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Temperature is an important environmental factor in agriculture, affecting individual organisms and the entire farmland ecosystem. Global warming has become more tangible, which may negatively affect pest biological control due to the generally weak thermal tolerance of natural enemies. The mirids Cyrtorhinus lividipennis and Tytthus chinensis (Insecta: Hemiptera: Miridae) are important natural predators of planthoppers and leafhoppers in Asian paddy fields. However, the effects of thermal stress on these predators remain poorly understood. We investigated the thermal tolerance, fitness, predation abilities, and transcriptomic response of T. chinensis and C. lividipennis at elevated temperatures. T. chinensis was more heat tolerant than both Nilaparvata lugens (its prey) and C. lividipennis. T. chinensis not only exhibited better development, survival, reproduction, and predation capacities compared with C. lividipennis but also showed stronger competitiveness when the two mirid predators co-persisted under high-temperature conditions. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we sequenced their transcriptomes at different temperatures. Heat shock protein (HSP) genes were identified and analyzed due to their high co-regulation during heat treatment. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction results showed that T. chinensis induces HSPs expression quickly and strongly over a wider temperature range in response to heat stress compared with C. lividipennis. Taken together, we highlighted the potential of T. chinensis as a biological control agent in future global warming conditions and provided insight into the thermal adaption of mirid species.

Introduction Despite associated with multiple geriatric disorders, whether housing type, an indicator of socioeconomic status (SES) and environmental factors, is associated with accelerated biological aging is unknown. Furthermore, although individuals with low-SES have higher body mass index (BMI) and are more likely to smoke, whether BMI and smoking status moderate the association between SES and biological aging is unclear. We examined these questions in urbanized low-SES older community-dwelling adults. Methods First, we analyzed complete blood count data using the cox proportional hazards model and derived measures for biological age (BA) and biological age acceleration (BAA, the higher the more accelerated aging) (N = 376). Subsequently, BAA was regressed on housing type, controlling for covariates, including four other SES indicators. Interaction terms between housing type and BMI/smoking status were separately added to examine their moderating effects. Total sample and sex-stratified analyses were performed. Results There were significant differences between men and women in housing type and BAA. Compared to residents in ≥3 room public or private housing, older adults resided in 1-2 room public housing had a higher BAA. Furthermore, BMI attenuated the association between housing type and BAA. In sex-stratified analyses, the main and interaction effects were only significant in women. In men, smoking status instead aggravated the association between housing type and BAA. Conclusion Controlling for other SES indicators, housing type is an independent socio-environmental determinant of BA and BAA in a low-SES urbanized population. There were also sex differences in the moderating effects of health behaviors on biological aging.

Low temperature is the major environmental factor that limits the optimal field production of tomato in the high altitude mountain regions. Studies were conducted to determine the feasibility of growing tomato, a temperature sensitive crop, in a naturally ventilated passive solar greenhouse with high temperature amplitude (24.7 ± 3.0 °C). The study also aimed to determine the application of shade net combined with low-cost greenhouse technology. Despite the temperature fluctuation from 6.6 ± 2.1 °C at night to 39.1 ± 4.7 °C day temperature, flowering and fruiting were observed under the greenhouse conditions. The marketable yield inside the greenhouse was 1.8-times higher compared to open-field. Shading significantly affected the photosynthesis and results in increased sub-stomatal CO2 concentration. Shading resulted in delayed flowering and 48% reduction in marketable yield. Total phenolic contents (TPC) of tomato grown under open-field and greenhouse conditions were similar. However, greenhouse conditions resulted in a 35% decrease in total flavonoid contents (TFC) of tomato fruit. Shading reduced the TPC and TFC by 29 and 16%, respectively under greenhouse conditions.

The sea potato Acaudina spp. is a species of sea cucumber, belonging to the class Holothuroidea under Phylum Echinodermata. It becomes blooming recently in the East Sea of China, causing serious ecological problems. However, until now there are no molecular data for its larval identification and population genetic analysis. In this study, we firstly screened a mtDNA fragment and demonstrated that it was the species-specific molecular marker for the identification of Acaudina spp. We then developed a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to evaluate the larval density of Acaudina spp. based on this molecular probe. Utilizing this method, we examined 116 plankton samples collected in four seasons from 13 stations along the coastal region in Fujian province, China. The results showed that the high larval density was presented at stations 1, 2, and 3, which were near a quay in the coast. The larval density increased from April and reached the highest value in June and July, suggesting temperature might be the main environmental factor on the effects of its population distribution and density. Our work provides an important molecular tool for species identification and risk evaluation of a potentially invasive species.

Water stress causes alterations in physiological and metabolic processes in plants and is considered the primary environmental factor affecting the management of sports turf grass species.This glasshouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of trinexapac-ethyl (TE) on canopy net photosynthesis (Pn), cell membrane stability (CMS), turf quality (TQ) and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) accumulation responses of sports turf cultivars [Cv] (100% fescue, Rootzone and Arena sports) subjected to water stress. Commercially obtained sods of turf plants were treated with 2 L/ ha TE and then exposed 7 days after to water stress. The treatments were: (i) water untreated, (ii) water TE-treated, (iii) water stress untreated; and (iv) water stress TE-treated and the experiment was a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Results showed that specifically in Cv. Rootzone, Pn was 50% higher for well water TE treated plants compared to the other treatments during the second and third week of the study. Similarly, at 14 days after application, the effect TE resulted to 35% and 50% reduction in cell membrane leakages respectively in well water and water stressed TE-treated Cv. Rootzone plants and this was statistically significant (P=0.05) different from the untreated plants. On a scale of 1-9, all turf types recorded TQ rating of ≥8 at the start of the experiment. By the fourth week of the study, it was observed that all water stress untreated plants had mean TQ (5.75) ratings lower than the minimum acceptable TQ (6). WSC content of well-watered TE-untreated plants was maintained below 60 mg/g DW throughout the study regardless of turf type. After 28 day of water stress duration, the WSC contents obtained in water stress TE-treated plants were 41%, 43% and 50% higher for Cv. Rootzone, 100% fescue and Cv. Arena sports, respectively , than in well water untreated plants. Summer preconditioning of plants with TE can be a possible management tool in alleviating the detrimental impacts of water stress in sport turf species.

Quasipaa boulengeri is consumed as a valuable delicacy in many places in the world. Recent studies showed that water temperature is a very important environmental factor that influences the growth and metamorphosis of reared frog tadpoles. However, the molecular mechanisms of tadpoles in response to water temperature are still unknown. In this study, physiological changes and transcriptomes of tadpoles reared under different water temperatures were analyzed. The results showed that the body length, width, weight, and growth hormone content of tadpoles under 21°C were significantly higher than of those reared at 15°C or 27°C, indicating that frog tadpoles were highly sensitive to water temperature. Further comparative transcriptome analysis of these three groups of tadpoles identified a total of 2001 differentially expressed genes, which were predominantly related to energy metabolism and growth revealed by GO and KEGG enrichment. Importantly, in the GH/IGF signaling pathway, several key genes, including PI3K, ERK1/2, and AMPK, were expressed significantly differently among the three groups, and the expression levels coincided with the changes of phenotype and hormone level. Together, our study provided a suitable rearing temperature (21°C) for tadpoles and contributed to the knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying tadpoles in response to rearing temperature.

Aim Water-deficit stress is the most devastating environmental factor that adversely affects plant growth causing yield losses and low crop productivity. In this study, we employed sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as a seed priming agent for the acclimation of water-deficit stress in wheat plants by invoking priming memory. Methods The SNP-primed (75, 100, and 125 μM) and non-primed controls were allowed to grow in pots under water deficit and normal conditions. The flag leaves of 98-days mature plants were used for biochemical and physiological studies by following the well-established methods. Results The antioxidant and hydrolytic enzymes were upregulated while reducing sugars, total sugars, and glycine betaine increased significantly in flag leaves of wheat plants originated from SNP-treated seeds compared to control under water deficit stress. However, a significant reduction in MDA and proline contents represented a lesser ROS production which resulted in enhanced cell membrane stability. Consequently, there was a significant enhancement in yield, plant biomass and 100 grains weight of wheat plants under water deficit stress. Conclusion The improvement in yield parameters indicates the induction of priming memory in SNP-primed seeds which elicit water deficit tolerance till the maturity of plants thus ensures sustainable productivity of wheat.

