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The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of increased concentrations of full fat rice bran (FFRB) or defatted rice bran (DFRB) in diets without or with supplementation of an exogenous xylanase on growth performance and blood characteristics in weanling pigs. A total of 532 pigs (9.3 ± 0.5 kg initial BW) were allotted to 14 diets in 4 blocks and 8 replicate pens per diet in a randomized complete block design. There were 4 or 5 pigs per pen. A basal diet containing corn, soybean meal, and whey powder and 6 diets containing corn, soybean meal, whey powder, and 10, 20, or 30% FFRB or 10, 20, or 30% DFRB were used. Seven additional diets that were similar to the initial 7 diets with the exception that they also contained 16,000 units/kg of microbial xylanase were also formulated. On the last day of the 23-d experiment, 2 blood samples were collected from 1 pig in each pen. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IgA, and peptide YY (PYY) were measured in plasma samples and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein, and albumin were measured in serum samples. Initial and final BW were not affected by the inclusion level of FFRB or DFRB or by the addition of xylanase. The ADFI linearly decreased ( < 0.05) as inclusion of FFRB increased in diets and there was a tendency ( = 0.08) for reduced ADFI as DFRB was increased in the diets. Pigs fed diets containing DFRB had greater ADFI ( < 0.05) than pigs fed diets containing FFRB. The ADG increased and then decreased (quadratic, < 0.05) with increasing level of FFRB or DFRB in the diets. The G:F linearly and quadratically increased ( < 0.05) as the inclusion of FFRB increased, and the G:F was greater ( < 0.05) in pigs fed diets containing FFRB than in pigs fed diets containing DFRB. The concentration of BUN linearly decreased ( < 0.05) when pigs were fed diets containing increasing levels of FFRB or DFRB. There was a tendency for the concentrations of TNF-α and PYY to linearly decrease ( = 0.09 and = 0.075, respectively) as the inclusion of FFRB increased in the diet. In conclusion, ADG of weanling pigs was not affected by at least 20% FFRB or DFRB and inclusion of 30% DFRB had no effect on the G:F whereas 30% FFRB increased the G:F. However, microbial xylanase did not influence growth performance under the conditions of this experiment and there was minimal influence of rice coproducts or xylanase on blood characteristics.

This study reported the synthesis of the new ligands, 3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl-S-benzyldithiocarbazate (L1), p-chloro-benzyl-S-benzyldithiocarbazate (L2) and 2,6-dichlorobenzyl-S-benzyldithiocarbazate (L3). These three schiff base type ligands were respectively obtained by means of the reaction of 3,4-methylenedioxybenzaldehyde, p-chlorobenzaldehyde and 2,6-dichlorobenzaldehyde with S-benzyldithiocarbazate, at molar ratio 1:1. The respective Cu(II) complex C1, C2 and C3 were synthesized by the reaction of L1, L2 or L3, with CuCl2.2H2O, at molar ratio 1:1. The chemical identification of ligands and respective complexes was established through spectroscopic data (FT-IR, UV-Vis and 1H NMR). The ligand and complexes were subjected to in vitro radial diffusion assays against the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and the fungus Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with good results for some of these compounds. Due to its promising antimicrobial property, complex C1 was subjected to EPR analyses aiming to establish its conformational structure. The prediction of biological activities of ligands and complexes were evaluated through the simulation carried out in silico using the web tools PASSonline and ChemMapper. Key words: Aryl-S-benzyldithiocarbazate, Cu(II) complexes, antimicrobial activity, PASSonline, ChemMapper

The objective of this experiment was to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in 10 sources of wheat middlings and in 1 source of red dog. Ten diets that each contained 1 of the 10 sources of wheat middlings and 1 diet that contained red dog as the only source of protein and AA were formulated. An N-free diet was used to determine basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Chromic oxide (0.4%) was added to all diets as an indigestible marker. Twelve pigs (BW: 29.23 ± 1.5 kg) were fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. Pigs were allotted to a 12 × 8 Youden square design with 12 diets and eight 7-d periods. The initial 5 d of each period was the adaptation period, but ileal digesta were collected on the last 2 d of each period. Results indicated that the AID of CP in wheat middlings was 31.1 ± 6.9%, but the AID of CP in red dog (47.0%) was greater ( < 0.05) than the average AID of CP for wheat middlings. The AID of indispensable AA in wheat middlings ranged from 30.1 ± 5.4% for Lys to 67.7 ± 2.2% for His, and the AID of indispensable AA in red dog ranged from 53.7% in Val to 86.2% for Met. The average SID of CP in wheat middlings was 61.5 ± 5.1%, and there were no differences among the 10 sources of wheat middlings, but the SID of CP in red dog (78.5%) was greater ( < 0.05) than in wheat middlings. The SID of Arg, His, and Asp in wheat middlings was 81.4 ± 2.7%, 77.7 ± 2.1%, and 66.4 ± 2.7%, respectively, and no differences among sources of wheat middlings were observed for these AA. The SID of Met (73.6 ± 1.8%) and the SID of Ala (54.8 ± 4.9%) tended ( = 0.071 and = 0.090, respectively) to be different among sources of wheat middlings, and the SID of all other AA was different ( < 0.05) among the 10 sources of wheat middlings. There were no differences between red dog and wheat middlings for the SID of Arg, His, and Ser, and the SID of Cys was less ( < 0.05) in red dog than in wheat middlings, but for all other AA, the SID in red dog was greater ( < 0.05) than in wheat middlings. In conclusion, wheat middlings and red dog contain approximately the same quantities of AA, but the AID and SID of CP and most AA in red dog are greater than in wheat middlings.

