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Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignant tumors among women worldwide. HER2 receptor is a protein that plays a role in cell growth, division, and repair. Approximately 50% of HER2 –negative breast cancers express low levels of HER2 receptors. HER2-low breast cancer is a newly characterized subtype of breast cancers that express low levels of HER2 receptor but do not meet the criteria for HER2 positivity and HER2 negative with SCORE - 0 in immunohistochemistry. Recent studies have discovered that HER2-targeted therapies can be effective even at low HER2 expression levels. Aim of study: The purpose of this review was to increase awareness of HER2- low breast cancer. The objective was also to underscore the importance of detecting low and very low expression of HER2 receptors. The other goal of this project is to raise awareness of potential new directions in oncological treatments including antibody–drug conjugates. Materials and methods: The review was based on the analysis of materials collected in the „Pubmed” and Google Scholar databases. The search was performed using the keywords: „HER2-low breast cancer”, trastuzumab deruxtecan antibody–drug conjugates”, „HER2-low diagnostic algorithm”. Conclusion: The results of the DESTINY - Breast04 study shows that trastuzumab-deruxtecan significantly improved both progression-free survival and overall survival among all patients including hormone-positive patients cohort compared to chemotherapy. While trastuzumab-deruxtecan is highly effective, it does come with specific safety considerations that necessitate close monitoring.

Introduction Urinary incontinence (UI) is a prevalent condition among postmenopausal women, seriously impacting their sexual health and quality of life. In the postmenopausal period, multiple hormonal and structural changes occur in female body. These conditions can lead to psychosomatic disorders, causing shame, social withdrawal, and negatively affecting sexual health. Loss of bladder control creates discomfort during sex, reducing satisfaction for both women and their partners. Management strategies for UI in postmenopausal women include pelvic floor training, medications, and surgical options. Addressing the psychosocial aspects of urinary incontinence through counseling and education is essential for empowering women to seek support. Aim of the study The article discusses urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women, highlighting its impact on sexual health. It discusses the hormonal and physiological changes related to this condition and aims to present effective diagnostic and treatment strategies. Materials and methods We searched the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, clinical trial registry platforms, and Google Scholar, using key terms such as "urinary incontinence," "postmenopausal women," "sexual health," "lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).” Conclusion UI is a serious problem affecting many postmenopausal women. It is crucial to elevate the understanding of both patients and medical staff about diagnosis, effective treatment options, and the importance of mental support. By taking this approach, we can create a healthcare environment that is more informed and compassionate.

Introduction Left ventricular (LV) pseudoaneurysm is a rare but life-threatening complication following myocardial infarction (MI). Unlike true aneurysms, pseudoaneurysms lack myocardial elements in their structure, which increases the risk of rupture and sudden death. The diagnosis is challenging due to its often subtle and nonspecific symptoms. The high mortality rate associated with untreated pseudoaneurysms highlights the importance of awareness and prompt diagnosis. All patients after MI should receive specialized care and follow-up examinations to prevent unattended states of emergency. Purpose of research This systematic review aims to discuss a rare complication of MI in a form of LV pseudoaneurysm. Due to its potential asymptomatic course, it is important to highlight the importance of a meticulous clinical and echocardiographic follow-up in all patients with a history of MI. Materials and methods The study was conducted through search across PubMed and Google Scholar databases, using keywords such as “left ventricular pseudoaneurysm”, “myocardial infarction”, “post-infarction imagining”, “surgical treatment of pseudoaneurysms”. The analysis focused on scientific literature with validated insights into the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods and treatment strategies of the MI complication in a form of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm. Results and conclusions The potentially fatal consequences of pseudoaneurysm dictate proactive approach in the treatment of patients with a history of MI. Routine follow-up examinations, comprehensive cardiac imaging and a high clinical alertness are essential for early diagnosis. By providing meticulous post-MI care, healthcare professionals can improve patients outcomes and reduce mortality.

Introduction Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic compound widely used in producing consumer plastics like polycarbonate and epoxy resins. Recognized as an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), BPA has been linked to various adverse health effects, including impacts on human fertility. Exposure to BPA has been associated with infertility risks not only through direct mechanisms but also by causing transgenerational effects, potentially compromising fertility in future generations. Aim of the Study This review aims to summarize recent evidence identifying BPA as an environmental contributor to infertility in humans. We explore mechanisms through which BPA disrupts the endocrine system, focusing on its effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, oogenesis, spermatogenesis, and embryo implantation. Additionally, we discuss research on BPA’s potential long-term reproductive risks across generations and assess strategies for reducing BPA exposure. Materials and Methods We reviewed epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies published over the past decade, with a search conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar. Both human and animal model studies were considered to provide a comprehensive perspective. Search terms included "Bisphenol A," "fertility," "endocrine disruptors," "spermatogenesis," "oogenesis," and "transgenerational effects." Conclusions BPA, an EDC ubiquitous in the environment, is shown to disrupt male and female fertility. Expanding research and regulatory measures are needed to reduce the reproductive health risks posed by BPA exposure to protect current and future generations.