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WOS: 000433998700006, Background: Pyrazolines have played a pivotal role in antimicrobial and anticancer drug discovery. Moreover, thiazoles have attracted a great deal of interest due to their crucial roles in the lead identification and optimization. Objectives: The purpose of the current work was to design and synthesize new antimicrobial and anticancer agents. Methods: New thiazolyl-pyrazoline derivatives (2a-d) were synthesized via the ring closure reaction of 3-(2-thienyl)-5-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1-thiocarbamoyl-2-pyrazoline (1) with phenacyl bromides. The compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial effects on pathogenic bacteria and Candida species using Microdilution assay, BacTiter-Glo (TM) microbial cell viability assay and Fluorescence microscopy. The possible binding interactions of compound 1 in the active site of CYP51 were confirmed by molecular docking studies, whereas its genotoxicity was investigated using Ames MPF test. Furthermore, MTT assay was performed to determine the cytotoxic effects of the compounds on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma, HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma, C6 rat glioma, and NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines. A computational study for the prediction of ADME properties of all compounds was also performed. Results: Compound 1 was found to be the most potent anticandidal agent against Candida species. MTT and Ames MPF assays indicated that compound 1 was neither cytotoxic nor genotoxic at the concentrations tested. Docking studies showed that compound 1 interacted with Heme group in the active site of CYP51. This compound also exhibited selective anticancer activity against HepG2 and C6 cell lines. According to in silico studies, this compound did not violate Lipinski's rule, making it a potential orally bioavailable chemotherapeutic agent. Conclusion: Compound 1 was identified as a promising candidate for further mechanistic studies., Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commission [1604S158], This study was supported by Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commission under the grant no: 1604S158.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı inflamasyon ve enfeksiyon geçiren hastalara önerilebilecek çift etkili potansiyel ilaçlar sunmak olup bu bağlamda tiyazol fenilasetik asit türevlerinin antienflamatuvar ve antibakteriyal aktiviteleri araştırmaktır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Yeni sentezlenen bu bileşiklerin antienflamatuvar etkileri fluorometrik yöntem ile belirlenmiştir. Bu yöntem COX1 (siklooksigenaz 1) ve COX2 (siklooksigenaz-2) enzim inhibisyonu sırasında oluşan ara ürünler prostaglandin-1 ve prostaglandin-2’nin belirlenmesine dayanmaktadır. Ibuprofen ve Nimesulid referans ilaç olarak kullanılmıştır. Antimikrobiyal aktiviteyi belirlemek üzere mikrobroth dilüsyon testi kullanılmıştır. Bileşiklerin iki kat seri dilüsyonları mikroorganizmalara karşı denenmiş ve bileşiklerin minumum inhibisyon konsantrasyonları CLSI’ye göre belirlenmiştir. Kloromfenikol control ilaç olarak kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Fluorometrik yöntem ve antimikrobiyal aktivite sonuçları karşılaştırılmıştır. 2b nin önemli COX1 ve COX2 inhibisyon etkiti olduğu gözlenmiş olup, 4-klorofenil ve fenil grubu taşıyan 2d nin ise aktivitesinin daha iyi olduğu gözlenmiştir. Aynı sırada 2d nin antimikrobiyal etkisinin kontrol ilaç olarak kullanılan kloromfenikole eş ya da daha iyi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Sentezlenen bileşikler arasında 2d hem antiinflamatuar hemde antibakteriyal aktivite göstermiştir. 2d umut veren potansiyel bir ilaç olarak değerlendirilebililr. 2d’nin iskelet yapısı üzerine yapılacak olan ileri çalışmalar yeni, alternatif dual antiinflamatuvar ve antibakteriyal ilaç gelişimine ve böylece her iki hastalığın semptomlarından muzdarip hastalar için umut olacaktır., Purpose: Present a new potential dual drug for patient suffering both inflammation and infection was aim of this study therefore investigation of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of new thiazole-phenylacetic acid compounds derivatives as a potential dual drug was carried out. Materials and Methods: Anti-inflammatory activity of new synthesize drugs were determined via fluorometric assay. Assay based on fluorometric detection of intermediates prostaglandin G1 and G2 during COX1(cyclooxygenases-1) and COX2 (cyclooxygenases-2) enzyme inhibition, respectively. Ibuprofen and Nimesulide were used as reference drugs. Antimicrobial activity of compounds in parallel were evaluated with microbroth dilution assay. Two-fold serial dilution of compounds were tested against microorganisms and minimum inhibition concentration of compound were determined according to CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute). Chloramphenicol was used as a control drug. Results: Fluorometric assay and antimicrobial assay results were compared. The observation was compound 2b had important inhibitory activity on COX1 and COX2 but activity of 2d carrying 4-chlorophenyl and phenyl was more successful than 2b and also antimicrobial activity of 2d against microorganism was better or same as reference drug chloramphenicol. Conclusion: Between the new synthesized compound, 2d exhibited remarkable anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity. 2d can be evaluated as a promising drug potential. Further investigation on scaffold of 2d will help to develop new alternatives for dual anti- inflammatory and antibacterial agent which can provide relief for patients in suffering from the symptoms of these diseases.

