis de COVID‐19, una emergencia de salud pública en lugar de una con daños inmediatos al entorno construido, ha afectado muchos aspectos de la vida comunitaria. Las experiencias en la respuesta a la pandemia probablemente estimularán nuevas iniciativas de planificación para emergencias de salud pública. Entonces, ¿cómo deben abordar los planificadores de emergencias las tareas de planificación y respuesta? El enfoque todos los peligros ha sido un pilar de la investigación y la formulación de políticas durante más de 40 años, pero ha sido objeto de críticas recientes. En este documento, consideramos si el enfoque de todos los peligros para la gestión de desastres sigue siendo viable. Al comparar las necesidades de gestión que surgieron en la pandemia con las de los desastres de agentes de peligro más familiares, llegamos a la conclusión de que el enfoque de todos los peligros es válido y puede seguir guiando a los responsables de la formulación de políticas en sus actividades de gestión de peligros y desastres.在各类危机中，灾害能检验经过选举和任命的公共官员在规划、响应和恢复过程中的决策技能。新冠肺炎（COVID‐19）危机是一场公共卫生紧急事件，不是一次对建成环境造成直接损害的灾害，它已影响了社区生活的多个方面。大流行的响应经验将有可能激励全新的规划倡议，以应对公共卫生紧急事件。应急规划者则应如何处理规划和响应任务？全灾害管理模式（All‐Hazards approach）在过去40年里一直是研究和决策的支柱，但最近却遭到了批判。本文中，我们考量了全灾害管理模式是否仍然有效。通过将大流行的管理需求和“由更熟悉的灾害因素造成的灾害”的管理需求进行比较，我们的结论认为，全灾害管理模式仍然成立，并且能继续指导决策者进行灾害管理活动。.

Objective: This study examined social institutions as a contextual factor that may influence perceptions of neighborhood physical and social disorder during disaster recovery. Design: The study used descriptive statistics and fit logistic regression models. Setting and Participants: Participants in this study (n = 772) were recruited from temporary housing in Louisiana and Mississippi as part of the Gulf Coast Child and Family Health Study, a longitudinal study of households heavily impacted by Hurricane Katrina. Community data were obtained from the Dun and Bradstreet Million Dollar Database and the American Community Survey. Outcome measure(s): Social disorder was assessed by asking respondents how concerned they are about issues such as being robbed or walking alone at night. Physical disorder was assessed by asking about problems experienced in the last month such as broken or missing windows and presence of mice or rats. Results: Greater income ( β = −0.17, SE = 0.07), housing stability ( β = −0.16, SE = 0.07), social support ( β = −0.09, SE = 0.04), and home ownership ( β = −0.10, SE = 0.05) were associated with lower social disorder and a larger male population at the community level was associated with greater social disorder ( β = 0.00, SE = 0.00). Greater social support ( β = −0.11, SE = 0.04), housing stability ( β = −0.15, SE = 0.06), and higher income ( β = −0.10, SE = 0.07) were associated with lower physical disorder. Conclusions: Longitudinal research is needed to understand the direction of influence between neighborhood factors and to household ability to provide for basic needs postdisaster. The findings also highlight the need for further research on postdisaster male behavior.

While the All-Hazards approach has been a fixture in disaster management in the United States for approximately three decades, discussion continues regarding the appropriateness of including public health emergencies under the All-Hazards umbrella. Drawing on the disaster and public health literatures, we examine previous research in three areas of relevance to these events: convergence, risk and crisis communication, and providing medical services. Although events often include characteristics unique to each particular hazard, the literature demonstrates that there are sufficient similarities in these areas to advocate for the continued utility of the All-Hazards approach. Convergence of people, material, and information often follow both disasters and public health emergencies, and present similar challenges and opportunities as a result. Crisis risk communication for these events rests on similar underlying theories, and presents similar challenges for practitioners, imposing similar demands on the medical system, both increasing needs for medical services and compromising the system's ability to provide services to meet those needs. Research is needed to explore further parallels between hazards, particularly in mitigation and recovery and in other national contexts. Future work should include direct, empirical comparisons across event types, and include other kinds of environmental or public health hazards.

It is crucial to understand how postdisaster shelter choices affect disaster survivors’ stress. However, no study has investigated the association of different types of temporary shelters on psychological stress symptoms and the possible consequences for long-term recovery. This research aims to fill this gap by using panel data (2005 and 2008) collected from 531 households residing in seven coastal settlements in the Nagapattinam District of Tamil Nadu, which was affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. This study investigates how elements of temporary sheltering (e.g., what type, where, for how long) influence disaster survivors’ experiences of psychological stress symptoms. The authors approached postdisaster shelter not simply as a basic material human need, but as an integral part of social identity, mental well-being, and the reconstitution of economic livelihood. They found a statistically significant decrease in the psychological stress symptoms in disaster survivors three and half years...

In this paper we examine the reconstitution of the Emergency Operations Centre (EOC) after its destruction in the World Trade Center attack, using that event to highlight several features of resilience. The paper summarises basic EOC functions, and then presents conceptions of resilience as understood from several disciplinary perspectives, noting that work in these fields has sought to understand how a natural or social system that experiences disturbance sustains its functional processes. We observe that, although the physical EOC facility was destroyed, the organisation that had been established to manage crises in New York City continued, enabling a response that drew on the resources of New York City and neighbouring communities, states and the federal government. Availability of resources — which substituted for redundancy of personnel, equipment and space — pre-existing relationships that eased communication challenges as the emergency developed and the continuation of organisational patterns of response integration and role assignments were among the factors that contributed to resilience following the attack.

This paper explores the provision of disaster-related behavioural and mental health (DBH) services as a problem of institutional collective action in the United States. This study reviews the challenges that providers have in surmounting multi-organizational disconnects, unstable professional legitimacy, ambiguous information, and shifting disaster needs in developing a system for delivering DBH services. Based on the adaptive governance framework, it argues that existing protocols such as the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and Incident Command System (ICS) may be helpful in advancing collective action, but that real progress will depend on a recognition of norms, expectations, and credentials across many spheres-in other words, on the ability of responders to continuously adjust their procedures and administrative boundaries for behavioural health institutions.