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Objective – integral analysis of effectiveness of anti-epidemic measures applied towards employees of the Amur gas processing plant assigned for rotational work under conditions of COVID-19 pandemic.Materials and methods. Sero-epidemiological study included a questionnaire survey of 1461 workers who arrived through the “clean corridor” in the Amur Region, followed by sampling of biological material (blood and respiratory smears). Testing of blood sera for the presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 of two classes (IgM and IgG) was carried out applying enzyme immunoassay. Using PCR, respiratory smears were examined for the presence of the agent RNA in them. Statistical processing of the results obtained was carried out using conventional methodsResults and discussion. The presence of antibodies of the IgG class was revealed in (4.7±0.55) % of cases. In a small cohort (1.7±0.34 %) of practically healthy individuals, asymptomatic infection was detected, confrmed either by a positive PCR result (0.76±0.23 %), or by the detection of IgM antibodies (1.0±0.08 %). On the basis of the study carried out by the Federal Service for Surveillance in the Sphere of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare on August 01, 2020, “Temporary recommendations on the procedure for admitting to work on a rotational basis under the risk of COVID-19 spread in the Amur Region” were approved. These recommendations set out the algorithm for observation of incoming workers and the order for triage of shift workers after testing by ELISA and PCR. The results of the study demonstrate the effectiveness of anti-epidemic measures related to ensuring the procedure for admission to work on a rotational basis under the risks of the spread of COVID-19.

BACKGROUND With the rapid expansion of pet animal populations worldwide, pet‐related zoonotic diseases are becoming an important issue in public health. Hong Kong (HK), located in southern China, is one of the most crowded urban centres in the world. The population of pets, especially exotic pets, in HK has grown significantly in recent decades, potentially elevating the risk of pet‐related zoonotic diseases. However, no studies have been conducted to explore the knowledge of HK public towards pet‐related zoonotic diseases and animal husbandry practices. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the level of awareness among the HK public of pet‐related zoonotic diseases and their understanding of proper animal husbandry practices. METHODS The study was carried out in HK from June–August 2019 using both online and paper versions of a questionnaire. A total of 362 completed questionnaires (74.3% return rate) were collected and the responses analysed. RESULTS Sixty percent of the participants were current or past pet owners or planned on becoming pet owners in the coming 2 years, irrespective of their income or size of their living space. Among the participants, pet owners (including those who planned pet ownership) had a relatively higher level of awareness of pet‐related zoonotic disease. However, the overall awareness of zoonotic diseases among both pet and non‐pet owners was low with a knowledge score of, A survey of the Hong Kong (HK) public was conducted to determine the level of knowledge of zoonoses and pet care. The survey revealed limitations in awareness of zoonotic diseases and pet husbandry. This combined with small living spaces shared with pets indicates a potential risk of zoonotic disease transmission.

Air pollution has a serious and adverse effect on human health, and it has become a risk to human welfare and health throughout the globe. One of the major effects of air pollution on health is hospitalizations associated with air pollution. Recently, the estimation and prediction of air pollution-based hospitalization is carried out using artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques, i.e., deep learning and long short-term memory (LSTM). However, there is ample room for improvement in the available applied methodologies to estimate and predict air pollution-based hospital admissions. In this paper, we present the modeling and analysis of air pollution and cardiorespiratory hospitalization. This study aims to investigate the association between cardiorespiratory hospitalization and air pollution, and predict cardiorespiratory hospitalization based on air pollution using the artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. We propose the enhanced long short-term memory (ELSTM) model and provide a comparison with other AI techniques, i.e., LSTM, DL, and vector autoregressive (VAR). This study was conducted at seven study locations in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The utilized dataset contains the data from January 2006 to December 2016 for five study locations, i.e., Klang (KLN), Shah Alam (SA), Putrajaya (PUJ), Petaling Jaya (PJ), and Cheras, Kuala Lumpur (CKL). The dataset for Banting contains data from April 2010 to December 2016, and the data for Batu Muda, Kuala Lumpur, contains data from January 2009 to December 2016. The prediction results show that the ELSTM model performed significantly better than other models in all study locations, with the best RMSE scores in Klang study location (ELSTM: 0.002, LSTM: 0.013, DL: 0.006, VAR: 0.066). The results also indicated that the proposed ELSTM model was able to detect and predict the trends of monthly hospitalization significantly better than the LSTM and other models in the study. Hence, we can conclude that we can utilize AI techniques to accurately predict cardiorespiratory hospitalization based on air pollution in Klang Valley, Malaysia.

Purpose: to analyze the epidemiological situation for a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19), to identify some regional features of the Rostov region that contribute to spread of infection.Materials and methods: when assessing the epidemiological situation for a new coronavirus infection in the Rostov region, we used information provided by the Department of the Federal service for supervision of consumer protection and human welfare in the Rostov region. Processing of statistical data was performed by means of generally accepted method.Results: the spreading of a new coronavirus infection in the Rostov region is uneven in nature. When differentiating the territories of the region we identified groups of municipalities with a very high, medium and low number of patients. The administrative territories division of the Rostov region into the “Rostov urban agglomeration” and cluster of municipalities in which pronounced factors and conditions determining the “pendulum” migration of the population are absent, allow analyzing the specific features of the region and identification of territory with the highest risk of epidemic process intensification of a new coronavirus infection.Conclusions: the carried out differentiation of municipalities made it possible to identify and analyze some territorial features of the Rostov region, contributing to the spread of a new coronavirus infection. The obtained results could be used for development of measures aimed at reducing intensification of the epidemic process COVID-19 in condition infection.

The study Global Burden of Disease (GBD) drew international healthcare community's attention to the burden of neurological disorders and many other chronic conditions. This study highlighted that the burden of neurological disorders was seriously underrated by traditional epidemiological and health statistical methods that prefer only mortality rates but not disability rates. There has recently been a great deal of interest in stem cells and the nervous system, in terms of their potential for deciphering developmental issues as well as their therapeutic potential. With the advancement in cell culture, isolation techniques, and molecular analyses, various types of stem cells have now been broadly classified, isolated, and characterized from different parts of the body, even from brain and heart. The concept of stem cell-based therapy provided new hope for the treatment of neurological diseases. In this review we will discuss about ongoing stem cell therapy for neurodegenerative disease.

Mangrove is a unique ecosystem in coastal areas that plays an important role in protecting environment and can improve human welfare. Mangrove rehabilitation is carried out to restore the declining mangrove ecosystem and active community involvements are needed to ensure the success of rehabilitation. This study aims to analyze community participation and formulate strategies to increase community participation in mangrove rehabilitation activities, which were carried out in three villages in Cantigi Sub-District, Indramayu District, namely Cemara, Cangkring, and Lamaran Tarung. Data on community participation was collected through structured interviews and analyzed using a Likert Scale. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method through in-depth interviews with eight key informants was conducted to formulate strategy on increasing community participation. The result shows that the level of community participation in mangrove rehabilitation activities in all the study locations is very low. The community is only participates in the activities of collecting mangrove seeds, making planting media, and implementing mangrove planting. The typology of participation is at the manipulative stage, which means that community participation is only carried out by community representatives, such as members of the mangrove forests farmer group in each village. We recommend that by increasing the intensity of rehabilitation activities as well as providing financial support for mangrove rehabilitation facilities and its infrastructures can improve community participation

Conservation officials work to manage complex and interacting human-environmental systems, where balancing needs between the two systems can become a source of tension. This study presents information on the use of natural resources by, and the health and welfare of, rural communities within and near Ankarafantsika National Park (ANP) in northwestern Madagascar. We focus on behaviors that are difficult for natural resource managers to measure themselves, including the hunting of threatened and protected wildlife and on sensitive information about humanwealth, health, and food security. We surveyed 41 9 households and measured the health of 1 860 individuals in 1 8 communities adjacent to or within the boundaries of ANP. We found a very high prevalence of child malnutrition, illness, and food insecurity and a heavy reliance on natural products to meet subsistence needs. More than 90% of the population reported that they hunted wildlife and harvested wild vegetables at least one day during the prior week as a direct means to cope with their food insecurity. Further, we found a high reliance on the forest for both healthcare and the building of adequate shelter. Efforts to improve overall food security would likely improve both human welfare and the long-term conservation of the threatened wildlife and habitat of Ankarafantsika. These data can help both conservation and community livelihood programs to find integrated solutions to the shared challenges of improving the well-being of human populations and the protection of Madagascar’s unique, endemic, and highly threatened biodiversity. Les gestionnaires oeuvrant pour la protection de la nature sont généralement confrontés à des systèmes socio-écologiques complexes et interactifs dans lesquels la recherche de l’équilibre entre les besoins de ces deux systèmes peut s’avérer être une source de tension. Cette étude présente des informations sur l'utilisation des ressources naturelles par les communautés rurales riveraines du parc national d'Ankarafantsika (PNA) dans le nord-ouest de Madagascar, ainsi que sur la santé et le bien-être de ces communautés. L’étude s’est en particulier orientée sur les comportementsdifficiles à mesurer pour les gestionnaires de ressources naturelles, à savoir la chasse d'animaux sauvages menacés et protégés et les informations portant sur l’opulence, la santé et la sécurité alimentaire des gens. Une enquête a été réalisée auprès de 41 9 ménages et l’état de santé de 1 860 personnes a été mesuré dans 1 8 communautés vivant à la périphérie ou à l’intérieur des limites du PNA. Une très forte prévalence de la malnutrition infantile a été observée ainsi que diverses pathologies, une insécurité alimentaire et une dépendance importante à l'égard des produits naturels pour répondre aux besoins de subsistance. Plus de 90% de la population a déclaré qu'elle avait chassé des animaux et récolté des plantes sauvages au moins un jour au cours de la semaine précédente, à titre de moyen direct pour faire face à l' insécurité alimentaire. Une forte dépendance à l'égard des forêts a également été notée pour les produits destinés à la santé et la construction de maisons. Les efforts visant à améliorer la sécurité alimentaire dans son ensemble pourraient vraisemblablement améliorer le bien-être humain aussi bien que la conservationà long terme de la faune et des habitats menacés de l'Ankarafantsika. Ces données peuvent aider les programmes de conservation et de subsistance de la communauté à trouver des solutions intégrées aux problèmes communs de l’amélioration du bien-être des populations humaines et de la protection de la biodiversité unique, endémique et hautement menacée de Madagascar.

Any substantial and extraordinary role of a Solar, Lunar or Venus in the huge rise in present Global Heat Contents (GHC), Temperature, Hurricanes, storms, wildfires and resulting worldwide huge growth in calamities after 1965/70 was denied on the ground that no sizeable change in activities of these bodies matching in timings, stature and persistency with the Global Heat and Temperature (GHT), etc. was observed or reported. Yet their activities are contributing and these may be mishandled by any unscientific or illogical event or operation. Thus their roles have been reviewed in the light of some events and their possible correlation has been established for development planners and scientific community to revisit, review and revise the ongoing illogical and inappropriate activities for human welfare and safe existence of life on the earth Globe.

The article shows the main problems of application of risk assessment methodology in the work of the Office of Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare in the city of Moscow. There are established priorities on the improvement of the risk assessment methodology, the solution of which as a whole will ensure not only the integrity and objectivity of the results, but also help, eventually, to harmonize risk assessment in our country with the world's leading systems in this area.

Background Nutritional well-being is the prerequisite condition for a sustainable improvement in human welfare. Human gut microbiota plays a magnificent role in balancing the condition of metabolic syndrome management. Currently, the gut microbiome mediated immune system is gaining attention for the treatment of several health ailments such as diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, and malnourishment. Bioactive compounds from marine polysaccharides from seaweeds are found beneficial for enhancing the activity of gut microbes. Scope and approach There were limited reviews in recent times to discuss the updates on extraction, purification and biological activities of dietary fibers using non-conventional methods. The present review inspects on the proximal and structural composition of seaweed polysaccharides and their methods of extraction and purification aspects. It also focuses on the immune modulating mechanisms of prebiotic-probiotic synergetic interaction by stimulating beneficial gut microbial activity and by the production of short-chain fatty acids. The mutual relationship between prebiotics and probiotics that leads to a healthy gut was targeted in the present review. Key findings and conclusions Marine seaweeds polysaccharides are the untapped bioresources to be explored for its biotherapeutic properties of dietary fibers. The practical complications on extracting polysaccharides by a single technique could be overcome by adopting the strategy of utilizing combinatorial extraction and purification techniques. Its prebiotic effect aids in the enhancement of gut microbial activity by exhibiting the properties of non-digestibility, fermentability, and pathogen inhibition potential. The impending benefits of dietary fiber from seaweed polysaccharides as prebiotics for formulating functional food ingredients along with probiotic microbes to exhibit immunomodulation applications. Therefore, intended human clinical trials should be carried out to evaluate and discover the probiotic-prebiotic relationship in the human gut, which could step out the research to the next level in the medicinal world.

Scytonemin is a lipid-soluble, highly stable, yellow–brown-coloured secondary metabolite that is accumulated in the extracellular polysaccharide sheath of several but not all members of cyanobacteria. Chemically, scytonemin is an indole alkaloid composed of two heterocyclic units symmetrically connected through a carbon–carbon bond. Thus, scytonemin is unique among natural products due to its special structure, location in a cell, as well as strong absorption maxima in UV-A in addition to the violet–blue region. Traditionally, scytonemin is a well-established photoprotective compound against ultraviolet radiation. Its accumulation in the cyanobacterial sheath has been suggested to be a strategy adopted by several cyanobacteria to protect their cellular components against damaging effects of UVR. Additionally, recent studies have also established the importance of scytonemin in reactive oxygen species scavenging as well as in controlling the growth of cancerous cells. Thus, scytonemin is both ecologically as well as pharmaceutically important metabolite. Recent developments made in the biochemistry and genetics of this compound have paved the way for its application and commercialization for human welfare. This review aims to present a brief history of the compound with chronological developments made in the study of scytonemin and emphasizes its physiochemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, and genetics. We provide a separate section for metabolic engineering and potential applications of scytonemin, mainly as sunscreen and anti-cancerous drugs. We also discuss the future research directions which need to be worked out.

Fungi are universally present; however, till date only few species have been explored for human welfare, e.g., penicillin, a secondary metabolite that has had a great impact on human civilization. It was a groundbreaking discovery that enabled the researches to further explore the great biodiversity of fungi and eventually use them for human welfare. Fungi are capable to produce a variety of primary and secondary biomolecules that have great value in medicine, industries, and agriculture. In addition, it has tremendous application in soil and waste water remediation. Fungi produce antibiotics (e.g., penicillin, glycopeptides, quinolones, etc.) and industrially important enzymes (e.g., cellulase, xylanase, protease, etc.), and apart from that, they produce toxins (e.g., ergot, patulin, etc.) which in prescribed amount are used as a lifesaver. In addition to that, the endophytes are also known to produce a huge diversity of metabolites. Thus, the present chapter discusses in detail about the various applications of fungi, and its metabolites such as enzymes and mycotoxins along with its limitation, and future prospect.

Respiratory viral infections are leading causes of death worldwide. A number of human respiratory viruses circulate in all age groups and adapt to person-to-person transmission. It is vital to understand how these viruses infect the host and how the host responds to prevent infection and onset of disease. Although animal models have been widely used to study disease states, incisive arguments related to poor prediction of patient responses have led to the development of microfluidic organ-on-chip models, which aim to recapitulate organ-level physiology. Over the past decade, human lung chips have been shown to mimic many aspects of the lung function and its complex microenvironment. in this review, we address immunological responses to viral infections and elaborate on human lung airway and alveolus chips reported to model respiratory viral infections and therapeutic interventions. Advances in the field will expedite the development of therapeutics and vaccines for human welfare., Ege University Research FundEge University [FGA-2020-21686]; Turkish Ministry of DevelopmentTurkiye Cumhuriyeti Kalkinma Bakanligi [21531]; European UnionEuropean Commission [760921], O.Y.-C. would like to acknowledge funding provided by the Ege University Research Fund under Grant No. FGA-2020-21686 and the Turkish Ministry of Development under Grant No. 21531. A.M.G. would like to acknowledge funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant Agreement No. 760921 (PANBioRA).

Tannase is an inducible industrially important enzyme, produced by several microorganisms. A large number of bacteria have reported as tannase producers; however, some of them are pathogenic in nature. Therefore, it is quite uncertain whether the application of these tannase enzymes from such pathogenic bacteria is suitable for industries and human welfare. Till date, there is no clear evidence regarding which group of bacteria (non-pathogenic or pathogenic) is better suited for their application in the edge of industries with particular reference to the food industry. The present study is following the findings of the above queries. In this study, a large number of tannase protein sequences have been retrieved from the databases, including both non-pathogenic and pathogenic bacterial species. Physiochemical and evolutionary properties of those sequences have been evaluated. Results have shown that non-pathogenic bacterial tannase possesses a high number of acidic and basic amino acid residues as compared to their pathogenic counterparts. The acidic and basic amino acid residues of tannase provide unique microenvironment to it. In the other hand, the numbers of disorder forming residues are higher in tannase sequences of pathogenic bacteria. The study of tannase microenvironment leads in the formation of salt bridges, which finally favoring the stability and proper functioning of tannase. This is the first report of such observation on tannase enzyme using in silico approach. Study of the microenvironment concept will be helpful in protein engineering., Biochemistry; Bioinformatics; Biotechnology; Microbiology; Molecular biology; Proteins; Tannase; Pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria; Salt bridge; Microenvironment; Order and disorder forming residues

Objective of the study is to conduct epidemiological analysis of official statistical data on brucellosis morbidity rates over the period of 2005–2014 in different constituent entities of the Russian Federation, using Wald method. Materials and methods. Utilized were recording and reporting documents of the Federal Service for Surveillance in the Sphere of Consumers Rights Protection and Human Welfare, FBHI “Federal Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology” of the Rospotrebnadzor, and WHO information resources. Results and conclusions. Studies of peculiarities of epidemic process development over the long-term period have allowed for identification of entities that are the most affected by the diseases. The results obtained on the morbidity rates in the Russian Federation over the period of 2005–2014 testify to the fact that first comes North Caucasian Federal District (NCFD) (62 %), next go Siberian (SbFD) (16 %) and Southern (SFD) (13 %) Federal Districts, second and third lines of the list respectively. Other regions account for 9 % of the load. The largest share of morbidity in NCFD entities belongs to the Republic of Dagestan – 62 %. Thereat, annual increment rate is 5.54 cases, which points to stabilization and some downward trend. Application of this morbidity rate prediction tool provides for in-time planning of clinical-diagnostic, prophylactic, and anti-epidemic measures in brucellosis foci. Wald method for forecasting of morbidity can be used for other infectious diseases too.