Antidepressants are drugs commonly used in clinical settings. However, there are very limited studies on the effects of these drugs on the gut microbiota. Herein, we evaluated the effect of reboxetine (RBX), a selective norepinephrine (noradrenaline) reuptake inhibitor (NRI), on gut microbiota in both diabetic and non-diabetic rats. This is the first report of relation between reboxetine use and the gut microbiota to our knowledge. In this study, type-1 diabetes induced by using streptozotocin (STZ) and RBX was administered to diabetic rats and healthy controls for 14 days. At the end of the treatment, stool samples were collected. Following DNA extraction, amplicon libraries for the V3-V4 region were prepared and sequenced with the Illumina Miseq platform. QIIME was used for preprocessing and analysis of the data. As a result, RBX had a significant effect on gut microbiota structure and composition in diabetic and healthy rats. For example, RBX exposure had a pronounced microbial signature in both groups, with a low Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and low Lactobacillus levels. While another abundance phylum after exposure to RBX was Proteabacteria, other notable taxa in the diabetic group included Flavobacterium, Desulfovibrionaceae, Helicobacteriaceae, Campylobacterales, and Pasteurellacae when compared to the untreated group.

WOS: 000482452000006, A series of 2-(substituteddithiocarbamoyl)-N-[4-((1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)phenyl]acetamide derivatives was designed and synthesized to combat the increasing incidence of drug-resistant fungal infections. All synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, H-1-NMR, C-13-NMR, and HRMS spectra and elemental analyses. Antifungal activity tests were performed against four different fungal strains. Molecular docking studies were performed to investigate the mode of action towards the fungal lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase, a cytochrome P450-dependent enzyme. ADME studies were carried out and a connection between activities and physicochemical properties of the target compounds was determined. Most of the final compounds exhibited significant activity against Candida albicans and Candida krusei with MIC50 value 12.5 mu g/mL. The results of in vitro anti-Candida activity, a docking study and ADME prediction revealed that the newly synthesized compounds have potential anti-Candida activity and evidenced the most active derivative, 5b (2-Pyrrolidinthiocarbonylthio-N-[4-((1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)phenyl]acetamide), which can be further optimized as a lead compound.

WOS: 000357471400001, New 2-(4-arylpiperazine-1-yl)-N-[4-(2-(4-substituted phenyl)thiazol-4-yl)phenyl]acetamide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial and anticholinesterase activities. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of the compounds were found weak contrary to expectations. It is unlikely that antifungal activity of the compounds was found significant, especially against Candida parapsilosis., Anadolu University Scientific Research Project, Eskisehir, Turkey [1505S407], The study was supported by the Anadolu University Scientific Research Project, Eskisehir, Turkey (Project no. 1505S407). The authors present their thanks to Anadolu University Medicinal Plants, Drugs and Scientific Research Center (AUBIBAM) for NMR analyses. The assistance of the staff is gratefully appreciated.