Objective: Cerebral palsy Spastic Diplegia (CPSD) is the most common motor disability in childhood. It is a neurodevelopmental condition beginning early in life and continues throughout life. In addition to mobility problems, the environment can also affect the CPSD children’s social participation. This study aims to investigate the relationship of environmental factors with the social participation of children with CPSD. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 116 parents of children with CPSD referred to the occupational therapy clinics in Tehran, Mazandaran, and Alborz provinces of Iran in 2018-2019. They were recruited using a convenience sampling method. Parents completed the European Child Environment Questionnaire (ECEQ) and the life habit questionnaire to assess their perception of the environmental factors and their children’s participation, respectively. The Gross Motor Function Classification System-Expanded and Revised (GMFCS-E&R) was initially used to classify the gross motor function (walking ability) of the children with cerebral palsy living in Europe (The SPARCLE project). We used it to estimate cognitive levels in children. The Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression of SPSS version 22 were used to analyze the results. Results: Based on the GMFCS-E&R classification, 23.3% of children were at level I, 27.6% at level II, 31.9% at level III, and 17.2% at level IV. Moreover, 89.7% of the children had an IQ>75, and 85.3% had no seizures. All domains and sub-domains of ECEQ had significantly correlated with social participation (P

This research article presents the main results of zoning of the Kemerovo Oblast based on the level of technogenic load and environmental factor. Based on the analysis of a huge amount of statistical material, information data obtained from government reports, regional reports, strategies for socio-economic development, scientific publications, synthesized multispectral shooting (multispectral images), an assessment was made and relationships were established between the negative impact on the environment and its impact on people's lives of the region with different levels of technogenic load. The relationship between the ecological capacity and the negative impact on the environment is also considered, depending on the volume of coal production in the territory of Kuzbass (the Kuznetsk Basin). The raw material region was ranked according to the area of disturbed lands using synthesized multispectral analysis of space images. As a result of the comprehensive analysis, it was revealed that all municipalities with a high anthropogenic load are characterized by a decrease in environmental indicators of the sustainability of the development of the territory and an increase in negative consequences of both a medico-demographic and socio-economic nature. Analysis of the dynamics of coal mining and emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere showed a proportional relationship between an increase in coal production and an increase in indicators for cancer. It was also revealed that the overall level of diseases in the territories of intensive technogenesis is almost 2 times higher than in areas with a low level of technogenesis. Another tendency was found in urban districts with a high technogenic load – the average annual quantitative growth of negative medical and demographic indicators is proportional to the growth of coal production. Based on this, the author considered various ways to reduce the level of anthropogenic impact on the environment of the Kemerovo Oblast and gave general recommendations for improving the ecological situation in this region. The visualized result of this scientific work is the schematic maps, which reflect the ecological zoning of the region's territory according to the level of anthropogenic load.

Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) is a major pest of cabbage and other vegetables in the Brassicaceae family. The management and control of this cosmopolitan and economic pest has been a challenge in tropical regions. Reliance on chemical insecticides have led to resistance, natural enemy suppression, contaminated residues, risks to chemical poisoning and other environmental contamination. Therefore, the need to utilize non-host spice plants is an alternative. For this study, we focus on different concentration levels of two local spice plants; (1) chili (Capsicum frutescens L.) and (2) ginger (Zingiber officinale R.). Based on previous studies, extracts from both plants have been able to reduce pest infestation in vegetables. There were nine (9) treatments (T): T1=3ml of chili extract L−1 v/v, T2=6ml of chili extract L−1 v/v, T3=9ml of chili extract L−1 v/v, T4= 3ml of ginger extract L−1 v/v, T5= 6ml of ginger extract L−1 v/v, T6= 9ml of ginger extract L−1 v/v, T7=3ml of pure water L−1 v/v, T8=6ml of pure water L−1 v/v and T9=9ml of pure water L−1 v/v. From these treatments, 6ml chili was effective in lowering the defoliation (%) and was able to produce high leaf area index (LAI) regardless of increasing rainfall. Ginger 9ml produced high LAI and low defoliation in spite of increasing rainfall. Rainfall (mm) was an important environmental factor affecting the abundance, LAI and defoliation.

High temperature stress is a major environmental factor that affects crop growth, development and yield, it especially limits rice yield. Hence, an experiment was conducted to study the impact of high temperature on morpho-physiological parameters and yield of rice genotypes. Ten rice genotypes were used in this study viz., N22, ADT 36, ADT 37, ADT 43, ADT 45, CO 51, ASD 16, MDU 6, TPS 5 and Anna (R) 4. The study was carried out at OTC (Open Top Chamber) with the treatments of ambient, ambient +2O C and ambient +4O C. Stress was imposed from anthesis to early grain filling period. Observations on plant height, the number of tillers, leaf area, SPAD (Chlorophyll index) and chlorophyll stability index (CSI) were done after the stress imposement and grain yield was calculated after harvest. Results revealed that, the significant changes were observed in morpho-physiological traits and grain yield of rice genotypes among the treatments and with the genotypes. N22 (10% and 19%) and Anna (R) 4 (12% and 22%) recorded less reduction of grain yield in ambient +2O C and ambient +4O C compared with ambient, due to less reduction of total chlorophyll content, SPAD values, leaf area and increased plant height. These parameters resulted in higher biomass which indirectly contributed to higher grain yield in N22 and Anna (R) 4 under high temperature

To test for the effects of far-red light on preventing budset in Picea abies, seedlings of six populations originating from latitudes between 67°N and 47°N were grown for 4-8 weeks in continuous incandescent (metal halogen) light at 300 μmol m -2 s -l and 20°C and then transferred, at the same temperature, to a daily regime of 8 h incandescent light (300 μmol m -2 s -1 ) followed by 16 h cool white fluorescent light (40 μmol m -2 s -1 ). (Cool white lamps are deficient in far-red light, with a R/FR ratio of 7.5 compared with 2.0 for the incandescent lamps.) All the seedlings from 67° and 80% of those from 64° stopped extension growth and set terminal buds within 28 days of the change of regime. The seedlings from 61° and further south continued growing, as did control seedlings from 67° grown as above but with incandescent light at 20 μmol m -2 s -1 replacing cool white illumination. To distinguish between a clinal and ecotypic pattern of variation, the interval between 64° and 59° was investigated by growing populations originating from that area in the same regimes as before. After 28 days in the cool white day-extension regime, the percentage budset was 86 for the population from 64°; 0 for the population from 59° and 25-50 for the intermediate populations; i.e. the populations showed a clinal variation in requirement for far-red light according to latitude. Thus northern populations of Picea abies appear to behave as 'light-dominant' plants for the photoperiodic control of extension growth and budset, whereas the more southern populations behave as 'dark-dominant' plants.

Bu deneme, 2017-2018 bitki yetiştirme döneminde, Hatay-Reyhanlı’da ekim sıklığının ekmeklik buğday çeşitlerinde verim ve bazı kalite özelliklerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Altı adet ekmeklik buğday çeşidi (Karatopak, Seri-2013, Osmaniyem, Yakamoz, Sagittario ve Masaccio) ve üç ekim sıklığı (450, 550 ve 650 tohum / m2) kullanılarak yetiştirilmiştir. Denemeler; Tesadüf Blokları Bölünmüş Parseller Deneme Deseninde 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuş olup, ana parsellere ekim sıklıkları ve alt parsellere ise çeşitler yerleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada; başaklanma süresi, bitki boyu, başakçık sayısı, başakta tane sayısı, fertil başak sayısı, tane verimi, bin tane ağırlığı, protein oranı, yaş gluten oranı ve sedimentasyon değeri özellikleri incelenmiştir. Deneme sonucunda; ekim sıklığı x çeşit interaksiyonu, başaklanma süresi, başakta tane sayısı, başakta tane ağırlığı, tane verimi, protein oranı, yaş gluten oranı ve sedimentasyon değeri özellikleri için önemli bulunmuştur. Ekim sıklığı, başaklanma süresi, fertil başak sayısı, tane verimi ve protein oranı özellikleri için önemli olurken, çeşitler ise, başaklanma süresi, başakta tane sayısı, başakta tane ağırlığı, tane verimi, protein oranı, yaş gluten oranı ve sedimentasyon değeri yönünden önemli bulunmuştur. Ekim sıklığı artıkça başaklanma süresi kısalmış, fertil kardeş sayısı ve protein oranı ise artmıştır. Ekim sıklıkları yönünden en yüksek tane verimi 559.2 kg/da ile 550 tohum/m2 uygulamasından elde edilmiş olup, bu uygulamayı 520.0 kg/da ile 650 tohum/m2 ve 519.4 kg/da ile 450 tohum/m2 uygulamaları izlemiştir. Çeşitler yönünde ise tane verimleri 652.6 kg/da (Yakamoz) 456.7 kg/da (Karatopak) kg/da arasında değişim göstermiştir. Sonuçlarımız, ekim sıklığının ekmeklik buğday çeşitlerinde verim ve kalite üzerine genotiplere göre değişen oranlarda etkili çevresel bir faktör olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

