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Background: Trophic feeding is a small volume, hypo-caloric feeding, gut priming or minimal enteral feeding acclimate the immature gut of enteral fasting preterm neonates. Delayed starting of trophic feeding had resulted in short and long-term physical and neurological sequels. The current study aimed to assess time to initiate trophic feeding and its predictors among preterm neonates admitted in the neonatal intensive care unit of Debre Markos, Felege Hiwot, and Tibebe Ghion comprehensive specialized hospitals.Methods: An institutional-based prospective follow-up study was conducted among 210 neonates. The data were collected with interview and chart review, entered into Epi data 3.1 and exported to Stata 14.1 for analysis. Multivariable Cox regression models were fitted to identify predictors of time to initiate trophic feeding. Result: A total of 210 neonates were followed for 10136 person-hours of risk time and 191 (90.95%) of neonates were started trophic feeding. The overall incidence of starting trophic feeding was 2 per 100 (95% CI: 2, 2.2) person-hours observations. The median survival time was 42 hours (95% CI: 36, 48). APGAR- score at first minute Conclusion: There was a significant delay to initiate trophic feeding in the studied hospitals. Gestational age of below 34 weeks, APGAR-score of less than seven, out-born delivery, cesarean delivery, presence of respiratory distress syndrome; perinatal asphyxia, and hemodynamic instability were predictors of delay in starting of trophic feeding. Standardized feeding guideline has to be implemented to overcome delays in enteral feeding initiation.

Henok Mulugeta,1 Abebe Dilie Afenigus,1 Dessalegn Haile,1 Haile Amha,1 Getachew Mullu Kassa,2 Muluken Wubetu,3 Ermias Abebaw,4 Dube Jara2 1Department of Nursing, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; 2Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; 3Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; 4Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Henok MulugetaDepartment of Nursing, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box: 269, Debre Markos, EthiopiaTel +251913645701Fax +0587711764Email mulugetahenok68@gmail.comBackground: The introduction of highly active retroviral therapy has dramatically reduced mortality and improved survival among HIV patients. However, there is a possible risk of comorbid complications such as hypertension. Little evidence is available regarding the incidence of hypertension among HIV patients receiving anti-retroviral therapy in Ethiopia.Purpose: To assess the incidence and predictors of hypertension among HIV positive patients receiving ART at Public Health Facilities, Northwest Ethiopia.Patients and Methods: A one-year prospective follow-up study was conducted among a cohort of 302 new adult individuals initiating on a standard anti-retroviral therapy regimen with a median (IQR) age of 35 years (IQR=30– 41). A pretested data extraction checklist was used to extract baseline patient records. The collected data were entered into Epi-Data version 3.1 and exported to STATA version 14 for analysis. The incidence rate was calculated, and a Kaplan–Meier survival curve was used to estimate the survival probabilities of developing hypertension. Cox proportional hazards model was fitted to identify the predictors of hypertension.Results: About 40 (13.25) new hypertensive cases were observed during the follow-up period, and the remaining 262 (86.75%) were censored. The overall incidence rate of hypertension was 16.35 per 1000 person-month with 2447 patient-month observations. Male sex (AHR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.02, 6.14), old age (AHR = 2.83, 95% CI: 1.08, 7.45), high BMI (AHR = 6.54, 95% CI: 2.03, 21.13), diabetic comorbidity (AHR = 2.36, 95% CI: 1.07, 5.22), and patients who were on Zidovudine (AZT)-based ART regimen (AHR =3.47, 95% CI: 1.10, 10.94) were significant predictors for the development of hypertension.Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that incident hypertension is a common problem among HIV patients receiving ART. Routine monitoring of blood pressure and screening and treating high blood pressure should be an integral part of follow-up for HIV patients in ART clinics.Keywords: anti-retroviral therapy, HIV/AIDS, hypertension, Ethiopia

Molla Yigzaw Birhanu,1 Aytenew Atnaf Workineh,2 Yalew Molla,3 Ermias Abebaw,4 Amit Arora,5 Yibelu Bazezew6 1Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; 2Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; 3Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; 4Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; 5School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia; 6Department of Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Molla Yigzaw BirhanuDepartment of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box 269, Debre Markos, EthiopiaTel +251910614947Email mollayigzaw33@gmail.comBackground: Neonatal jaundice is one of the most common clinical disorders occurred worldwide. About 1.1 million neonates develop jaundice per year globally and the vast majority of them found in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. There is a paucity of evidence on the incidence rate and predictors of neonatal jaundice in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining the rate and predictors of neonatal jaundice in the northwest, Ethiopia.Methods: A prospective cohort study design was conducted at Debre Markos comprehensive, specialized Hospitals using 334 neonates from October 1, 2019, to June 30, 2020. Using a systematic random sampling technique, the study subjects were drawn. Data were entered into the Epi-DataTM Version 4.2 and analyzed using STATATM Version 14.0. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to estimate the survival time. A generalized Log rank test was used to compare the survival curves of different categorical variables. Finally, both bi-variable and multivariable Cox-proportional hazards regression models were used to identify the predictors of neonatal jaundice.The Results: The overall incidence rate of jaundice among neonates was 4.5 per 100 person-hours. Long duration of labor [ARR = 3.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), (2.8– 8.7)], being male neonates [ARR= 5.2; 95% CI (3.5– 7.3)], “O” blood group mothers [ARR = 4.5; 95% CI (3.4– 10.3)], and having neonatal sepsis 3.4 [ARR=3.4; 95% CI: (2.5– 6.1)] were predictors.Conclusion: The incidence rate of jaundice was higher in this study than the finding of the previous one. Being male, prolonged duration of labor, “O” blood group mothers and sepsis were the significant predictors. Hence, an effort has to be made to decrease the incidence rate of neonatal jaundice through improving newborn care and timely intervention for neonates with sepsis and delivered at a long duration of time as well as the neonates born from “o” blood type mothers are our recommendation.Keywords: neonatal jaundice, incidence, predictor, NICU, Debre Markos, Ethiopia