Introduction Traditional medicine plays an important role in the primary healthcare of people residing in forest areas and selling raw herbal products provides livelihood opportunities. In view of this, an extensive survey was undertaken among local people and herbalists in Sathyamangalam forests of Western Ghats, India in order to conduct a quantitative analysis of traditional knowledge about herbal medicines practiced along with their market potential. Methods Data associated with the information collected from ethnic people were analysed using the frequency of citations. During the survey period, 45 informants were identified who had much knowledge on practicing herbal medicines. Results A total of 78 plants representing 41 families and 68 genera were recorded to treat 40 types of ailments. Of these 64 species were sold by traders, local people and herbalists in herbal markets. Also 71 species of documented plants were included in the list of traded Indian plants. Conclusion Our study exhibited the importance of plant sources to human welfare which can serve as a key for discovery of potential new drugs. Through the results of our explorative field survey and previous reports, Andrographis alata, Aristolochia bracteolata, Aristolochia tagala, Bulbophylum fuscopurpureum, Canarium strictum, Cinnamomum tamala, Curculigo orchioides, Ipomoea obscura, Mucuna pruriens, Pandanus odoardii and Tylophora asthmatica were investigated pharmacologically, as these plants were frequently used by studied ethnic people. So we suggest that there is a need for more future scientific research on these plants to determine their efficacy and safety based on their associated ethnomedicinal uses documented in the present study.

The paper analyzes official statistical data, as well as visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases who have visited the Clinical Center, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, and the results of parasitological studies of the materials submitted to the Reference Center for Monitoring of Leishmaniasis, E.I. Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases. Account is taken of the observations made by the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, and of the literature data available in Russian and foreign (Ukraine) scientific journals and monographs. During the period of 1932 to 2015, a total of 14 VL cases acquired in the Crimea were notified, of which there were 4 cases of VL concurrent with HIV infection. The majority of infections occurred in the eastern part of the peninsula. Given that many areas of Crimea have the status of recreation and annually receive millions of vacationists, it is necessary to conduct a more in-depth study of all aspects of this infection.Проведен анализ данных официальной статистики, а также случаев висцерального лейшманиоза у больных, обратившихся в клинический центр Первого МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова, и результатов паразитологических исследований материалов, присланных в референс-центр по мониторингу за лейшманиозами НИИМПиТМ им. Е.И. Марциновского. Учтены наблюдения Центрального НИИ эпидемиологии Роспотребнадзора и данные литературы отечественных и зарубежных (Украина) научных журналов и монографий. Всего за период с 1932 по 2015 г. зарегистрировано 14 случаев приобретенного в Крыму висцерального лейшманиоза, из которых было 4 случая сочетания ВЛ и ВИЧ-инфекции. Большинство заражений происходило в восточной части полуострова. Учитывая, что многие районы Крыма имеют рекреационный статус и ежегодно принимают миллионы отдыхающих, необходимо проведение более углубленного изучения всех аспектов этой инфекции.

The complex of actions is presented carried out by the Local Administration of Russian Federal Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare Supervision Service in the Rostov Region together with the Ministry of Health of the Rostov Region and Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Rostov Region, aimed at the prevention of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections and including: organizational work, results of epidemiological surveillance during interepidemic and epidemic periods with the epidemiological situation assessment, managerial decision-making on the basis of the results obtained, as well as working with reference-centers. The epidemic rise of incidence in the season of 2015 - 2016 was more intensive judging by the majority of characteristics in comparison with the previous period. The main etiological agent of infection was influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 characterized by the early onset of epidemic rise from mid-January 2016, the lesser engagement of children from 3 to 6 years of age into epidemic process but maximal engagement of schoolchildren aged 7 - 14, by the higher rate of disease development, higher per cent of hospitalized with influenza diagnosis, and maximal number of deceased at the peak of epidemic.

The field of reproductive epidemiology has primarily focused on reproductive outcomes and gynaecologic cancers. The study of non-cancerous, gynaecologic conditions (eg, uterine fibroids, endometriosis) has not received serious treatment in existing epidemiology textbooks and reproductive epidemiology curricula. Further, these conditions do not neatly fit into the other common subdisciplines within epidemiology (eg, infectious disease, cardiovascular, injury and occupational epidemiology and so on). In this commentary, we identify and illustrate three critical challenges to advancing the epidemiologic research of non-cancerous, gynaecologic conditions. With greater investment and a patient-centred approach, epidemiology can advance knowledge about this critical area of human welfare.