Heat stress is an environmental factor that negatively affects the morphological and physiological properties of dairy cattle. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between heat stress and milk yield, milk fat ratio and body temperature in Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle. Data Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey's Siirt province was obtained from a special Kurtalan Farm. Milk yield and content of 13 head Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle were recorded in March, April, May, June, July, August and September. In addition, temperature and humidity records were recorded in the farm and in the parlor to be used for calculating the temperature humidity index value. In the analysis of data, correlation and regression methods were used in SAS 9.4 program. As a result, positive correlation (P

Duck is one of the commodities that contribute to the national livestock production and Central Java is home to the fourth biggest duck population after West Java, South Sulawesi and East Java. The 2019 egg production in Central Java was 36.174 tons or 11.3% of the total egg production nationwide. Accordingly, it is important to investigate the effect of environmental factor, total number and age of ducks on egg production in Central Java. Specifically, this study aimed to observe the effect of region on egg production and feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the total livestock (chicken), age (month), stocking density (ducks/m2), internal housing temperature (oC), and humidity (%) on Hen day production/HDP. A survey engaging purposive random sampling was conducted on the population of duck farming in Central Java especially Tegal, Pemalang and Brebes districts. The data were subjected to General Linear Model (GLM) and a regression-correlation analysis using an SPSS program. The result showed that region significantly affected hen day production (HDP) but did not affect FCR. Housing temperature affected HDP by 14.9% and the higher the temperature, the lower the HDP. Duck age affected HDP by 11.7%, and the older the ducks the lower the egg production. Duck population, stocking density and humidity did not significantly affect egg production. Conclusively, duck egg production (HDP) is significantly affected by temperature inside the housing and the duck age.

Two local and important hybrids of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. were reared in three Egyptian governorates of Qalubyia, Giza and Sohag (Q, G and S). Fourteen parameters of 5th instar duration (FD), whole larvae duration (LD), mortality percentage (MP), number of cocoon/liter (C /L), cocooning percentage (CP), duple cocooning percentage (DCP), cocoon crop by number (Crop/N), cocoon crop by weight (Crop/W) were recorded. Cocoon weight (CW), cocoon shell weight (CSW), pupae weight (PW), cocoon shell ratio (CSR), silk productivity (SP) for females and males were investigated. The results revealed that rearing silkworm was better in Qalubyia and Giza comparing with Sohag governorate. Some modifications for adjusting the rearing techniques, temperature and humidity to raise the silk production were recommended. As well as selections the hybrids suitable for Upper Egypt conditions. Performances of hybrids characters are changed according to the environment changed. The average of CW, CSW, PW, CSR and SP traits were better for both sexes in Qalubyia governorate. Hybrid of hy1 was the best for CW, CSW, PW, CSR and SP traits for both sexes. Both of hy1 and hy2 were mostly the best hybrids in Qalubyia, Giza and Sohag of females and males. Evaluation index and subordinate function values depended on the hybrids which represented the genetic factor and the locations that represented the environmental factor and its interactions.

