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Introduction: Cognitive impairment is a common consequence of epilepsy in children. This study aimed to assess the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid levels and its impact on cognitive function in children with idiopathic epilepsy. Patients and methods: We performed a case-control study in 30 children with idiopathic epilepsy and 20 healthy children. We measured levels of alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3) and linoleic acid (omega-6) by means of gas-liquid chromatography. We assessed cognitive function with the Arabic version of the fourth edition of the Stanford-Binet test and the P300 component of event-related potentials. All children had an intelligent quotient greater than 70. Results: Children with epilepsy had lower levels of omega-3 and higher levels of omega-6 fatty acids and an abnormal omega-6/omega-3 ratio compared to non-epileptic children. We found a significant positive correlation of serum omega-3 levels and a significant negative correlation of serum omega-6 levels with cognitive function scores and P300 latency in children with epilepsy. Conclusion: Children with epilepsy have abnormal ratios of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid serum levels, which is associated with impaired cognitive function in these children. Resumen: Introducción: El deterioro cognitivo es una consecuencia común de la epilepsia en niños. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el cociente de los niveles de ácidos grasos omega-6 y omega-3 y su impacto en el funcionamiento cognitivo de niños con epilepsia idiopática. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio de casos y controles en 30 niños con epilepsia idiopática y 20 niños sanos. Se midieron los niveles plasmáticos de ácido alfa-linolénico (omega-3) y de ácido linoleico (omega-6) mediante cromatografía de gases. El funcionamiento cognitivo se evaluó mediante la versión en árabe de la cuarta edición de la escala de Stanford-Binet y la onda P300 en potenciales relacionados con eventos. Todos los participantes tenían un cociente intelectual superior a 70. Resultados: Los niños con epilepsia tenían niveles más bajos de omega-3 y más altos de omega 6 y un cociente omega-6/omega-3 anormal en comparación con los niños sanos. Se observó que el nivel plasmático de omega-3 se correlacionaba positivamente y el nivel de omega-6 negativamente, ambos de manera significativa, con las puntuaciones del funcionamiento cognitivo y la latencia de la onda P300 en niños con epilepsia. Conclusión: Los niños con epilepsia tienen un cociente alterado de los niveles plasmáticos de ácidos grasos omega-6 y omega-3 que se asocia al deterioro cognitivo en este grupo.

Objective: A study of epilepsy, according to the age at onset of the crisis and its causes, monitored by a Paediatric Neurology Unit over a period of three years. Patients and methods: Historical cohorts study was conducted by reviewing the Paediatric Neurology medical records database of epileptic children followed-up from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2010. Results: A total of 4595 children were attended during the study period. The diagnosis of epilepsy was established in 605 (13.17%): 277 (45.79%) symptomatic, 156 (25.79%) idiopathic, and 172 (28.43%) with cryptogenic epilepsy. Absence epilepsy and benign childhood epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes are the idiopathic epileptic syndromes most prevalent, and the most prevalent symptomatic epilepsies are prenatal encephalopathies. More than one-quarter (26.12%) of epilepsies began in the first year of life, and 67.72% were symptomatic. Refractory epilepsy was observed in 25.29%, 42.46% with cognitive impairment, 26.45% with motor involvement, and 9.92% with an autism spectrum disorder, being more frequent at an earlier age of onset. Conclusions: The absence of a universally accepted classification of epileptic syndromes makes tasks like this difficult, starting with the terminology. A useful classification would be aetiological, with two groups: a large group with established aetiology, or very likely genetic syndromes, and another with no established cause. The age of onset of epilepsy in each aetiological group helps in the prognosis, which is worsened by refractoriness and associated neurodevelopmental disorders, and are generally worse at an earlier onset and in certain aetiologies. Resumen: Objetivo: Estudio de las epilepsias según la edad de inicio de las crisis y la etiología, de los pacientes controlados en una unidad de neuropediatría durante 3 años. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio de cohortes históricas. Revisión de historias de niños con epilepsia de la base de datos de neuropediatría controlados del 1 de enero de 2008 al 31 de diciembre de 2010. Resultados: De 4.595 niños atendidos en el periodo, se estableció el diagnóstico de epilepsia en 605 (13,17%), siendo 277 (45,79%) epilepsias sintomáticas, 156 (25,79%) idiopáticas y 172 (28,43%) criptogénicas. La epilepsia de ausencias y la epilepsia benigna de la infancia con paroxismos centrotemporales son los síndromes epilépticos idiopáticos con mayor prevalencia, y las encefalopatías prenatales las epilepsias sintomáticas más prevalentes. El 26,12% iniciaron su epilepsia el primer año, siendo sintomáticas el 67,72%. Se han considerado refractarias el 25,29% de las epilepsias; el 42,46% asocia déficit cognitivo, el 26,45% afectación motora y el 9,92% trastorno del espectro autista, siendo más frecuentes a menor edad de inicio. Conclusiones: La ausencia de una clasificación universalmente aceptada de los síndromes epilépticos dificulta trabajos como este, empezando por la terminología. Una clasificación útil es la etiológica, con 2 grupos: un gran grupo con las etiologías establecidas o síndromes genéticos muy probables, y otro de casos sin causa establecida. La edad de inicio de la epilepsia en cada grupo etiológico añade orientación pronóstica. El pronóstico de la epilepsia lo ensombrecen la refractariedad y las alteraciones asociadas del neurodesarrollo, siendo peor en general a más precoz inicio y en etiologías concretas.

We studied clinical-EEG features of 63 children, age range of 2-14 years, with occipital epileptiform activity in the EEG, with epileptic seizures and no evidences of brain damage. Age at onset was between 1-12 years. In 15 cases the seizures last for more than 30 min up to 6 h. Seizures occurred during sleep in 28 children. Autonomic symptoms were apparent in 25, head deviation in 24 and hemiconvulsion or generalization in 17 cases. Ten children reported visual symptoms. In 14 children the seizures were exclusively generalised convulsions. Spikes were observed in 27 cases and spike and slow-wave complex in 36. Discharges blocking by eyes opening were confirmed in 15 cases. Somatosensory evoked spikes by foot stimulation were observed in 9.5% cases. The cases were classified in the following idiopathic epileptic syndromes: early-onset occipital - Panayiotopoulos-type (EOO), 32 cases; late-onset occipital - Gastaut type (LOO), 8; rolandic epilepsy in 7. Conclusion: EOO occurred more frequently than LOO. Idiopathic occipital syndromes diagnosis was possible in 63.4% of the cases.

Aspectos psicossociais em crianças com epilepsia benigna da infância com pontas centrotemporais (EBICT) são objeto de controvérsias. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar o desempenho escolar em crianças com EBICT. Vinte crianças foram submetidas ao Teste de Desempenho Escolar (TDE) e comparadas a crianças sadias pareadas por idade e escolaridade. Foram estudadas as relações entre o TDE e a lateralidade do foco e o número de descargas ao eletrencefalograma. As crianças com EBICT tiveram, de modo significativo, mais freqüentemente do que as sadias, desempenho inferior no subteste de leitura e no escore total. As crianças com desempenho inferior em leitura apresentaram maior número de descargas do que aquelas com desempenho médio e superior. Não houve diferenças no TDE segundo a lateralidade do foco. O número de descargas, ao interferir com a função cerebral, pode ser um fator a explicar o desempenho mais baixo na leitura. Neuropsychological implications of benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes-rolandic spikes (BECTS) have not been adequately investigated. The aim of this study was to compare the results in a school performance test of patients with BECTS and normal age-matched controls. A total of 20 children with BECTS and 20 normal controls were submitted to anamnesis, clinical evaluation, Raven test, school performance test (SPT), digital electroencephalogram and quantitative electroencephalogram analysis. Comparing with normal controls, children with BECTS showed significantly lower SPT results, especially in reading test. There was an association between the higher number of rolandic spikes and inferior performance in SPT reading test. These findings suggest that discharges may be a factor in the genesis of lower performance in reading test in children with BECTS.

Sleep and epilepsy share some common mechanisms. The objective of the present investigation was to study the macrostructure of sleep in patients with idiopathic epilepsies, focal and generalized, comparing these two groups to each other and to a control group of 12 individuals without epilepsy. A total of 35 polysomnographies were performed, 12 of them in the control group, 10 in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsies, and 13 in patients with idiopathic focal epilepsies. Antiepileptic medications were maintained for ethical reasons. The group with idiopathic focal epilepsy showed an increase in the total recording time (p = 0.04) and the group with idiopathic generalized epilepsy had a reduction of phase 4 NREM sleep. The efficiency of total sleep period and of total sleep time was also lower in the group with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (p = 0.03 in both cases). We concluded that the group with idiopathic generalized epilepsy presents sleep of poorer quality, whereas the group with idiopathic focal epilepsy presents a tendency toward an excessive somnolence. Sono e epilepsia compartilham alguns mecanismos comuns. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a macroestrutura do sono em pacientes com epilepsias idiopáticas, comparando os grupos com epilepsias focais e generalizadas entre si, e ainda com um grupo controle sem epilepsia. Foram realizadas 35 polissonografias, 12 em indivíduos controle, 10 em pacientes com epilepsia generalizada idiopática (EGI) e 13 em pacientes com epilepsia focal idiopática (EFI). As drogas antiepilépticas foram mantidas por razões éticas. O grupo com EFI mostrou aumento do tempo total de registro, enquanto o grupo com EGI teve redução no sono não-REM fase 4. A eficiência do sono medida pelo período total de sono e pelo tempo total de sono foi menor no grupo com EGI. Concluímos que o grupo com EGI tem sono de pior qualidade e que o grupo com EFI apresenta tendência à sonolência excessiva.