Interprotein electron transfer underpins the essential processes of life and relies on the formation of specific, yet transient protein-protein interactions. In biological systems, the detoxification of sulfite is catalyzed by the sulfite-oxidizing enzymes (SOEs), which interact with an electron acceptor for catalytic turnover. Here, we report the structural and functional analyses of the SOE SorT from Sinorhizobium meliloti and its cognate electron acceptor SorU. Kinetic and thermodynamic analyses of the SorT/SorU interaction show the complex is dynamic in solution, and that the proteins interact with Kd = 13.5 ± 0.8 μM. The crystal structures of the oxidized SorT and SorU, both in isolation and in complex, reveal the interface to be remarkably electrostatic, with an unusually large number of direct hydrogen bonding interactions. The assembly of the complex is accompanied by an adjustment in the structure of SorU, and conformational sampling provides a mechanism for dissociation of the SorT/SorU assembly. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09066.001, eLife digest A key feature of many important chemical reactions in cells is the transfer of particles called electrons from one molecule to another. The sulfite oxidizing enzymes (or SOEs) are a group of enzymes that are found in many organisms. These enzymes convert sulfite, which is a very reactive compound that can damage cells, into another compound called sulfate. As part of this process the SOE transfers electrons from sulfite to other molecules, such as oxygen or a protein called cytochrome c. In the past, researchers have described the three-dimensional structure of three SOEs using a technique called X-ray crystallography. However, it has been difficult to study how SOEs pass electrons to other molecules because of the temporary nature of the interactions. McGrath et al. studied an SOE called SorT, which is found in bacteria. The SorT enzyme passes electrons from sulfite to another protein called SorU. McGrath used X-ray crystallography to determine the three-dimensional structures of versions of these proteins from a bacterium called Sinorhizobium meliloti. This included structures of the proteins on their own, and when they were bound to each other. These structures revealed that a subtle change in the shape of SorU occurs when the proteins interact, which enables an electron to be quickly transferred. McGrath et al. also found that the interface between the two proteins showed an unexpectedly high number of contact sites. These strengthen the interaction between the two proteins, which helps to make electron transfer more efficient. However, these contact sites do not prevent the two proteins from quickly moving apart after the electrons have been transferred. The next challenge is to find out whether these observations are common to SOEs from other forms of life. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09066.002

Vinyl ether and vinyl silyl ether (VSiE) monomers were polymerized in methylene chloride with an indenyltitanium trichloride catalyst using methyl aluminoxane as co-catalyst. The polymerization reactions were carried out at different temperatures and using an [MAO]/[IndTiCl 3 ] = 10 molar ratio. The stereoregularity of the polymers was determined by NMR analysis. The molecular weights ( M n 's) observed in the polymers obtained from vinyl silyl ethers were lower than the respective poly vinyl ethers. The polymer hydrolysis reactions produced PVA's with the same stereoregularity, the tacticities of new the PVA's were different compared with the PVA produced by the traditional reaction of poly(vinyl acetate) hydrolysis. The most important syndiotacticity (rr) observed in the products obtained from the VSiE polymerization reaction was in the range of 28–39%, while the heterotactic fractions (mr) observed in the PVA's produced from the specific poly(vinyl dimethylphenylsilyl ether) and poly( tert -butyl vinyl ether) hydrolysis reactions were 52 and 57%, respectively.

espanolLa cirugia de terceros molares constituye en la practica de la cirugia oral y maxilofacial, una de las intervenciones mas realizadas. Las indicaciones son variadas, desde medidas profilacticas hasta grandes lesiones oste-oliticas. Algunas de las consecuencias despues de dicha intervencion son; edema, trismus y dolor postoperatorio. En la tecnica quirurgica, el colgajo cobra gran importancia a la hora de minimizar estas consecuencias. El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar el postoperatorio de la cirugia de terceros molares mandibulares incluidos, utilizando un colgajo lineal en un lado y un colgajo triangular en el otro lado del mismo paciente. Se realizo un estudio prospectivo en 15 pacientes de la Facultad de Odontologia de la Universidad Mayor. Se tomaron registros fotograficos estandarizados y se midio la apertura bucal maxima pre-quirurgica de cada paciente. Se registro el edema, la limitacion de apertura bucal y el dolor a las 48 horas y a los 7 dias, ademas del tiempo intraoperatorio. Todos los datos fueron analizados estadisticamente. No existen diferencias significativas en el edema, limitacion de la apertura ni dolor al utilizar ambos colgajos. Tampoco existe correlacion entre el tiempo operatorio y las tres variables estudiadas. El postoperatorio de la cirugia de terceros molares mandibulares incluidos es similar al utilizar un colgajo lineal o un colgajo triangular. El cirujano puede optar por uno o el otro indistintamente, segun su preferencia. EnglishOne of the most common procedures in the field of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is third molar surgery. From prophylactic measures to large osteolytic lesions, there are various indications. Some of the consequences of this procedure are; edema, trismus and postoperative pain. Flap design is an important feature of surgical technique that plays a vital role in minimizing these consequences. The objective of this study is a post operative evaluation of included third molar iaw surgery using a linear flap on one side and a triangular flap on the other side of the same patient. A prospective study of 15 patients from the Dentistry College at the Major University was carried out. Before surgery standard photos were taken and maximum oral opening was measured for each patient. The edema, maximum oral opening and pain were measured 48 hours and 7 days after surgery. All of the data were analyzed statistically. There are no significant differences in the edema, ability to open the mouth or the level of pain using the two types of flap. There a/so is no correlation between the operation time and the three variables studied. The postoperative edema, pain and trismus after included third molar surgery are similar when using linear or triangular flap designs. The surgeon can choose one or the other indistinctly, according to his/her preference.