Water availability in arid and semi-arid environments is the most limiting environmental factor for the development of plants, which use different mechanisms to capture the water from the soil. The objective of this work was to evaluate if there is differential allocation of resources between root and shoot of woody species of Brazilian dry forest and its relationship with the phenological functional groups of known adult woody: evergreen (EG), deciduous high density woody species (DHDW) and deciduous low density woody species (DLDW). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with a duration of six months, with plans submitted to two treatments: controlled irrigation (CI) and abundant irrigation (AI). Results showed that there was no interaction between phenological groups and applied treatments. However, the treatment with AI presented values of total biomass higher than those presented by CI. Fine root biomass was the only variable that did not differ between abundant irrigation and controlled irrigation. DLDW plants had higher root: shoot ratio compared to DHDW and EG. DLDW presented a differentiated strategy, being an indicative factor of these groups high thick root biomass, followed by low fine root biomass, with lower proportion of leaf biomass, and higher total biomass. These results show that CI reduces the development of seedlings in the groups and hence they invest in fine-root biomass. DLDW species presented higher investment in root biomass than in shoot, in addition to higher values of total biomass and specific leaf area., La disponibilidad de agua en ambientes áridos y semiáridos es el factor ambiental más limitante para el desarrollo de las plantas, las que utilizan diferentes mecanismos para captar agua del suelo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar si existe una asignación diferencial de recursos entre raíz y brote de especies leñosas del bosque seco brasileño y su relación con los grupos funcionales fenológicos de leñosas adultas conocidas: perennifolias (EG), especies leñosas caducas de alta densidad (DHDW) y especies leñosas caducifolias de baja densidad (DLDW). El experimento se realizó en invernadero durante seis meses, con dos tratamientos: riego controlado (IC) y riego abundante (IA). Los resultados mostraron que no hubo interacción entre los grupos fenológicos y los tratamientos aplicados. Sin embargo, IA presentó valores de biomasa total superiores a IC. La biomasa de raíces finas fue la única variable que no difirió entre IA e IC. Las plantas DLDW tuvieron una relación raíz: brote mayor em comparación con DHDW y EG. El DLDW presentó una estrategia diferenciada, siendo un factor indicativo de estos grupos la biomasa radical alta gruesa, seguida de la biomasa radical fina baja, con menor proporción de biomasa foliar, y mayor biomasa total. Los resultados muestran que CI reduce el desarrollo de plántulas en los grupos y luego invierten en biomasa de raíces finas. La especie DLDW presentó mayor inversión en biomasa radical que brote, además de mayores valores de biomasa total y área foliar específica.

Temperature is a vital environmental factor affecting the biological control agent, Hemicheyletia congensis (Cunliffe) (Acari: Cheyletidae). Biological aspects and life table parameters of H. congensis were studied under laboratory conditions at 20, 25 and 30°C and 65% R.H. It was fed on Petrobia tritici (Kandeel, El- Naggar & Mohamed) (Acari: Tetranychidae), a pest of wheat. Developmental durations of different stages decreased as temperature increased and were fitted to the linear regression model with R2 values ranged between 0.82 to 0.99 (mean 0.94) and zero developmental time between 5 and 12°C (mean 8.74°C).The maximum oviposition rate of 98.6 eggs/female was at 25°C followed by 86.2 at 30°C and 68.5 at 20°C. Life table parameters showed highest value for the Net reproductive rate (Ro)as 62.84 at 25°C. Highest intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was reached as 0.220 at 30°C while lower rm values as 0.109 and 0.165 at 20 and 25°C, respectively. The survival rate from egg to adult was 0.75, 0.90 and 0.80, at tested temperatures, respectively. Sex ratios were 0.70, 0.75 and 0.70 respectively. Time for population doubling was determined as 6.35, 4.20 and 3.15 days, respectively. H. congensis had the highest predation capacity at 25°C as 419.3 prey immatures per females and 299.7 for males, during predators’ life span. The number of prey consumed during predator total immatures averaged 50, 104.5 and 71 prey for predator female and 41.7, 104.2 and 62.1 prey for predator male, respectively. Results indicated the possibility of mass rearing of H. congensis at 25°C for further studies.

Salt stress is an important environmental factor affecting the growth and production of agricultural crops and fruits worldwide, including apple (Malus × domestica). In this study, we demonstrate that a salt-responsive MYB transcription factor (TF), designated as MdMYB63, promotes survival under salt stress. Overexpression of MdMYB63 in apple calli significantly enhanced salt tolerance. Screening of the AP2/ERF family of TFs identified MdERF106 as an interaction partner of MdMYB63. Further analyses showed that the MdMYB63–MdERF106 complex significantly promotes the expression of downstream MdSOS1, thereby improving the Na+ expulsion and salt tolerance of apple. These functional analyses of MdMYB63 have provided valuable insights into the regulatory network of salt tolerance, and lay a theoretical foundation for the cultivation of new salt-tolerant apple varieties.