Aim. Analyze epizootologic manifestations of natural-focal infections (NFI) in the south of Russia in 2015. Materials and methods. Reports provided by administrations of Federal Service of Surveillance for Protection of Consumers Rights and Human Welfare, Centers of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Research Institutes for Plague Control and Station for Plague Control were used. Data processing was carried out using Excel program. Results. A total of 37 738 samples of field material were studied, most of those - for tularemia (8268), Crimea hemorrhagic fever (6894) and West Nile fever (4875). Causative agents of 15 nosologic forms of NFI were detected during epizootologic examination of the territory of south of Russia, predominating amount of positive samples was obtained during study of material for tick-borne borreliosis (612), Crimea hemorrhagic fever (279) and tularemia (237). Conclusion. Analysis of epizootologic situation on natural-focal infections in the south of Russia gives evidence on the increase of activity of natural foci of bacterial (tularemia, tick-borne borreliosis), rickettsia (tick-borne spotted fevers) and viral infections (Crimea hemorrhagic fever, West Nile fever, tick-borne viral encephalitis), and thus problems of prophylaxis of natural-focal infectious diseases and constant monitoring of natural foci in subjects of Southern, North-Caucasian and Crimea federal districts are of particular importance.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:47:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-01-01 Landscape changes can lead to bee species loss, what impairs proper landscape level pollination processes, impacting both nature conservation and human welfare. Although landscape heterogeneity can rescue bee communities from collapsing, these insects seem sensitive to reduced functional connectivity, hindering pollen transfer among plants. Our objective was to verify which of these two factors, landscape heterogeneity or functional connectivity, can better explain variations of bee abundance and richness in a fragmented Atlantic Forest region. We sampled flower-visiting bees in 12 landscapes with varying heterogeneity and functional connectivity measured using a Functional Ecological Corridors framework. Both richness and abundance were affected by landscape factors, reaching its highest levels at intermediate levels of functional connectivity in highly heterogeneous landscapes, indicating the existence of strong regime shifts in the system. In low-forested landscapes, conservation actions for pollinating bees should focus on implementing diversified environments with high quality which are interspersed among each other and with native vegetation. Landscape Ecology and Analisys Pack (LEAP) Biology Department Faculty of Philosophy Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto University of São Paulo Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab (LEEC) Ecology Department São Paulo State University (UNESP) Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab (LEEC) Ecology Department São Paulo State University (UNESP)

Plants have been used since ancient times to heal and cure diseases and to improve the health and the wellbeing of the populations. Medicinal and aromatic plants still form the basis of traditional or indigenous health systems of the populations in most of the developing countries, as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO).As a result of the expanding interest in medicinal and aromatic plants, new income generating opportunities are opening up for rural populations. With many of the MAPs gathered from the wild, the recollection and sale of MAPs is providing a complementary source of income for many poor rural households.Currently, we are facing an incomparably growing pressure on plant populations in the wild due to the increasing commercial recollection, largely unmonitored trade, and habitat loss. Profound knowledge of the features of the (international) trade in botanicals (size, structure, streams, commodities, traded quantities and their origin) is (1) essential for assessing the trade's impact on the plant populations concerned; and (2) required for conservation concepts and measures which have to meet future supply and the provisions of species conservation. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

7-Isopentenyloxycoumarin is among the most widespread naturally occurring prenyloxy umbelliferone derivatives. This secondary metabolite of mixed biosynthetic origin has been typically isolated from plants belonging to several genera of the Rutaceae and Apiaceae families, comprising widely used medicinal plants and in general plants with beneficial effects on human welfare, as well as edible fruits and vegetables. Although known for quite a long time (more than 50 years), only in the last two decades has this natural compound been revealed to exert powerful and promising pharmacological properties, such as active cancer chemopreventive, antibacterial, antiprotozoal, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antioxidant properties, among the activities best outlined in the recent literature. The aim of this comprehensive miniature review article is to detail the novel natural sources and the effects described during the last decade for 7-isopentenyloxycoumarin and what has been reported on the mechanisms of action underlying the observed biological activities of this oxyprenylated secondary metabolite. In view of the herein described data, suggestions on how to address future research on the abovementioned natural product and structurally related derivatives in the best ways according to the authors will be also provided.

Access to veterinary services in marginalized communities has important implications for people and animals around the world. Subsidized veterinary services are occasionally provided, however, they are seldom evaluated for their value to stakeholders and overall animal health. In 2017, we evaluated a decade-long veterinary program in four remote communities in the Sahtu Settlement Area of the Northwest Territories, Canada to understand if there were changes in dog husbandry and community perceptions of, and experiences with, dogs since an initial assessment at the beginning of the program in 2008. Using questionnaires and a dog census, we found a significant increase over time in dog health indicators, including the proportion of dogs that had received preventive veterinary care and had been sterilized. We documented significant changes in the described purpose of dogs, husbandry practices, experiences with dogs, and attitudes towards dogs and veterinary services. In 2017, respondents commonly described their dog(s) as companions and as part of their family. However, communities differed in the way dogs were housed and fed and in their attitudes towards dogs and dog-related issues. These inter-community differences are noteworthy as they impact service provision, uptake, and evaluation and must be taken into consideration in order to develop effective programs. Regular program evaluations are critical to check in with stakeholders, to ensure the program is meeting community needs, and to optimize effective use of resources.

Recent years more and more research is going on nanotechnology and associated science, which mainly focused on human welfare and clinical field. Different nanocarriers have not only used in targeted drug or nucleotides or proteins delivery, but they also demonstrated upgraded advancement over conventional techniques. Therefore, we have divided this chapter into four parts, in which the first part completely introduced nanocarriers and their laboratory-based synthesis methods. Second part explained the characteristic of nanocarriers along with merits and demerits of different nanocarriers in use in several severe disorders. Third part is important elaborates regarding the type of nanocarriers, their use in drug or nucleic acid delivery in different disorders and most importantly commercialized therapy in different diseases and their current status in the market. Fourth and last part of chapter mainly focused on rules and regulations of nanomedicine preparation and characterization in Indian scenario, along with future concern in reference to use of nanocarriers in complex disorders and their potential growth in the clinical field.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is the global public health arm of the United Nations Organization (UNO). It came formally into existence with the adoption of its Constitution on 7 April 1948, a day now celebrated the world over as World Health day. Because of the indisputable importance of health for human welfare, well-being, flourishing, and the capacity to enjoy the other goods of human life, the WHO is arguably the most important branch or agency of the UNO. The power and influence of the WHO is evident in all countries of the world, and health ministries, as well as medical practitioners, obey it like an oracle and quote its instructions and recommendations with finality. As far as medical science and practice are concerned, the WHO is the foremost regulatory authority in the world.