WOS: 000419242400081, PubMed ID: 29189730, In an effort to develop new potent antimicrobial and anticancer agents, new pyrrole-based chalcones were designed and synthesized via the base-catalyzed Claisen-Schmidt condensation of 2-acetyl-1-methylpyrrole with 5-(aryl)furfural derivatives. The compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial effects on pathogenic bacteria and Candida species using microdilution and ATP luminescence microbial cell viability assays. MTT assay was performed to determine the cytotoxic effects of the compounds on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma, HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma, C6 rat glioma, and NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines. 1-(1-Methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-3-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)furan-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (7) and 1-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-3-(5-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)furan-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (9) were found to be the most potent antifungal agents against Candida krusei and therefore these compounds were chosen for flow cytometry analysis and Ames MPF assay. ATP bioluminescence assay indicated that the antifungal activity of compounds 7 and 9 against C. krusei was significantly higher than that of other compounds and the reference drug (ketoconazole), whereas flow cytometry analysis revealed that the percentage of dead cells treated with compound 7 was more than that treated with compound 9 and ketoconazole. According to Ames MPF assay, compounds 7 and 9 were found to be non-genotoxic against TA98 and TA100 with/without metabolic activation. MTT assay indicated that 1-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-3-(5-(2-nitrophenyl)furan-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (3) showed more selective anticancer activity than cisplatin against the HepG2 cell line. On the other hand, 1-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-3-(5-(4-nitrophenyl)furan-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (1) was found to be more effective and selective on the A549 cell line than cisplatin., Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commission [1605S488, 1705S166], This study was supported by the Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commission under the grant numbers: 1605S488 and 1705S166.

WOS: 000404517800005, PubMed ID: 28346364, Owing to the growing need for antifungal agents, we synthesized a new series 2-((5-(4-(5-substituted-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenyl)-4-substituted-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)-1-(substituted phenyl)ethan-1-one derivatives, which were tested against Candida species. The synthesized compounds were characterized and elucidated by FT-IR, H-1-NMR, C-13-NMR and HR-MS spectroscopies. The synthesized compounds were screened in vitro anticandidal activity against Candida species by broth microdiluation methods. In vitro cytotoxic effects of the final compounds were determined by MTT assay. Microbiological studies revealed that compounds 5m, 5o, 5r, 5t, 5y, 5ab, and 5ad possess a good antifungal profile. Compounds 5w was the most active derivative and showed comparable antifungal activity to those of reference drugs ketoconazole and fluconazole. Cytotoxicity evaluation of compounds 5m, 5o, 5r, 5w, 5y, 5ab and 5ad showed that compounds 5w and 5ad were the least cytotoxic agents. Effects of these two compounds against ergosterol biosynthesis were observed by LC-MS-MS method, which is based on quantification of ergosterol level in C. albicans. Compounds 5w and 5d inhibited ergosterol biosynthesis concentration dependently. A fluorescence microscopy study was performed to visualize effect of compound 5w against C. albicans at cellular level. It was determined that compound 5w has a membrane damaging effect, which may be related with inhibition of biosynthesis of ergosterol., Anadolu University Scientific Projects Fund [1501S034, 1702S049], This study was financially supported by Anadolu University Scientific Projects Fund, Project No. 1501S034 and 1702S049.

WOS: 000399579300016, PubMed ID: 28413890, A series of 2-(4-substitutedmethylphenyl) propionic acid derivatives (6a-6m) were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme inhibitory and antimicrobial activity. Test compounds that exhibited good COX inhibition and antibacterial activity were further screened for their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Compounds 6h and 6l showed better COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition when compared to ibuprofen. Inhibition potency of these compounds against COX-2 was very close to that of nimesulide. The compounds 6d, 6h, 6l and 6m displayed promising antibacterial property when compared to chloramphenicol. However, the compound 6l was emerged as the best dual COX inhibitory-antibacterial agent in this study. The ADME prediction of the compounds revealed that they may have a good pharmacokinetic profile. Docking results of the compounds 6h and 6l with COX-1 (PDB ID: 1EQG) also exhibited a strong binding profile., Anadolu University Scientific Projects Fund [1409S385], This study was financially supported by Anadolu University Scientific Projects Fund, Project No: 1409S385.

