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Gesunder Lebensstil und gesunde Ernahrung sind ein guter Schutz gegenuber nicht ubertragbaren Erkrankungen und ihren Folgen. Dazu zahlen Ubergewicht und metabolisches Syndrom wie auch Krebserkrankungen. Halt man sich an die grundsatzlichen Empfehlungen der Fachgesellschaften (Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Ernahrung), so ist eine gesunde Ernahrung nicht mehr und nicht weniger als eine ausgewogene Mischkost. Es ist dem WCRF (World Cancer Research Fund) zu verdanken, dass die kaum mehr uberschaubare Menge an wissenschaftlichen Daten geordnet wurde und so ein Bezug zwischen Ernahrung, einschlieslich der Beurteilung einzelner Lebensmittel, und Krebsrisiko hergestellt werden konnte. Dabei hat sich herausgestellt, dass eine gesicherte Evidenz uber einen solchen Zusammenhang nur bei kolorektalen Tumoren besteht und alles andere nur noch wahrscheinlich oder schwach evident ist. Die Vermeidung von Ubergewicht, regelmasige Bewegung und eine ausgewogene Ernahrung sind die Faktoren, die am wahrscheinlichsten als Krebspravention bezeichnet werden konnen. Die Kenntnis der Pathomechanismen von Ubergewicht und metabolischem Syndrom, die Krebserkrankungen begunstigen, erlaubt es auch abzuschatzen, wo gezielter Handlungsbedarf besteht. Gleiches gilt auch fur die Wirkung von einzelnen Lebensmitteln, wie z. B. Fleisch und Fleischprodukten. Nicht zuletzt muss aber berucksichtigt werden, dass das Risiko auch durch Stoffwechselbesonderheiten und genetische Polymorphismen unterschiedlich ausfallen kann.

ZusammenfassungDie SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie hat zu lang anhaltenden Beschränkungen geführt, die vor allem Kinder in armen Familien besonders betrafen. Nicht nur der psychische Druck, die fehlenden sozialen Kontakte, die immer wieder kommuniziert werden, sondern auch eine unzureichende Ernährung hat Folgen für die Kinder. Letzteres wird aber bisher übersehen, da schwer vorstellbar. Kinder aus armen Verhältnissen sind bereits vor den Schließungen der Schulen und damit auch der Schulmensen in vielen Fällen nicht ausreichend ernährt. Eine gesunde Ernährung, wie sie Kinder vor allem in den Entwicklungsphasen brauchen, kann mit den verfügbaren Mitteln des ALGII nicht finanziert werden. Kommt eine Lockdown-Situation dazu, so wird der finanzielle Rahmen für Lebensmittel noch enger und die ausfallende Schulverpflegung verschärft die Situation einer Mangelernährung bei Kindern aus armen Verhältnissen. In Deutschland sind dies derzeit 21 %, die vorwiegend bei alleinerziehenden Müttern (53 %) leben. Die Folgen sind auch in Deutschland sichtbar, Wachstumsverzögerung und eingeschränkte kognitive Entwicklung. Ursache sind fehlende Mikronährstoffe (Eisen, Zink, Jod, Vitamin D), die für die körperliche und kognitive Entwicklung gebraucht werden. Die Erhöhung des Tagessatzes für Ernährung (4,01 €) auf 5,50 € ist ebenso eine dringend gebotene Maßnahme, wie eine Alternative zur Schulspeisung, wenn die Schulen geschlossen sind.

Fish is an excellent source of protein, but can also be a good source of micronutrients. In Zambia fish is the main animal food source for poor women and children, two groups which are likely to suffer from inadequate micronutrient supply (hidden hunger). Although the potential of fish to combat hidden hunger is increasingly recognized and fisheries and aquaculture have been identified as key resources in addressing food and nutrition security issues in Zambia, only limited information on the nutrient composition of consumed fish species and products is available. Thus the objectives of this paper are to give a quantitative description of the nutritional composition of fish and fish products consumed in Zambia, and to estimate their potential to the Recommended Daily Intakes (RDIs) of micronutrients. Therefore approximately forty fish species in various kinds of processing were collected and prepared following local customs. Samples were analysed for macronutrients such as protein and fat. Contents of B-vitamins and minerals were also analysed. Protein content was overall similar, while fat content and fatty acid composition varied considerably. Most fish contained high amounts of niacin and cobalamin, but small fish usually contained the most cobalamin. Small fish contained up to 32 times the amount of calcium than other fish and often contained more iron and zinc, too. Overall small fish species, which are commonly consumed by poor women and children, can be used to combat hidden hunger in Zambia, due to high levels of cobalamin, calcium, iron and zinc.

Background In West Bengal, according to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) 2015-16, undernutrition and anemia are particularly common among scheduled tribe women and children. The purpose of this research is to assess the nutritional status of Adivasi mothers and child feeding patterns, relevant for clinical practice and the design of future preventive actions. These baseline characteristics were obtained in the scope of a feeding trial aimed at improving the hemoglobin concentration of the index child (6–39 months). Methods In February 2015, the baseline survey was conducted in 21 tribal villages. In total, 288 mothers and 307 children were recruited for their hemoglobin levels (HemoCue Hb201+), as well as anthropometric indices height/length, weight and MUAC. By questionnaire-based interview aspects on child feeding practices, childcare, family scheduling, and prenatal care were elucidated. Results The majority of mothers belong to the Santal tribe (93.8%). Nearly half of mothers suffered from underweight including severe forms (BMI Conclusion The maternal nutritional status was poor and showed interrelations with the nutritional status of the index child. Inadequate feeding and caring practices were common. In particular the younger age group ( Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered at the German Clinical Trials Register on the 1st July 2019 (DRKS00017388).

ZusammenfassungVegane Ernährung ist im Trend und vor allem bei jungen Frauen sehr beliebt. Abgesehen von der verständlichen ethischen Motivation (Tierwohl) gibt es eine Reihe von gesundheitlichen Aspekten, die als Argument vertreten werden. Dazu gehören z. B. der unbestritten geringere Fettgehalt oder der höhere Gehalt an Ballaststoffen. Aber auch Argumente, wie der Mensch hat seine Entwicklung der vegetarischen Ernährung zu verdanken, werden gerne ins Feld geführt. Nun sollte es jedem Einzelnen selbst überlassen sein, wie er sich ernährt. Was aber, wenn in der Schwangerschaft ein werdender Mensch mitisst? Sieht man sich den Bedarf einer Schwangeren, der bei manchen Mikronährstoffen (Vitamine, Minerale, Spurenelemente) deutlich über dem liegt, was eine Nichtschwangere braucht, an, so wird die vegane Ernährung selbst bei bester Planung problematisch. Dies betrifft vor allem die Versorgung mit Vitamin B12, aber auch Eisen, Jod, Vitamin D, Kalzium und Zink sowie Folsäure. Eine Versorgung, die den gesteigerten Bedarf in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit unterschreitet, kann das körperliche Wachstum und die kognitive Entwicklung des Kindes gefährden. Für Säuglinge, Kinder und Jugendliche müssen bei veganer Kost anhaltend differenzierte und individualisierte Ernährungsstrategien und regelmäßig spezifische Substitutionen sichergestellt werden (in allen Altersgruppen ist eine regelmäßige Vitamin-B12-Substitution notwendig). Wer generell eine vegane Ernährung in der Schwangerschaft, Stillzeit und in weiteren kindlichen Wachstumsphasen empfiehlt, gefährdet damit die Entwicklung des Kindes.

The sago grub (Rhynchophorus bilineatus) [Montrouzier, Coleoptera, Dryophthoridae] is a local delicacy in the Papua Province in Indonesia. In this study, the nutrient content of the edible insect was measured using chromatographic and spectrometric methods. The results showed that it contains 10.39 g protein and 17.17 g oil/ 100 g fresh weight. The sago grub meets the FAO/WHO requirements of 40% essential amino acids and a 0.60 ratio between essential to non-essential amino acids. Its limiting amino acid is methionine + cysteine. The major fatty acids found in the sago grub are palmitic (42%), oleic (45%), and linoleic (3%) acids. Although vitamin E is exclusively produced by photosynthetic organisms, a gram of sago grub oil contains 51 μg vitamin E, which is composed mainly of tocopherols (92%). In contrast with palm oil, the sago grub oil contains δ-tocopherol (0.12 μg/g oil), and a significantly high amount of β-tocopherol (3.85 μg/g oil). It is a source of zinc and magnesium and contains safe levels of heavy metals. Based on these nutritional properties, the Indonesian sago grub can be considered as a good source of nutrients, and its propagation and utilization should be encouraged especially in other areas of Indonesia and maybe in neighboring countries where they are also endemic, and where malnutrition is prevalent. The consumption of edible insects should be considered as a component of dietary diversification – a sustainable way of alleviating the nutritional status of the population.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease that usually affects the lungs leading to severe coughing, fever, and chest pains. Objective: This study aimed to assess the effects of consuming sun-exposed mushrooms on the treatment outcomes of TB Methods: Participants were TB patients and categorized into block-1 (32) and block-2 (32) based on their willingness to consume sandwich bread containing sun-exposed oyster mushrooms. Blood and sputum samples were taken at the beginning (Day 0) and end of the study (4th month). Assays of 25-hydroxy (OH) D, cytokines, LL-37, and CRP were performed using Enzyme Linked- Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique, and mycobacterial cultures were performed using Lowenstein Jensen media. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Consumption of the sandwich bread induced a 27.8% increase in the mean serum 25(OH)D level with 35.5% and 32.3% reduction in the proportion of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and insufficiency (VDI), respectively. There were progressive changes in TB score (mean } SD of 2.6 } 1.8; 95% CI of 1.95 to 3.17; p

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Old age, obesity and vitamin D deficiency are considered as independent risk factors for severe courses of COVID-19. The aim of the review is to discuss common features of these risk factors and the impact of vitamin D. RECENT FINDINGS: The recently discovered relationship between vitamin D and the infection pathway of the virus via the renin--angiotensin system (RAS) and the adipokines leptin and adiponectin play an important role. The frequency of studies showing a relationship between a low vitamin D status in comorbidities and severe COVID-19 courses makes an impact of vitamin D effects likely. SUMMARY: There is a direct relationship between vitamin D, body fat and age in COVID-19 courses. With age, the ability of the skin to synthesize vitamin D decreases, and leads to vitamin D-deficits. If the skin is insufficiently exposed to sunlight, severe deficits can develop. As vitamin D plays an important role not only in the immune system but also in the RAS, and thus at the point where the virus attacks, a good vitamin D supply is an important basis for reducing the risk of severe COVID-19 processes. Treatment with vitamin D supplements should be based on severity of the vitamin D deficiency.

Highlights • COVID-19 pandemic has been overwhelmingly affecting public health and setting huge economic crises across the world. • Despite the absence of specific drugs, there is a need for alternative nutritional approaches • Micronutrients and bioactive substances can be considered in alternative nutritional approaches as they:○have great potentials to interfere with spike glycoproteins, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptors and transmembrane protease serine 2 at the entry site of SARS-CoV-2;○inhibit proteases such as Papain-Like protease, 3 Chymotrypsin-Like protease and RNA dependent RNA polymerase;○have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiviral properties;○can bolster immune system and help to mitigate clinical features, Objective COVID-19 pandemic has been seriously threatening public health and setting huge economic crises across the world. In absence of specific drugs to COVID-19, there is an urgent need to look for alternative approaches. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to review the roles of micronutrients and bioactive substances as potential alternative approaches in combating COVID-19. Methods This review was based on literature identified using electronic searches in different databases. Results Vitamins (A, B, C, D and E), minerals (selenium and zinc) and bioactive substances from curcumin, echinacea, propolis, garlic, soybean, green tea, and other polyphenols were identified for having potential roles in interfering with spike glycoproteins, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) at the entry site; and inhibiting activities of Papain-Like protease (PLpro), 3 Chymotrypsin-Like protease (3CLpro) and RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in the replication cycle of SARS-CoV-2. Having immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiviral properties, such micronutrients and bioactive substances are consequently the promising alterative nutritional approaches to combat COVID-19. Conclusion To put in nutshell, the roles of micronutrients and bioactive substances in COVID-19 are exciting research areas and thus, this review may guide researchers to undertake further studies.

Diet diversification and the exploitation of traditional, micronutrient-rich germplasm of staple crops are generally regarded as sustainable and low-cost approaches to increase the micronutrient intake of resource-poor people. Sun&rsquo, s UV index was collected daily throughout the year. The study assessed the seasonality of provitamin A carotenoids in three plantain cultivars in response to climatic condition. Fruits were harvested at three maturities and freeze-dried before analysis. The results showed that there were high levels of the sun&rsquo, s UV-B radiations throughout the year with the highest occurring from November to May when the area experienced clear skies with minimal cloud cover. These high levels of the sun&rsquo, s UV-B index occurred between 9.00 h GMT and 17.00 h GMT. The study also showed that &alpha, carotene content increased with maturity in &ldquo, Apantu&rdquo, during the rainy seasons ranging from 95 to 172 &mu, g/100 g of dry pulp. Similar trends were observed during the dry season with a range of 28 to 489 &mu, g/100 g. The &alpha, carotene contents were very high in the periods of high sun&rsquo, s UV-B radiations compared to the periods of low sun&rsquo, s UV-B radiations. The &alpha, carotene levels in the giant French plantains showed similar trends. Intermediate French &ldquo, Oniaba&rdquo, and False Horn &ldquo, plantain cultivar showed the highest content of &beta, carotene during the dry season. The high provitamin A carotenoid levels in the cultivars coincided with the high levels of the sun&rsquo, s UV index.

India&rsquo, s Adivasi scheduled tribe population is disproportionately affected by undernutrition and anemia, thereby prevailing in the poorest wealth deciles denominated as socially and economically vulnerable. This study was designed to assess the extent of child undernutrition (conventional and composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) classification), as well as the burden of anemia in children and its independent nutrition specific and sensitive drivers, moreover to reflect the living conditions of Santal Adivasis. The research survey was conducted in 21 Santal villages, Birbhum District, West Bengal, in 2015. An overall 307 children (aged 6&ndash, 39 months) and their mothers (n = 288) were assessed for their hemoglobin (Hb) levels (HemoCue Hb201+) and anthropometric indices such as height/length, weight and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). Moreover, socio-demographic household characteristics were surveyed. The study confirmed Adivasi children lagging behind national average with a high prevalence of undernutrition (height-for-age z-score (HAZ) 51.9%, weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) 49.2%, weight-for-height z-score WHZ 19.0% and CIAF 61.6%) and of moderate and severe anemia (Hb &lt, 10 g/dL, 73.3% altogether). Child&rsquo, s age &lt, 24 months, low WAZ scores, morbidity (any fever, diarrhea or respiratory infection) on the checkup day or during previous week, low maternal Hb level, and lack of dietary diversification were identified as predictors for anemia, thereby warrant targeted interventions to decrease the high anemia rates assessed in the study site.

Background: The link between tuberculosis (TB) and malnutrition has long been recognized. Vitamin A and zinc deficiencies may reduce the host defenses and increase the risk for diseases. Objective: The aim of the present study was to estimate the difference in vitamin A and zinc deficiencies together with dietary intakes among pulmonary TB patients and controls. Materials and methods: A case-control study design was employed to undertake this study in North Shewa, Ethiopia. Sputum smear examination, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to analyse acid fast bacilli (AFB), vitamin A, zinc, and C-reactive protein (CRP), respectively. Dietary intake was assessed using a 24-h recall questionnaire. Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test, Chi-square, odds ratio (OR), Spearman correlation, and multinomial logistic regression model were computed for data analyses. Results: In this study, 62 TB cases and 59 controls were included. The proportions of vitamin A deficiency among TB cases and controls were 56.4% and 39.0%, respectively. All TB cases and 92.5% controls were zinc deficient. The odds of TB cases with deficiencies of vitamin A and zinc was 2.3 (95% CI: 1.1 to 4.8)times more likely as compared to the controls. More than 80% of all participants had below average fulfilment of energy and vitamin A intakes. Conclusion: Vitamin A and zinc deficiencies are severe problems among TB patients. Moreover, undernutrition determines the development of TB. Therefore, the management programs of TB need to address the problems of vitamin A and zinc deficiencies together with protein-energy malnutrition. Keywords: Vitamin A, Zinc, Tuberculosis, Ethiopia

Background Despite the fact that the prevalence of celiac disease (CD), an autoimmune bowel disease triggered by gluten, has almost been constant at 1%, already one in four US-American citizens claim to avoid gluten from their diet. The popularity of gluten-free products has risen worldwide and manufacturers report record turnovers. Besides CD, mostly non-medical reasons underlie the recent boom of the gluten-free diet (GFD). Celebrities and bestseller authors reach millions of followers with the hypothesis that gluten is responsible for overweight, reduced performance or other adverse health effects. Results Recent studies find higher concentrations of heavy metals in blood and urine, especially arsenic and mercury, among people following a GFD compared to people not following a GFD. Other recent studies show an association between GFD and the risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Conclusion The elevated concentrations of heavy metals can so far not be attributed to diet shifts in a GFD. However, due to the natural growth in flooded paddies, rice readily absorbs arsenic and mercury and can accumulate the toxins in the bran. As gluten-free products often contain a large share of rice flour, this connection should be subject to further studies. The lower amount of dietary fiber consumed when grains are withdrawn from the diet could explain the higher risk of cardiovascular disease.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine food taboos/habits and dietary patterns of pregnant women in Kenya. Design/methodology/approach In all, 205 individual 24-h recall interviews were conducted face to face to collect information on pregnant women dietary intake. Women focus group discussions were conducted in seven villages in Kakamega County to determine which foods are avoided during pregnancy and the reasons for avoiding them. Findings The concept of “baby becoming big” was common advice to pregnant women to reduce intake of large amounts of starchy or high caloric foods. Restriction on the consumption of some parts of cow and chicken and consumption of eggs was widespread. Women with the highest education had significantly higher intake than women with lower education: energy (1,718 vs 1,436 kcal, p = 0.007), protein (45 vs 38 g, p = 0.03), vitamin C (59 vs 39 mg, p = 0.000), calcium (275 vs 222 mg, p = 0.04) and iron (8.5 vs 7.2 mg, p = 0.03). Multivariate binary logistic regression showed that participants with higher education were more likely to reach estimated average intake for energy (OR = 2.82, 95 per cent CI = 1.2-6.5) and vitamin C (OR = 4.1, 95 per cent CI = 1.5-11.0) than women with lower education level. Originality/value The observed link between reduced intake of nutrients and low education levels suggests that education is a possible intervention strategy. Incorporating nutrition education in school curriculum and improving knowledge on nutrition among women with low education may help overcome unhealthy food taboos in pregnant women.

This paper investigates the effect of direct sunlight during natural sun drying and solar drying in a forced convection type solar dryer on vitamin D 2 content of brown button mushrooms ( Agaricus bisporus ). Commercial UVB light, sample processing and drying methods on vitamin D 2 content were also studied via different UVB-drying strategies. Mushrooms of the same flush were divided in different groups: i) slices were dried under the sun and in an innovative solar dryer, ii) slices were UVB-treated and dried either by freeze- or convective drying, iii) whole fruit bodies were UVB-treated, sliced and freeze-dried, iv) freeze dried samples were UVB-treated in the form of slices or powder. UVB-treatment of whole mushrooms led to remarkable vitamin D 2 enrichment (45 μg/g dry matter), while slicing of mushrooms prior to UVB exposure resulted in a ten-fold increase in D 2 content (406 μg/g). UVB light exposure of already dried slices and powder also induced high vitamin D 2 generation. Sun-dried and solar-dried mushrooms contained 36 and 39 μg/g dry matter vitamin D 2 , respectively. Although commercial UVB light boost D 2 synthesis in mushrooms, solar drying represents a viable method for the natural formation of ergocalciferol in mushrooms and an excellent vitamin D source for vegans.

Iodine deficiency is a public health problem in Ethiopia. This study was conducted to investigate the iodine status of pregnant women and school children of Aira district, west Ethiopia. A school-based survey of children and a clinic-based assessment that focused on pregnant women were conducted from May to June 2014. Spot urine and salt samples were collected and their iodine concentrations determined by an ammonium persulfate test and titration, respectively. Qualitative information was obtained by focus group discussions and individual interviews. The median urinary iodine excretion found in school children (n = 73) and pregnant women (n = 40) were 70.5 μg/l (95% CI, 48.1 μg/l–83.8 μg/l) and 88.6 μg/l (95% CI, 66.9 μg/l–113.5 μg/l), respectively. About 72.6% of the school children and 80% of the pregnant women had insufficient iodine intake. 67% of household salt samples (n = 46) contained iodine ˂15 ppm. In addition to its health consequences, iodine deficiency has negative social impacts. A deformed physical appearance (with clinical signs of goitre) entails psychological tensions, and is also considered to reduce chances for marriage. Iodine levels both in urine and salt samples indicated that the majority of school children and pregnant women from this study were at risk of iodine deficiency disorders. Thus, raising awareness about the nutritional importance of iodized salt and its proper packaging with sealed containers which reduce iodine loss should be promoted.

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of risk of malnutrition (RoM) in an orthopedic and traumatology patient cohort with a broad range of ages. In addition to the classical indicators for risk assessment (low body mass index, weight loss, and comorbidity), this study aimed to analyze the effects of lifestyle factors (eating pattern, smoking, physical activity) on RoM.The prospective cohort study included 1053 patients in a level 1 trauma center in Germany. RoM was assessed by Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS) 2002 and for the elderly additionally by Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). Age-dependent risk factors identified in univariate statistical analysis were used for multivariate logistic regression models.The prevalence of patients at RoM (NRS ≥3) was 22%. In the three age categories (50 y, 50-69 y, and ≥70 y), loss of appetite, weight loss, number of comorbidities, drugs and gastrointestinal symptoms significantly increased RoM in univariate statistical analysis. In patients ages ≥70 y, several disease- and lifestyle-related factors (not living at home, less frequent consumption of vegetables and whole meal bread, low physical activity, and smoking) were associated with RoM. Multivariate logistic regression model for the total study population identified weight loss (odds ratio [OR], 6.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.14-8.83), loss of appetite (OR, 3.81; 95% CI, 2.52-5.78), age-specific low BMI (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.18-2.97), number of drugs taken (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.12-1.26), age (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02-1.04), and days per week with vegetable consumption (OR, 0.938; 95% CI, 0.89-0.99) as risk factors.Malnutrition in trauma and orthopedic patients is not only a problem related to age. Lifestyle-related factors also contribute significantly to malnutrition in geriatric patients.

Introduction Suboptimal nutritional status is often observed among hospitalized patients across all medical specialties. The objective of the present study was to (1) analyze the prevalence of malnutrition in hospitalized orthopedic and trauma patients and (2) to evaluate the relationship between malnutrition and selected clinical outcomes. Materials and methods The prospective field study was conducted between 06/2014 and 06/2015 in a German level I trauma center (Department of Traumatology, Septic Trauma Surgery and Arthroplasty) with a total number of 1055 patients. At hospital admission, patients were checked for malnutrition using the validated Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS). Patients at risk for malnutrition were defined as NRS≥3. Quality of life (SF-36) was assessed to evaluate the physical and mental health status prior to hospitalization. Clinical outcomes under consideration included 1) rate of adverse events, 2) length of hospitalization, and 3) mobilization after operative and conservative treatment. Patients were included independently of surgical intervention or age. Results 22.3% (235) of our patients were at risk for malnutrition (NRS≥3) while a regular nutritional status (NRS Septic Surgery with 31.0% (106), followed by Traumatology with 19.2% (100) and Arthroplasty with 15.1% (29). Higher prevalence of malnutrition was observed among patients with typical fractures of the elderly, such as lumbar spine and pelvis (47.4%), proximal femur (36.4%) and proximal humeral (26.7%) fractures. Furthermore, patients at risk for malnutrition showed prolonged hospitalization (13.7±11.1 vs. 18.2±11.7days), delayed postoperative mobilization (2.2±2.9 vs. 4.0±4.9days) and delayed mobilization after conservative treatment (1.1±2.7 vs. 1.8±1.9days). A statistically significant correlation of NRS with each parameter (Spearman's rank correlation, p Conclusions Malnutrition is widespread regarding hospitalized patients in the field of orthopedic and trauma surgery and results in suboptimal clinical outcome. It should be considered as an important factor that significantly contributes to delayed recovery. Especially elderly trauma patients and patients suffering from postoperative infections should be monitored carefully during hospitalization.

Central Java province plays the main role in the production of food for national stocks in Indonesia, in which Demak is one of the 35 Regencies. Demak Regency had the sixth highest rice productivity in 2013, but at the same time, the seventh highest percentage of child malnutrition. This paradox between high rice productivity and low nutritional status of children triggered an interest in analyzing the correlations between agricultural production of households in the Demak Regency and the prevalence of stunting of children under-five. In December 2014 to February 2015, a cross-sectional survey was carried out in three sub-districts in Demak (Karanganyar, Dempet and Gajah) having the highest rice production and at the same time poor nutritional status of under-five children. The oldest under-five children from farmer family backgrounds were selected. Data on general characteristics, anthropometry of the children, as well as household socio-economics, including agricultural characteristics were obtained. Of the 335 children, 31.9% of them were stunted. A higher proportion of households that grew rice solely or mainly for own consumption (62.4%) and had significantly smaller sized rice-fields (p = 0.041) had stunted rather than non-stunted children. In total, rice production, farm income and agriculture diversity of families with non-stunted children were not significantly different from those of stunted children. However, yearly expenditure for improving family health and environmental conditions were significantly higher among non-stunted than stunted children (p = 0.044). Family decisions about what to spend money on also seemed to influence the nutritional status of the children, rather than nutritional diversity or revenue from agriculture itself. Therefore, improvement of agricultural production and diversity should be accompanied by education on household expenditure.

Background: Tools for the rapid and accurate analysis of nutrient intakes from diets of individuals in Southern Ethiopia are lacking. The Calculator of Inadequate Micronutrient Intake program for Ethiopia (CIMI-Ethiopia) has been developed to overcome this problem. CIMI-Ethiopia also computes protein and energy intakes from the diet. The objectives of the current study were to validate CIMI-Ethiopia for the dietary pattern of Southern Ethiopia, and assess the nutrient intakes in postharvest dry and lean wet seasons. Methods: 24-h dietary recall (24HR) data was collected from 578 women of a reproductive age in postharvest dry and lean wet seasons in 2017. For analysis, 24HR data was entered into NutriSurvey (NS), which was the reference nutrition software, and then into CIMI-Ethiopia. For validation, the mean and standard deviation (SD) of the difference between CIMI-Ethiopia and NS were computed. The percentage of participants with an inadequate intake was calculated. The correlation between CIMI-Ethiopia and NS results was determined. The nutrient intakes in postharvest dry and lean seasons were compared. Results: Among the nutrients, pantothenic acid, vitamin B1, and protein showed a very high accuracy in CIMI-Ethiopia calculation (|difference (D)| &lt, 5.0% of the NS result). Nutrients with a good accuracy (|D| = 5%&ndash, 15%) were iron, zinc, magnesium, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and energy. The accuracy for calcium, niacin, and vitamin A was moderate (|D| = 15%&ndash, 30%). The intakes calculated by CIMI-Ethiopia and NS of iron, zinc, magnesium, calcium, B-complex vitamins, vitamin A, protein, and energy were highly correlated (r = 0.85&ndash, 0.97, p &lt, 0.001). NS analysis identified a significant reduction in the mean intake of iron, zinc, magnesium, pantothenic acid, vitamin B1, B12, and D, protein, and energy in the lean wet season, however, calcium and vitamin A intake increased. Conclusions: It has been found that CIMI-Ethiopia is a valid tool for estimating nutrient intakes at an individual level in Southern Ethiopia. The study demonstrated a decline in intakes of iron, and energy in the lean wet season. This result provides some hint for fortification and supplementation programs that aim to combat maternal malnutrition in rural Southern Ethiopia.

Background: A sizable cross-sectional studies demonstrated a low dietary diversity in Southern Ethiopia. However, its seasonal trend has not been well studied in areas where nutrient-poor enset (false banana (Ensete ventricosum)) foods are major staple. Moreover, there is scarcity of information on seasonal nature of anthropometric status of mother&ndash, child pairs (MCP) from the same areas in Southern Ethiopia. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the dietary diversity and anthropometric status of MCP in postharvest dry and lean wet seasons and identify factors associated with anthropometric status. Methods: The dietary intake and anthropometric data were collected from 578 households (578 mothers and 578 children) January&ndash, June 2017. The study compared data of the two seasons using McNemar&rsquo, s test for dichotomous, Wilcoxon signed-rank test for non-normally distributed, and paired samples t-test for normally distributed continuous data. Logistic regression was conducted to identify risk factors for malnutrition. In addition, Spearman&rsquo, s Rho test was used to determine correlations between maternal and child variables. Results: Over 94% of the mothers did not fulfil the minimum diet diversity score in both seasons. The meal frequency and pulses/legumes intake significantly declined in lean wet season, however, dark green leaves consumption increased. Meat, poultry, and fish consumption dropped to almost zero in the lean wet season. The dietary diversity and anthropometric status of the MCP were correlated. Weight-for-age (WAZ) and weight-for-height (WHZ) of children significantly declined in the lean wet season. In the same way, maternal mid upper arm circumference (MUAC), body weight, and body mass index (BMI) dropped (p &lt, 0.001) in this season. Being pregnant and a lactating mother, poverty, and the ability to make decisions independently predicted maternal undernutrition (low MUAC). On the other hand, maternal undernutrition and education were associated with child underweight. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that the dietary diversity of MCP is low in both postharvest dry and lean wet seasons. This suggests the need for continuous nutrition intervention to improve the dietary diversity. In addition, the anthropometric status of MCP declines in lean wet season. This may provide some clue for policy targeting on improving nutritional status of mothers and children in rural Southern Ethiopia.

Inadequate consumption of micronutrient-dense foods such as vegetables and meat are an important contributing cause for anemia and deficiencies of iron and vitamin A in rural communities of Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016 to examine nutritional and micronutrient status and their associations to the diet of female small-scale farmers in the sub-humid Kilosa (n = 333) and the semi-arid Chamwino (n = 333) districts, in the Morogoro and Dodoma region. An overall higher prevalence of overweight (19.7%) and obesity (7.1%) than of underweight (5.9%) was detected. Significantly more women in the two villages of Kilosa (27&ndash, 40%) than in the two villages of Chamwino district (19&ndash, 21%) were overweight/obese, but also more frequently had anemia (34&ndash, 41% vs. 11&ndash, 17%), iron deficiency (24&ndash, 32% vs. 15&ndash, 17%), and low serum retinol (21&ndash, 24% vs. 8&ndash, 9%). Overall, only a small proportion of women reached recommended daily micronutrient intakes: 27% for vitamin A, 17% for iron, 7% for zinc, and 12&ndash, 38% for B-vitamins. The amount of dark green leafy vegetables (DGLV) consumed was the main determinant of vitamin A and iron intake by women in Chamwino and corresponded to higher hemoglobin, serum retinol and iron status than in the villages of the Kilosa district, in agreement, DGLV consumption also predicted iron and vitamin A intake in Kilosa district. DGLV consumed with wholemeal millet was advantageous in terms of women&rsquo, s vitamin A and iron intake and status over the predominantly maize-rice-based diet lacking vegetables.

Fasting period and fasting status affect the feeding practices and nutritional status of Ethiopian Orthodox mothers. Even if children are exempted from fasting, some mothers do not prepare their food from animal sources as it could contaminate utensils for cooking family foods. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess feeding practices and undernutrition in 6&ndash, 23-months old children whose mothers are Ethiopian Orthodox religion followers during lent fasting and non-fasting periods in rural Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, and to identify associated factors. A community-based longitudinal study was carried out in Ethiopian Orthodox lent fasting and non-fasting periods. Using a multi-stage systematic random sampling technique, 567 and 522 children aged 6&ndash, 23 months old participated in the fasting and non-fasting assessments, respectively. Statistical analyses were done using logistic regression, an independent sample t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank (WSRT) and McNemar&rsquo, s tests. The prevalences of stunting, underweight and wasting were 31.6&ndash, 33.7%, 11.7&ndash, 15.7% and 4.4&ndash, 4.8%, respectively. The weight-for-height (WHZ) and height-for-age (HAZ) values for children of fasting mothers were significantly lower (p &lt, 0.05) compared to those of non-fasting mothers. Likewise, the median weight-for-age (WAZ) and diet diversity score (DDS) of children of fasting mothers were also significantly higher in non-fasting than in fasting periods. A small proportion of children (2.3&ndash, 6.7%) met the minimum acceptable diet (MAD) in the study population, but these measures were significantly increased (p &lt, 0.001) in the children of non-fasting mothers. Mother&rsquo, s fasting during lactation period of the indexed child was amongst the independent factors common in child stunting, underweight and wasting. Nutritional status and feeding practices of 6&ndash, 23-month-old children are affected by maternal fasting during the fasting period. Therefore, without involvement of religious institutions in the existing nutritional activities, reduction of undernutrition would not be successful and sustainable.

Maryam Pourhassan,1 Hans Konrad Biesalski,2 Bjoern Angersbach,1 Gero Lueg,1 Christiane Klimek,1 Rainer Wirth1 1Department of Geriatric Medicine, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany; 2Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutritional Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Purpose: Despite some reports of high prevalence of thiamine deficiency in elderly people, the reported prevalence is controversial mainly due to the methods used in assessing thiamin concentrations. In this study, we sought to investigate the prevalence of vitamin B1 deficiency, using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, among older hospitalized patients.Patients and methods: This cross-sectional study retrospectively analyzed the results of routine measurements of vitamin B1 of 238 older patients who were consecutively hospitalized to a geriatric acute care ward. Whole blood vitamin B1 concentrations were measured using the HPLC method at hospital admission, and the whole blood vitamin B1 level of

There is increasing evidence that food is an important factor that influences and shapes the composition and configuration of the gut microbiota. Most studies have focused on macronutrients (fat, carbohydrate, protein) in particular and their effects on the gut microbiota. Although the microbiota can synthesize different water-soluble vitamins, the effects of vitamins synthesized within the microbiota on systemic vitamin status are unclear. Few studies exist on the shuttling of vitamins between the microbiota and intestine and the impact of luminal vitamins on the microbiota. Studying the interactions between vitamins and the microbiota may help to understand the effects of vitamins on the barrier function and immune system of the intestinal tract. Furthermore, understanding the impact of malnutrition, particularly low micronutrient supply, on microbiota development, composition, and metabolism may help in implementing new strategies to overcome the deleterious effects of malnutrition on child development. This article reviews data on the synthesis of different micronutrients and their effects on the human microbiota, and further discusses the consequences of malnutrition on microbiota composition.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to investigate the acceptability of processed tempeh and the effect of stir-frying on uncooked tempeh composition, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant (AO) activities and the phytic acid (PA) concentration. Design/methodology/approach – Fermentation was performed in the solid-state using soybean (Glycine max) inoculated with Rhizopus oligosporus. The acceptability of tempeh was evaluated by administering a questionnaire. The TPC of uncooked and stir-fried tempeh was examined using Folin-Ciocalteu’s method, and PA was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. AO activities were measured by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and ferric ion reducing/antioxidant power methods. The stir-fried tempeh was more acceptable than other preparations to the panelists. Findings – In comparison with the uncooked tempeh, stir-fried tempeh showed higher fat composition, in addition to decreased levels of minerals, PA and TBARS. Originality/value – Soy foods are an important source of protein. However, conventional cooking methods could change the chemical properties in soy foods. To avoid additional oil that adds calories, consumers might opt for other cooking methods, such as steaming.

About half of Ethiopians belong to the Orthodox Tewahedo religion. Annually, more than 200 days are dedicated to religious fasting, which includes abstaining from all types of food, animal source foods, and water. However, the association of fasting with undernutrition remains unknown in Ethiopia. Therefore, dietary pattern and nutritional status of lactating women during lent fasting and non-fasting periods were studied, and predictor variables for maternal underweight were identified. To achieve this, lactating mothers in lent fasting (N = 572) and non-fasting (N = 522) periods participated from rural Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Average minimum diet diversity (MDD-W) was computed from two 24-h recalls, and nutritional status was assessed using body mass index (BMI). Binary logistic regression was used to identify potential predictors of maternal underweight. Wilcoxon signed-rank (WSRT) and McNemar&rsquo, s tests were used for comparison of the two periods. The prevalence of underweight in fasting mothers was 50.6%. In the multivariate logistic regression model, younger age, sickness in the last four weeks preceding the survey, fasting during pregnancy, lactation periods, grandfathers&rsquo, as household decision makers, previous aid experience, non-improved water source, and not owning chicken were positively associated with maternal underweight. In WSRT, there was no significant (p &gt, 0.05) difference on maternal body weight and BMI between periods. The average number of meals, diet diversity, and animal source foods (ASFs), consumption scores were significantly increased in non-fasting compared to fasting periods in both fasting and non-fasting mothers (p &lt, 0.001, p &lt, 0.05, and p &lt, 0.001, respectively). Consumption of dark green leafy vegetables was higher in the fasting period (11%) than non-fasting (3.6%), in the study population. As a conclusion, Ethiopian Orthodox fasting negatively affected maternal nutritional status and dietary pattern in rural Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. To reduce maternal malnutrition in Ethiopia, existing multi-sectoral nutrition intervention strategies, should include religious institutions in a sustainable manner.

This paper gives an overview of the various taboos on animal products and the reasons behind such practices among women in the member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), while they are pregnant, during their postpartum period, and while breastfeeding. Three data search engines, Google® Scholar, PubMed and Scopus, were used one after the other, to generate the papers for this review. The online searches using the term food taboo, its synonyms, and truncations, in combination with the terms pregnancy, postpartum, and breastfeeding, and with the country name, were conducted from January to February 2017. In total, 28 papers were pooled and included in this review. The taboos and the justification for avoidance were collated and grouped per their occurrence, and according to the country where they are practiced. Nine papers provided information on the food taboos during pregnancy, 16 on postpartum food taboos, and six on breastfeeding. The food taboos included various river or seafood, meat from terrestrial animals, and derived products like fish paste, blood and internal organs. Healthcare providers should be aware of the food taboos being adhered to in the region to provide the right information and guidance to the women practicing them. There is a need to educate the public in general, and women, in particular, about the risk of malnutrition when food taboos are followed, and to support their nutritional requirements during pregnancy and the postpartum period by promoting dietary diversification. More research could be conducted to fill in the gap in information with regards to the food taboos and their impact in some of the ASEAN members. Culture-sensitive health interventions based on timely research work can contribute to the attainment of the sustainable development goal of reducing the maternal and under-five mortality ratios in Southeast Asia.

Vitamin D deficiency is a pandemic problem. Non-animal source of vitamin D is obtained from edible mushrooms. Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) was sliced into the size of 1 cm3, 4 cm3 and 9 cm3, and treated with the sun as a natural resource of UVB under subtropical settings in Ethiopia. The content of vitamin D was measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After sun treatment, there was a significant increment in the content of vitamin D2 from nil to 67.4 ± 28.0 µg/g dry weight (DW). Based on the results of the overall pairwise comparisons, 1 cm3 size of slice group had the highest content of vitamin D2. Duration of sun exposure, sizes of mushroom slices and moisture content were identified as determining factors for vitamin D2 synthesis. Exposing slices of oyster mushroom to the sunlight for

The aim of this study was to explore the existence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) in tuberculosis (TB) patients living in Africa and to identify its predictor variables. PRISMA guidelines and checklists were used. The sources of the data were Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. We identified 23 articles, of which 15 reported the status of vitamin D in TB with TB. The definition of serum vitamin D status was summarized as severe, deficient, and insufficient when the concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin (OH)-D ≤25, ≤50, and ≤75 nmol/L, respectively. The reports showed that up to 88.9% and 96.3% of patients with TB tested by radioimmunoassay had VDD and vitamin D insufficiency, respectively. Statistically significant variables such as lack of sun exposure, inadequate dietary intake, season, clothing, comorbidities, low body mass index, age, skin pigmentation, use of antiretroviral therapy and anti-TB drugs, and socioeconomic status were identified as the main predictor variables of vitamin D status. VDD and vitamin D insufficiency were highly prevalent in TB patients in Africa. Further case-control studies are warranted to clarify the cause-effect relationship between vitamin D and TB and thereby, design valuable strategies to manage VDD among TB patients in Africa.

Objective The aim of this study was to create an innovative, easy-to-use, and informative web-based application system to calculate the iron, zinc, and vitamin A intake in comparison to the recommended nutrient intake (RNI). Methods Food survey data on commonly consumed Indonesian foods (122 foods) were recorded from 68 800 households. The data were used to extract 13 relevant food groups representing typical Indonesian dietary patterns and were incorporated into the development of new software called the Calculator of Inadequate Micronutrient Intake (CIMI). To validate, 24-h dietary recall data of children (n = 118) and adult women (n = 124) from Indonesia were collected and analyzed using CIMI and Nutrisurvey (NS) and the results were analyzed. Results CIMI calculates the absolute intake of energy, macronutrients, retinol, s-carotene, retinol equivalents, iron, and zinc. The percentages of RNI fulfillment with regard to age and sex are presented. The bioavailability levels of iron and zinc are considered. Validation showed that results of CIMI and NS were comparable with regard to the average intake and range of data distribution ratio. Due to bioavailability factors, more participants who had intake of iron (adult group) and zinc (both groups) below the cutoff were detected by CIMI. The range of correlation coefficient of NS and CIMI were from 0.889 (energy) to 0.713 (iron) in the children's group and from 0.919 (protein) to 0.686 (vitamin A) in the adult group. Conclusion CIMI is a simple and rapid tool that calculates energy and nutrient intake, and also the percentage of nutrient fulfillment in comparison with the dietary recommendation.

Introduction In developing countries, mortality and disability from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is rising considerably. The effect of social determinants of NCDs-attributed mortality, from the context of developing countries, is poorly understood. This study examines the burden and socio-economic determinants of adult mortality attributed to NCDs in eastern Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods We followed 45,982 adults implementing a community based dynamic cohort design recording mortality events from September 2009 to April 2015. A physician review based Verbal autopsy was used to identify the most probable causes of death. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to identify social determinants of NCD mortality. Results Across the 193,758.7 person-years, we recorded 1,091 adult deaths. Compared to communicable diseases, NCDs accounted for a slightly higher proportion of adult deaths; 33% vs 34.5% respectively. The incidence density rate (IDR) of NCD attributed mortality was 194.1 deaths (IDR = 194.1; 95% CI = 175.4, 214.7) per 100,000 person-years. One hundred fifty-seven (41.8%), 68 (18.1%) and 34 (9%) of the 376 NCD deaths were due to cardiovascular disease, cancer and renal failure, respectively. In the multivariable analysis, age per 5-year increase (HR = 1.35; 95% CI: 1.30, 1.41), and extended family and non-family household members (HR = 2.86; 95% CI: 2.05, 3.98) compared to household heads were associated with a significantly increased hazard of NCD mortality. Although the difference was not statistically significant, compared to poor adults, those who were wealthy had a 15% (HR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.65, 1.11) lower hazard of mortality from NCDs. On the other hand, literate adults (HR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.9) had a significantly decreased hazard of NCD attributed mortality compared to those adults who were unable to read and write. The effect of literacy was modified by age and its effect reduced by 18% for every 5-year increase of age among literate adults. Conclusion In summary, the study indicates that double mortality burden from both NCDs and communicable diseases was evident in northern rural Ethiopia. Public health intervention measures that prioritise disadvantaged NCD patients such as those who are unable to read and write, the elders, the extended family and non-family household co-residents could significantly reduce NCD mortality among the adult population.

This chapter deals with the question as to whether micronutrients contribute to the maintenance of cognitive function during the aging process. The onset of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and at least the development of dementia are insidious, and occur years before the loss of cognition becomes apparent. Besides a couple of factors, including genetics and lifestyle, nutrition is claimed as an important factor which interacts with basic pathologies of cognitive decline. In particular, micronutrients (vitamins, trace elements and minerals) can mitigate the risk of cognitive decline, especially in elderly people at risk of deficiencies. Based on epidemiological findings and existing scientific evidence, two major groups of micronutrients will be discussed: homocysteine-lowering vitamins and antioxidants. Cognitive decline, with its early clinical diagnosis mild cognitive impairment (MCI), becomes evident in the age group >60 years. The quality of diet determines survival and health status in free-living elderly people within a European population. High plasma levels of s-carotene (as a marker for vegetable intake) and α-tocopherol (as a marker for edible plant oils) are especially associated with lower mortality in the elderly (Buijsse et al. 2005). Epidemiological studies demonstrate that with increasing age, the prevalence of nutritional deficiencies increases, in particular deficiencies of antioxidants (s-carotene, vitamins C, E and selenium and zinc) and B-vitamins (folic acid, B6, B12). Deficiencies of micronutrients however, may contribute to, or even promote, cognitive impairment. Consequently it is suggested that a straightforward strategy to improve micronutrient status may improve cognition or delay the onset of MCI and Alzheimer dementia (AD).

Despite the fact that vitamin and mineral deficiencies seem to occur only in low-income countries, there are also numbers of individuals in high-income countries who are deficient in these essential micronutrients. Whether due to poverty, lack of nutrition education or poor health, significant sections of the population of Europe have been documented in a range of recent studies as being deficient in key micronutrients. Women of child-bearing age and especially women who are pregnant have heightened needs for the critical micronutrients vitamins B2, B6, B12, niacin, folate, vitamins A, C and D, iron, magnesium, iodine and zinc. Micronutrient provision via the diet is a key factor in brain development, and an adequate micronutrient supply during the first 1,000 days of life is essential for long-term health and wellbeing. This chapter discusses the roles of the individual micronutrients on maternal and child health and proposes supplementation with multivitamin/mineral supplements during pregnancy as a safe approach to improving birth outcomes and reducing the risk of a range of diseases in later life. It concludes that to avoid effects of ‘silent’ micronutrient gaps, it is necessary to ensure a sufficient diet with adequate nutrients as proposed in the FAO/WHO statement on food security.

Objective The use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is suggested to induce oxidative stress, reflected by an imbalance between prooxidant and antioxidant substances. The majority of studies published have either focused on only one aspect (prooxidant or antioxidant side) or covered only a short observation period. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of CPB on the balance of prooxidative markers and antioxidant substances in one single group of patients, being able to estimate the degree of oxidative stress. Methods Blood samples were taken from 29 patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery beginning the day before surgery through postoperative day 6 (discharge). Plasma concentrations of vitamins C (total ascorbic acid) and E and malondialdehyde were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma levels of ascorbyl free radical were determined using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results The study showed a significant decrease in vitamin C plasma levels during CPB without any recovery of vitamin C up to the time of discharge. Furthermore, CPB induced a significant increase in malondialdehyde plasma concentrations immediately after unclamping, accompanied by a significant increase in the ascorbyl free radical to total ascorbic acid ratio. The latter stayed elevated until the end of observation. Conclusions Our findings indicate that the oxidative stress event after CPB can be divided into two phases: Immediately after reperfusion, a massive oxidative stress occurs, reflected by the increase in malondialdehyde. During convalescence, there must be an ongoing situation of oxidative stress, especially in the water-soluble compartment, leading to the consumption of vitamin C. Because the main antioxidant substance, vitamin C, did not increase again over the entire observation period, supplementation should be given consideration.

Purpose – The paper aims to investigate the iron, zinc, carotenoid, vitamin E, anthocyanin, and phenolic contents, antioxidant activity and the effect of the boiling of rice on such parameters. Design/methodology/approach – Iron and zinc content were investigated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Meanwhile, simultaneous extraction and detection methods using high performance liquid chromatography were applied for carotenoids, tocopherol, and tocotrienol analyses. For anthocyanin and phenolic determination, pH differential method and Folin Ciocalteu method were used, respectively. Antioxidant activity of samples was examined using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and superoxide radical scavenging methods. Findings – The n790 cultivar has a higher iron, zinc γ tocopherol (1,869.64 mg/kg), α tocopherol (1,883.97 mg/kg), anthocyanin (205.54 mg cyanidin 3 glucoside equivalent/100 g dry matter), and phenolic (728.9 mg catechin equivalent/100 g dry matter) contents. Jowo cultivar has higher lutein (1,314.21 mg/kg), α carotene (823.29 mg/kg), and β carotene (71.73 mg/kg) contents. Meanwhile, γ tocotrienol is the most abundant tocotrienol found in all samples. N790 cultivar had the highest antioxidative potential in FRAP, and superoxide radical methods. Boiling did not significantly affect the zinc content, however, different response was found in carotenoid, tocopherol, and tocotrienol content. Moreover, boiling decreased the antioxidant activity of extract. Practical implications – Black- and red-colored rice could substitute white rice in Indonesian diet to achieve better nutrient intake. Originality/value – Providing information on nutrient and bioactive compound of Indonesian underutilized colored rice can help to change the dietary habit and to alleviate nutrient deficiency in Indonesia.

OBJECTIVES: Despite the availability of effective antimicrobials, tuberculosis (TB) remains as a public health threat globally. There is a need for simple and inexpensive strategies to improve the treatment outcomes.The objective of our study was to deal with the potential use of vitamin D(2) derived from sun-exposed oyster mushroom as adjunctive therapy to standard anti-TB treatment METHODS: Randomized controlled trial was conducted on 64 pulmonary TB patients (32 assigned to intervention and 32 assigned to control) in North Shewa, Ethiopia. Intervention group was provided with a sandwich prepared from sun-exposed oyster mushroom containing 146 µg (5840 IU) vitamin D2 continuously from Monday to Friday during the first 16 weeks of anti-TB treatment. Blood and sputum specimens were taken at the beginning and end of the study. The primary outcomes were changes in vitamin D status, clinical improvements (assessed by TB score and Karnofsky performance status scale) and immunologic responses. Sputum smear and culture conversion were evaluated as secondary outcomes. P

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the antioxidant and type II diabetes related enzyme inhibition properties of phenolic extract from raw and traditionally processed Indian under‐utilized food legume grains, Bauhinia purpurea L. (purple camel's foot seeds).Design/methodology/approachThe methanolic extract was prepared from the raw and traditionally processed seed samples and analyzed for total phenolic content. The antioxidant activity and type II diabetes related enzyme inhibition properties of methanolic extract and their relationship with phenolic content was demonstrated.FindingsThe methanolic extract of raw seed materials contained total free phenolic content of 14.45±1.62 g catechin equivalent/100 g extract DM. Encouraging levels of ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP, 1203 mmol Fe[II]/mg extract), inhibition of ß‐carotene degradation (45.37 percent) and scavenging activity against DPPH (63.60 percent) and superoxide (42.14 percent) radicals were exhibited by the raw samples. Further, it also recorded 80.69 percent of α‐amylase and 63.74 percent of α‐glucosidase enzyme inhibition characteristics under in vitro starch digestion bioassay. Sprouting+oil‐frying caused an apparent increase on the total free phenolic content, antioxidant and free radical scavenging capacity, while soaking+cooking as well as open‐pan roasting treatments show diminishing effects.Originality/valueIdentification of suitable processing technique offered a good strategy to improve the phenolic content and health relevant functionality of B. purpurea seeds, which could be envisaged as a dietary ingredient in the formulation of supplementary foods with therapeutic value to manage type II diabetic patients.

Nuts are an integral part of the Mediterranean food patterns, and their incorporation into the regular diets of human beings is believed to provide many health benefits. The recent recognition of nuts as "heart-healthy" foods by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has given a major boost to the positive image of nuts. Nut consumption has been associated with several health benefits, such as antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, cardioprotective, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic benefits, among other functional properties. However, although nuts possess these many health benefits, their consumption has been hampered by a lack of adequate information regarding those benefits. In addition, because nuts are energy-dense foods with high-fat content, there is a misconception among consumers that increased consumption may lead to unwanted gain in body weight with the risk of developing overweight/obesity. Nonetheless, available epidemiologic studies and short-term controlled feeding trials have supported the theory that the inclusion of nuts in the typical diet does not induce weight gain, despite an expected increase in total caloric intake. To address the misperception about nuts and body weight gain, the present review focuses mainly on the relation between nut consumption and body weight gain, in the context of the many health benefits of nuts.

Multivitamin/mineral supplements (MVMs) are widely used in many populations. MVMs, together with iron and folic acid, are recommended for pregnant women to improve birth outcome and to reduce low-birthweight and rates of miscarriage. However, MVM use is common in the general population as well. The aim of the present review was to evaluate the safety of long-term use of these supplements. To examine the safety of MVM use, we performed a literature search for randomized controlled studies involving supplementation with a combination of at least nine vitamins and three minerals at a maximum concentration of 100% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance. We found nine studies evaluating the use and efficacy of MVMs in pregnant women and healthy adults and six studies in the elderly where adverse effects were explicitly addressed. Only minor adverse events (e.g., unspecific gastrointestinal symptoms) were reported in all studies. In particular, there were no significant differences between treatment and placebo groups. MVM use within the range of the Dietary Reference Intake will not result in excess intake, even when including the effect of food and fortified food, and does not increase mortality. Taken together, these findings indicate that MVMs can be safe for long-term use (>10 y).

Micronutrient fortified flour (MFF), supplementary food rations and micronutrient (MN) supplements may prevent deficiencies among pregnant women. Objectives of cross-sectional surveys in 2004 (n = 533) and 2006 (n = 515) were to assess the impact of new food rations (flour, oil) and supplements on MN status by trimester of pregnancy in the Maela refugee camp. Hemoglobin, iron status, zinc, retinol, β-carotene and tryptophan decreased, while α-/γ-tocopherol and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) increased from first to third trimester. In 2006, mean zinc and α-tocopherol for each trimester was significantly higher than in 2004. The weeks of supplemented thiamine and folic acid were positively correlated with thiamine diphosphate (TDP) and 5-MTHF, but not for ferrous sulfate as iron deficiency was observed in 38.5% of third-trimester women. Frequent consumption of fish paste and owning a garden or animal were associated with significantly higher iron status, retinol, β-carotene, and 5-MTHF. In conclusion, MFF and supplementary oil were most likely to explain improved zinc and α-tocopherol status, while thiamine and folate supplements ensured high TDP and 5-MTHF in late pregnancy. MN supplements, MN-rich staple food, small gardens, and programs to improve iron compliance are promising strategies to prevent MN deficiencies during pregnancy in vulnerable populations.