Organic animal farming is a novel approach to raising organic livestock without using any chemical or antibiotics. In the last few decades, foodborne bacterial pathogens have become more resistant due to an unrestricted use of antibiotics. Through the spreading of resistance, bacteriophages have been recognized as an effective tool to control antibiotic-resistant pathogenic strains. Even, advanced molecular biology, phage-based therapy, genetic engineering technology, and CRISPR-Cas systems have been considered as an ultimate tool for the rapid detection and control of multidrug-resistant pathogenic strains. This new approach mainly focuses on minimizing the usage of antimicrobial agents, stopping the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, and designing a healthy life for animals and humans. In this chapter, we describe the impact of antibiotics and the application of bacteriophages in the production of organic farm animals and their products. This study aimed to improve the quality of animal and human welfare using advanced application of bacteriophages.

Green nanoparticles are environment friendly and have established a promising role in drug delivery. These plant-based nanoparticles may be effective alternatives to antibiotics in combating different pathogenic fungi because of undergoing mutations and resistance in pathogens. However, their toxicity in humans should be checked before they can be recommended as therapeutics. The chapter deals with diverse metal nanoparticles used for human welfare, their chemical and biological synthesis as green nanoparticles, various applications, and their limitations during application, with special emphasis on their antifungal properties.

The article focuses on workplace hygiene, public health, and the impact of technological, economic, and social changes on employment and health. It comments on the decline in labor unions and how existing labor unions use their bargaining power to resist cuts to benefits such as health care. It talks about how artificial intelligence and robotics could soon make most labor and jobs redundant. It mentions the need for legislation to protect workers and use technology to improve human welfare.

Diseases affecting endodermal organs like the pancreas, lung and gastrointestinal (GI) tract have a substantial impact on human welfare. Since many of these are congenital defects that arise as a result of defects during development broad efforts are focused on understanding the development of these organs so as to better identify risk factors, disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Studies implementing model systems, like the amphibian Xenopus, have contributed immensely to our understanding of signaling (e.g. Wnt, FGF, BMP, RA) pathways and gene regulation (e.g. hhex, ptf1a, ngn3) that underlie normal development as well as disease progression. Recent advances in genome engineering further enhance the capabilities of the Xenopus model system for pursuing biomedical research, and will undoubtedly result in a boom of new information underlying disease mechanisms ultimately leading to advancements in diagnosis and therapy.

Based on the reference data on monitoring of natural-focal infections, collected from the institutions of the Federal service for surveillance in the sphere of consumers rights protection and human welfare, estimated are the morbidity rates for natural-focal and zoonotic diseases in Siberia and Far East Region within a period of 9 months, 2013. Established is the scope of laboratory investigations as regards anthrax, brucellosis, tularemia, yersinioses, leptospirosis, borreliosis, rickettsiosis, and a number of viral infections. It is determined that high waters in the Amur River region did not have any considerable impact on the epidemiological situation in 2013, however in 2014 epizootic and epidemic complications are expected to take place, for the prevention of which enhanced package plan is being implemented. The situation on tularemia in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District, and brucellosis - in the Republic of Tyva and Trans-Baikal Region is still tense.

Unemployment is an established predictor of psychological distress. Despite this robust relationship, the long-term impact of unemployment on human welfare has been examined in relatively few studies. In this investigation we test the association between the life-time duration of unemployment over a 34 year period from 1974 to 2008 and psychological distress at age 50 years in a sample of 6253 British adults who took part in the National Child Development Study (NCDS). In addition to adjusting for demographic characteristics, we account for the role of childhood psychological factors, which have been shown to predict adult occupational and mental health outcomes and may determine the connection between unemployment and distress. We find that intelligence and behavioral/emotional problems at age 11 predict both unemployment and psychological distress later in life. Furthermore, as predicted, the duration of unemployment throughout adulthood was associated with elevated levels of psychological distress at age 50, after adjusting for demographic characteristics including labor force status at age 50. The emotional impact of unemployment was only marginally attenuated by the inclusion of childhood factors and early-life distress levels in the analyses. Thus, unemployment may lead to worsening distress levels that persist over time and which cannot be attributed to childhood or early-life well-being or cognitive functioning early in life. Our analysis further supports the idea of psychological scarring from unemployment and the importance of employment outcomes for adult well-being.

Biomarker discovery is relying on the sensitivity and specificity of the detected biomolecules in clinical samples. Several potential biomarkers against the particular disease cannot be detected because of the unavailability of either specific procedure or sensitive instrument or both, which hamper the diagnosis. In spite of that some of the potential biomarkers are available in trace amount in biological fluids like serum, urine, buccal swab, sputum etc. and need a sensitive method to detect precisely those biomolecules. Now days Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) is Mass Spectrometry based approached who can overcome the problems associated with biomarker discovery. India have adequate and variety of clinical samples but some time due to lack of infrastructure and knowledge we are unable to utilise those samples for human welfare. In this review, we are discussing about the experimental setup and procedure of SRM experiment.

The Rostov-on-Don Anti-Plague Research Institute interacts with a number of health and scientific institutions of the Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare Supervision. The basis of this interaction is formed by the activity on execution of existing and development of new regulatory guidance documents; the work of the Reference Center for cholera monitoring; monitoring of the state of natural focal infections in the Rostov Region; the assessment of anti-epidemic preparedness of health care centres; professional training; guidance and practical assistance to comply with biological safety requirements; as well as the fulfillment of relevant scientific research themes.

Macroeconomic aspects of nutritional policies and the implications of macro policies on nutritional outcomes are presented in this chapter. Macroeconomic policies and the changes in global economic trends have a profound impact on human welfare, as is indicated by poverty, hunger, and malnutrition levels. Understanding the pathways through which such changes affect nutritional outcomes is important for designing policies that will improve nutritional outcomes, and protect vulnerable sections of the population from sliding into poverty and malnutrition. Yet such analysis continues to be the domain of very few macroeconomists. The purpose of this chapter, which complements Chapter 4, Microeconomic Nutrition Policy, on microeconomic issues and their application to food consumption and nutrition, is to expose the readers to the approaches to studying the nutritional implications of macroeconomic policies.

Recently, channelrhodopsins (ChRs) have begun to be used to manipulate the neuronal activity, since they can be targeted to specific neurons or neural circuits using genetic methods. To advance the potential applications in the investigation and treatment of neurological disorders, the following types of basic research should receive extensive financial support. The spectral and kinetic properties of ChRs should be optimized according to the application by generating variants of ChRs or exploring new rhodopsins from other species. These ChRs should be targeted to the specific types of neurons involved in the neurological disorders through a gene expression system using cell- or tissue-specific promoters/enhancers as well as gene delivery systems with modified virus vectors. The methods have to be developed to apply the genes of interest with safety and long-term effectiveness. Sophisticated opto-electrical devices should be developed. Appropriate primate animal model systems should be established to minimize the structural differences between small animals such as rodents and human beings. In this paper, we will review the current progress in the basic research concerned with the potential clinical application of ChRs and discuss the future directions of research on ChRs so that they could be applied for human welfare.

In some languages, major changes in the veterinary profession are mirrored in the names used by those engaged in this branch of medicine during different periods of history. These names were most often derived from the animal species that were of predominant importance in any given period. The terms veterinarius, mulomedicus (mule healer) and hippiater (horse doctor) reflect the major importance of these animals in Roman and Greek antiquity. Draft and pack animals (Latin: veterina) played a major role in the improvement of mankind’s living conditions. Without their help, men and women had to do all the heavy labor with the help only of primitive instruments, and they had to transport all burdens themselves. Horses became of paramount importance in warfare. Chivalry (cheval in French: horse) attained a high status in mediaeval society. This high esteem for horses, horse riding and everything associated with it continued even after the horse had lost its military significance. We see this in terms such as maréchal in French (meaning both ‘shoeing smith’ and ‘field-marshal’), marshal in English, maarschalk in Dutch, derived from an old Germanic word for ‘keeper of the horses’ but originally meaning ‘horse boy’. Similar titles were paardenmeester for ‘horse master’ in Dutch, and Rossarzt or Pferdarzt in German. The terms veterinarian and vétérinaire, which are generally used in English and French, do not differentiate between the species and types of animals involved. This term, derived from the learned Latin medicus veterinarius, was not created by the public, but rather was promoted by the early veterinary schools and professional organizations. Its supposedly general meaning was most probably a factor that guided the choice of its use. Nobody alluded to its primary significance (etymology) involving the care of ‘beasts of burden’, and it is a pity that almost no one any longer is aware of this. The enormous role that these humble animals once played in the liberation of mankind from slavish labor, and from slavery itself, remains practically unknown. The term ‘veterinary’ has lost nothing of its forgotten original content. Knowledge about this may help to rehabilitate the humble donkeys, the mules and other beasts of burden who delivered mankind from much arduous labor ... and became our slaves.

The aim of present study was to explore and document medicinal plants used for the traditional dermatological healthcare management practices by the the Tharu tribal community of Uttar Pradesh. The study was conducted during 2000–2004. Information was gathered from 230 informants residing in 46 villages in Terai region of Indo-Nepal boarder using questionnaires; oral interviews and group discussions. Total 92 medicinal plant species were cited for the preparation of 113 crude drug formulations. Voucher specimens of cited plant species were collected and identified as belonging to 82 genera and 49 families. Thirty-nine medicinal plant species were reported for the first time for dermatological healthcare problems from India. The dermatological healthcare problems managed were cut and wounds, ringworm, leprosy, eczema, scabies, leucoderma, boils, carbuncles, pimples, skin blemishes, spots, eruption, and burns etc. The most commonly and popularly used medicinal plant species for management of dermatological healthcare problems in the study area were Curcuma longa L., Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Melia azedarach L. It is concluded that dermatological healthcare management practice in the study area depends largely on wildly growing medicinal plant species. There is an urgent need to properly conserve the medicinal plant species growing in this area for human welfare. There is also need for further phytopharmacological studies to provide scientific explanation for the usages of 57 medicinal plant species for which to the best of our knowledge phytopharmacological literatures are not available.

Courses in molecular biology are part of practically every degree program in medicine and the life sciences. Historically, many basic discoveries in this field have resulted from investigations by doctors into the nature of diseases. This essay suggests that medical educators deliberately incorporate such material, whether historical or contemporaneous, into their molecular and cell biology courses. An example of such usage, an early report of the detection of bacteriophage activity on pathogenic bacteria, is discussed in detail. Such an approach can potentially narrow the perceived gap between "basic" and "applied" science. As medicine is so intimately and obviously linked with human welfare, this also provides an avenue for educators to discuss issues of scientific integrity and ethics within a "pure science" course.

Prevention of nosocomial infection (NI) is an important medical and socioeconomic problem. And though certain organizational and practical measures are implemented in Russia every year to reduce NIs, the problem is still relevant from medical and social points of view. The risk of infection are both for patients and medical workers. In Russia, the minimum economic damage caused by NIs is 2.5–5 billion rubles annually. According to the Office of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare in the Republic of Mordovia, the total incidence of NI in the region is at a low level. The incidence rate was 0.01 per 1000 patients in hospitals. The dynamics of the last five years demonstrates a decrease in hospital-acquired infections. In the dynamics of the last five years, incidence rates of purulent-septic infections of newborns and postpartum women, postoperative purulent-septic complications and post-injection complications had an unstable downward trend. Thus, purulent-septic infections of newborns and postpartum women and postoperative infections are dominated in the structure of nosocomial infections. Analysis of dynamics of morbidity in recent years in the Republic of Mordovia suggests that the measures taken to prevent NI are quite effective and are manifested with consistently low rates.

Bear bile has long been used in the Asian traditional pharmacopoeia. Bear farming first started in China ~30 years ago in terms of reducing the number of poached bears and ensuring the supply of bear bile. Approximately 13,000 bears are today captivated on Asia’s bear farms: their teeth are broken and the claws are also pulled out for the sake of human safety; the bears are imprisoned in squeeze cages for years; and a catheter is daily inserted into a bear’s gall bladder or a tube is implanted inside its body in order to collect the dripped bile—captive bears moan in severe pain whenever the bile is extracted. When the bears cannot produce sufficient bile, they are often left to die of starvation. It must be impossible to justify the bile extraction from living bears because (1) medicinal/herbal alternatives are similar to bear bile; (2) there is no evidence to suggest that bear farming has any beneficial effects on wild bear populations; and (3) ethical problems lie not only in the painful bile extraction but also the whole lifecycle of captive bears. In conclusion, human welfare (health care) based on traditional medicine is upheld by sacrificing bear welfare. Since a trial calculation suggests that it is economically unfeasible to keep a proper balance between bear welfare and the traditional pharmacopeia, the cultivation of herbal alternatives seems to be a possible solution to phase out bear faming and maintain the practice of traditional medicine in Asia.

Microorganisms are dynamic players in the ecology of the earth but some of them may wreak chaos on human welfare, affecting the lives of many individuals. Furthermore, these microbes interacting with the human host sculpt our genomes, shape and prune our sophisticated immunologic defenses, and ultimately, determine our biological destinies. In some individuals and under certain circumstances, in trying to respond to exposure to pathogens of foreign antigens, our inflammatory or immune responses may mount an exuberant reaction that may result in tissue damage. Sepsis, the syndrome of infection complicated by vital organ dysfunction, represents one of these conditions. It is convenient to further divide sepsis into hospital-acquired and community-acquired forms since the causes and mechanism of sepsis may vary between the two categories. Sepsis is one of the world’s leading causes of death. Without prompt intervention including resuscitation and antibiotics, individuals may rapidly develop shock, multisystem organ failure, and death.

The aim of the investigation was to assess the capabilities of modern technologies in the monitoring of genetic HIV-1 subtypes circulating within some administrative territories (by the example of Privolzhsky Federal District (PFD) during the period of 2008–2014). Materials and Methods. We carried out molecular genetic analysis of 647 blood plasma samples of HIV-1 infected patients from 13 regions of PFD (Russia). Genotyping was carried out using a test kit ViroSeqТМ HIV-1 and Genotyping System Software v.2.8 (Celera Diagnostic, USA). Subtyping was performed online using COMET HIV-1/2 and REGA HIV-1 Subtyping Tool, and Phylogenic analysis including reference nucleotide sequences from GenBank of European countries, America, Australia, CIS and Russian regions, was carried out using MEGA 5.2, Maximum Likelihood analysis and Kimura (bootstrap level 1000). Results. The study of HIV-1 subtypes in PFD revealed the tendency for subtype A dominating, both in the period of 2008–2010 (91.3%), and in 2011–2014 (95.6%). Subtype B appeared to be the second most frequent HIV-1 subtype (8.7 and 2%, respectively). We found the increase of subtype diversity of genetic HIV-1 variants in the samples dated 2011–2014, mainly, due to recombinant variants (AB, AG, CRF06_cpx, CRF01_AE) and subtype C strain. There was revealed phylogenic affinity and proved molecular epidemiological relationships between nucleotide sequences of viruses isolated in HIV positive patients in PFD, and the sequences taken as reference from international base GenBank. Conclusion. Modern molecular genetic techniques used in epidemiological surveillance over HIV infection, and when studying subtype structure of HIV, can serve as the prime tools to monitor a current situation, as well as for epidemic prognosis. The methods are able to assess, study the subtypes in order to make decisions for developing preventive and anti-epidemic measures to stabilize HIV infection epidemic.

As a doctor and as a pupil of Albert Sabin, a renowned virologist, my initial attitude towards the risks asso-ciated with vaccination was aligned with official Science — a price that was painful but still needs to be paid to advance medicine and human welfare.

UNLABELLED An insecticide is an agent used against insects, ticks, mites and other animals affecting human welfare. Exposure to Insecticides is one of the most important occupational risks among staff worker in Military camp, veterinary medicine, industry and household as well as schools and hospitals. This study Aimed to improve nursing staff knowledge regarding adverse health effects of chemical insecticides exposure in a military field. SETTING The study was conducted in one of the Main Military Hospital. RESEARCH DESIGN was used a quasi-experimental research design to conduct this study. SUBJECT all nursing staff who work in a Military Hospital (n=55) who accept to participate in the research study. RESULTS A significant improvement in the Nurses' Total knowledge score was found in post-test as compared to that in pre-test. All nurses obtained a satisfactory level of knowledge after the 1st & 2nd post-tests; all of them evaluate the program in relation to trainees' exnectations as "excellent".

Birth weight is a biometric measure of well-being widely used as an infant health indicator. It also offers insights into maternal and population health more generally. The most common measures of weight at birth are the mean and the proportion of low birth weight (LBW; less than 2,500 g) infants. LBW neonates experience higher risk of infant morbidity and mortality. Globally, LBW rates average 15%. Wealthy Western societies generally experience the highest mean weights whereas the lowest are found in some of the globe’s poorest nations. Factors affecting newborn weight fall into five categories: genetic, environmental, gestational, socioeconomic, and nutritional. Studies of birth weight concerned with change over time reveal important regional and temporal differences, notably during times of social and economic crisis. Numerous studies have identified relationships between low birth weight and a range of health problems in later life, including hypertension, coronary heart disease and non-insulin-dependent diabetes.

Brucellosis is a multisystem disease which may present with broad spectrum clinical manifestations which often nonspecific. In Sudan it is one of the febrile illnesses affecting human welfare. In this study, blood samples were collected from 120 individuals who had clinical symptoms of Brucellosis from Gezira and Blue Nile states in Sudan, and 60 apparently healthy individuals as a control. For diagnosis we evaluated the blood culture and three serological tests, Rose Bengal Test (RBT), Serum Agglutination Test (SAT) and the spcific IgM and IgG immuno flow assay test. The results obtained revealed that, 12/120 (10%), 7/120 (6.8%) and 6/120(5.0%) were positive for Brucellosis by RBT, SAT and IgM and IgG flow assay test respectively and no correlation between the three tests, while the blood culture was done for 81/120(67.5%) of the cases, none yielded positive for brucella. This study concluded that the serological methods were superior to bacteriological method for diagnosing Brucellosis, especially IgM and IgG flow assay test and SAT.