WOS: 000395967900011, PubMed ID: 28174104, Owing to the growing need for novel antibacterial agents, we synthesized a novel series of fluoroquinolones including 7-substituted-1-(2,4-difluoropheny1)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro[1,8]naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives, which were tested against clinically relevant Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were identified using spectroscopic methods. In vitro antimicrobial effects of the compounds were determined via microdilution assay. Microbiological examination revealed that compounds 13 and 14 possess a good antibacterial profile. Compound 14 was the most active and showed an antibacterial profile comparable to that of the reference drugs trovafloxacin, moxifloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. A significant MIC90 value (1.95 mu g/mL) against S. aureus ATCC 25923, E. coli ATCC 35218, and E. coli ATCC 25922 was recorded for compound 14. We observed reduced metabolic activity associated with compounds 13 and 14 in the relevant bacteria via a luminescence ATP assay. Results of this assay supported the antibacterial potency of compounds 13 and 14. An E. coli DNA gyrase inhibitory assay indicated that compound 14 is a potent inhibitor of E. coli DNA gyrase. Docking studies revealed that there is a strong interaction between compound 14 and the E. coli DNA gyrase enzyme. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity evaluations of compounds 13 and 14 showed that compound 14 is non-genotoxic and less cytotoxic compared to the reference drugs (trovafloxacin, moxifloxacin, and ciprofloxacin), which increases its biological importance, Anadolu University Scientific Projects Fund [16055290], This study was financially supported by Anadolu University Scientific Projects Fund, Project No.: 16055290. Authors are thankful to Ms. Begfim Nurpelin Saglik for help with the docking study.

A new class of 10 novel quinoxaline hydrazones was synthesized to examine their antimicrobial activity. The structural of the compounds was confirmed by IR, 1H-NMR, and MS spectral data and elemental analyses. Antimicrobial activity of the compounds was evaluated against 3 fungal and 7 bacterial strains by Micro-broth dilution assay. All of the synthesized compounds indicated showed significant antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, antibacterial activity of the 2,4-difluoro substituted compound 4b displayed two fold better activity than chloramphenicol against this bacterial strain., 10 yeni kinoksalin hidrazondan oluşan yeni bir grup aktimikrobiyal aktivitesi incelenmek üzere sentezlenmiştir. Bileşiklerin yapıları IR, 1H-NMR, MS spektral ve elemental analiz ile aydınlatılmıştır. Bileşiklerin antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri Mikro-broth dilüsyon yöntemi ile 3 fungus ve 7 bakteri türüne karşı değerlendirilmiştir. Sentezlenen bütün bileşikler Pseudomonas aeruginosa’ ya karşı önemli antibakteriyal aktivite göstermiştir. Ayrıca, 2,4-difloro yapısı içeren 4b bileşiği Pseudomonas aeruginosa’ ya karşı kloramfenikolden 2 kat daha iyi antibakteriyal aktivite göstermiştir

WOS: 000303471900027, In this study, the antimicrobial activities of Trimethoprim (1), Trimethoprim + Maleic acid (2), Trimethoprim + Oxalic acid dihydrate (3), and Trimethoprim + trans-1,2-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (4) were investigated for their in vitro growth inhibitory activity against human pathogenic as some bacteria and fungi. Substances were tested using the micro-broth dilution assay. The chemical agents showed the same activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris. Inhibitory activities of test chemicals against different Candida strains were determined to be widely moderate., Anadolu University, Commission of Scientific Research Projects, Authors are grateful to Anadolu University, Commission of Scientific Research Projects for support of this study.

WOS: 000289418300008, PubMed ID: 21469176, In the present study a new series of benzimidazole derivatives bearing various (benz)azolylthio moieties were synthesized so as to investigate their antimicrobial activity. Structures of the target compounds (5a-5i) were confirmed by their IR, (1)H-NMR, ES-MS spectral data, and elemental analyses. The synthesized compounds (5a-5i) exhibited poor activity against bacterial strains. On the other hand, antifungal activity of the compounds against Candida species was very significant. Brine-Shrimp lethality assay was performed for determination of toxicity of the compounds. Compounds 5a, 5c, and 5d were evaluated as non-toxic in addition to their attractive antifungal activity. However, the other compounds (5b, e-i) in the series showed toxicity to different extents.

WOS: 000321693400024, PubMed ID: 22651798, In this work, we synthesized fourteen different compounds which contain hydrazone bridged thiazole and pyrrole rings. For this purpose, pyrrole-2-carboxaldehydes were reacted directly with thiosemicarbazide in ethanol and then obtained thiosemicarbazones were condensed with alpha-bromoacetophenone derivatives (Hantzsch reaction) to give 1-substituted pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde [4-(4-substituted phenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl] hydrazones. The structures of the obtained compounds were elucidated by using IR, H-1-NMR and FAB(+)-MS spectral data and elemental analyses results. All of the compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against twelve different microorganisms by using microbroth dilution method. Ketoconazole and chloramphenicol were used as standard drugs. All of the compounds showed good activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis.