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Aims: To demonstrate the effective delivery to gingival tissues of the gum health actives zinc citrate and vitamin E acetate from a new silica based fluoride toothpaste and to confirm the clinical efficacy of the full formulation in vivo. Methods: Study 1: Zinc levels were measured from plaque samples immediately before and 10 minutes after brushing with the new toothpaste and compared to a similar marketed zinc containing product; Study 2: Vitamin E acetate levels were measured from the new toothpaste by swabbing gum tissues immediately after brushing; Study 3: Vitamin E acetate delivery and penetration of porcine gingival tissue ex vivo was measured and compared to delivery of the agent from an already marketed product; Study 4: The effect of the new toothpaste on gingival condition after three months home use was investigated in comparison to a marketed 0.3% triclosan containing toothpaste. Results: The new toothpaste showed significantly higher levels of zinc delivery compared to a similar marketed toothpaste. Vitamin E acetate delivery was also shown to be effective from both the in vivo and ex vivo studies. Clinically, both the new formulation and the 0.3% Triclosan control showed significant reduction in gingivitis after 12 weeks home use. Conclusions: Zinc citrate and vitamin E acetate are delivered at effective levels to gum tissue from the new formulation. The in vivo efficacy of the formulation has been demonstrated, showing the new toothpaste to be an effective anti-gingivitis formulation.

Epidemiological study of tooth brushing is essential to evaluate dental health of a country. Objective: To obtain data on tooth brushing frequency, time of day and duration from adults and children in Jakarta, Indonesia. Methods: Toothbrushes containing data loggers were distributed to 120 random families in Jakarta to record how many times a day, when and for how long subjects brushed their teeth. The families were each composed of a mother, father and two children aged between 6 and 15 years. Results: The mean brushing frequency of the population was 1.27 times per day. The majority of the tooth brushing (46%) was performed in the morning. The mean tooth brushing duration of this population was 57.29 seconds. The mothers’ tooth brushing frequencies tended to be higher than that of the other family members, and the fathers tended to brush their teeth longer. Conclusion: Effective education aimed at increasing both the duration and frequency of tooth brushing from once to twice per day is urgently required in Indonesia.DOI: 10.14693/jdi.v21i3.251

To test if a novel dual-phase gel system (calcium silicate and phosphate with 1450 ppmF, as NaF/MFP; TG) combined with a toothpaste (calcium silicate and sodium phosphate with 1450 ppmF, as MFP; TG) was able to re-harden previously acid-challenged enamel to a greater extent than other toothpastes.The study consisted of a double-blind, randomised, cross-over design with four 7-day treatment legs. In each leg, subjects wearing a partial denture holding four demineralised enamel specimens (25 min in 0.3% citric acid, pH3.8) used either the test regimen (TG+TP) or one of the three controls. (placebo TG+TP; Positive Control - placebo TG+marketed 1450 ppmF toothpaste; Negative Control - placebo TG+placebo TP). Enamel specimens were removed after 1, 2, 3 and 7 days. The gel systems were applied once per day for the first three days during which subjects also brushed with the corresponding toothpaste; this was followed by four days use of the toothpastes only. Toothpastes were used in the conventional way brushing twice per day throughout the seven days. The outcome variable was %Surface Microhardness Recovery calculated after three and seven days of in situ treatment.The results showed a statistically significant (p0.001) re-hardening effect for all treatments compared to pre-treatment hardness. After three days and after seven days of in situ treatment significantly greater hardening (p0.05) was found in the samples treated with calcium silicate/phosphate gel system plus calcium silicate/phosphate toothpaste than in the control groups.It is concluded that the test regimen based on the novel dual-phase gel system combined with toothpaste was able to re-harden acid-challenged tooth enamel to a greater extent than a normal fluoride toothpaste.The novel oral care products containing calcium silicate, sodium phosphate salts and fluoride is a new approach to the repair of demineralised enamel.

To examine the effect of reported toothbrushing frequency and method of rinsing after brushing on caries experience and increment.Data are presented from 2621 adolescents (mean age 12.5 years at outset) participating in a 3-year double-blind caries clinical trial. At baseline, examiners questioned each participant about their toothbrushing habits, and at subsequent examinations, this information was obtained using a self-administered computer-based questionnaire. Participants used a fluoride-containing dentifrice throughout and clinical examinations were conducted using a mirror, CPITN probe and fibre-optic transillumination.The reported brushing frequency increased throughout the trial. Caries experience at baseline was inversely related to toothbrushing frequency with mean DMFS=9.66, 8.12 and 7.63 respectively for1/day, 1/day and1/day brushers (P0.001). Mean 3-year DMFS increments of 8.90, 6.63 and 5.48 (P0.01) were observed in those reporting to brush1/day, 1/day or1/day, on not less than two of the three clinical examinations during the trial. Caries increment was also significantly related to the claimed method used to rinse post-brushing. Overall frequency of brushing and rinsing method accounted for over 50% of the explained variance in the ANOVA model used to analyse the DMFS increments.Stated toothbrushing frequency and rinsing method after brushing were found to be strongly correlated with caries experience and caries increment. These factors should be reflected in the design of oral health education material and taken into account in the design and analysis of caries clinical trials.

This study reports on the caries susceptibility of tooth surfaces in 4294 adolescents (mean age 12.5 yr) during a 3-yr, double-blind clinical caries trial, conducted in Lanarkshire, Scotland, between 1988 and 1992. Children were selected on the grounds of dental maturity and past caries experience. Clinical examinations with mirror, CPITN probe and fibre optic trans-illumination were carried out on the permanent dentition, with the buccal pits of mandibular molars and palatal pits of maxillary molars being recorded as separate sites. At baseline 6061 surfaces were decayed (1.0% of 601 160 surfaces examined), 20 160 (3.4%) filled, and 10 909 (1.8%) missing due to caries. The number of surfaces recorded as sound at baseline in subjects completing the study was 454 663. Of these 8176 (1.8%) new surfaces were decayed, 14 832 (3.3%) filled and 4000 (0.9%) missing at the final examination. Molar occlusal surfaces showed greatest susceptibility to attack, 35.8% of those at risk becoming carious in the course of the study. All buccal and lingual smooth surfaces showed a low susceptibility, but 8.8% of buccal and palatal pits developed caries. At the final clinical - only examination, pit and fissure caries accounted for 48%, inter proximal surfaces for 39%, and smooth surfaces for 13% of caries prevalence. However, overall the contribution of these surfaces to 3-yr increments was, 40%, 47%, and 13%, respectively.

The increased air pollution that is a major source of concern in virtually all highly industrialized nations with a high car/population ratio has led to the introduction of measures to limit pollutant emissions [8.2] [8.9] [8.14] [8.15]. To ensure reproducibility and comparability, the emitted pollutant quantities are determined according to specified test methods. One drawback is that test methods, classifications and emission standards often differ from one country to another, i.e. direct comparisons are only possible to a limited extent or even not at all. In addition, the large variety of test methods adopted for emission measurement entails unnecessarily high development costs. The excessive proliferation of numerous different international standards, measuring methods and test cycles will have to be brought to an end, not least of all in order to minimize costs.