Microbial diversity response to abiotic and biotic factors provides a sensitive indicator for estimating the potential stability and degradation of soils in agro‐ecosystems. To determine the effects of pH on organic phosphorus mineralization and microbial diversity, phospholipid fatty acid analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and multiple ecological analyses were performed. Significant correlations were found between phosphorus components and alkaline phosphatase, phytase, and pH, between phoD and phytase, between bpp and alkaline phosphatase. phoD and bpp gene abundance presented significant linear relationships with soil pH and microbial diversity. Abiotic and biotic factors explained 25.1% of the total variation in organic phosphorus‐mineralizing‐related gene abundance, and abiotic factors accounted for 13.2% of the total variation in microbial community composition. Soil pH was the determinant, accounting for 11.2 and 7.7% of the total variation in organic phosphorus‐mineralizing‐related gene abundance and microbial community composition, respectively. Our results emphasized that the phosphorus components, pH, and organic phosphorus‐mineralizing‐related gene abundance were responsible for organic phosphorus‐mineralizing‐related enzyme activity. To our knowledge, this is the first report that pH is a key factor in directly and indirectly determining organic phosphorus‐mineralizing‐related gene abundance, which in turn affects microbial diversity, on a large spatial scale. The differences in phosphorus components, enzyme activity, organic phosphorus‐mineralizing‐related gene abundance, microbial community composition and diversity caused by pH might explain crop yield reduction.

To evaluate the effects of the Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant on the zooplankton community in the surrounding seawater during summer, multiple environmental factors and zooplankton distribution along the east coast of Liaodong Bay were investigated in the summer of 2017. In particular, the influences of seawater temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll a (Chl a) on the zooplankton community were analyzed. Zooplankton abundances and Chl a concentrations along the east coast of Liaodong Bay showed an initial increase followed by a decrease from July to September. During the three months, the zooplankton abundance was the highest (8116.70 ind m−3) in August. The Shannon-Wiener index showed a downtrend from July to September, with the average value falling from 1.65 in July to 1.50 in September. Calanus sinicus, Paracalanus parvus, copepodid, and bivalve larvae were the dominant species/groups in the three months. The effects of the nuclear power plant’s outlet on the environment factors were mainly reflected in the increased seawater temperature. Redundancy analysis showed that the zooplankton community was jointly affected by seawater temperature, salinity and Chl a concentration, and the degree of this impact varied monthly. The impact of seawater temperature on the zooplankton community was stronger than that of salinity. The primary impact of the Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant on the structure and distribution of the zooplankton community in the surrounding seawater during the summer was increased seawater temperature, which caused a reduction in the abundance of dominant species/groups.

In general, female eel dominates the results of catching eel in the river. Male fish dare rarely found in nature, therefore masculinization is necessary for obtaining in males. The administration of 17α-methyltestosterone to masculinize Anguilla bicolor McClelland . It is a synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroid which has potential to endocrine disrupter that disturbed function of normal reproduction in human or animal. It urgently needed that a masculinization technique needs to study the use of an environmental factor. Population density is one of the environmental factors that influence gender determination (ESD-environmental dependent sex determination). This will result in increased cortisol secretion, which will further stimulate the synthesis of 11-KT steroids that affect male gonad differentiation. This study aims to induce masculinization in tropical eel Anguilla bicolor McClelland in different density. Three treatments and three replicates conducted the research. The treatments were one fish.48 L -1 , two fish.48 L -1 a nd three fish.48 L -1 . Eels size was approximately similar, at 16,78 g±0,62 in weight, and 25,38 cm±0,15 in length were either culture in brackish water for eight weeks . The result s showed that density population treatment significantly i ncrease d the F i n Index ( P < 0.05), but no sign for E y e Index, GSI, HSI, and testosterone level. T he highest m a l e population (77,8%) achieves at t he highest density treatment, three fish.48 L -1 p opulation density. I t can be concluded , based on reproductive observations, population density does not affect gonad maturity/puberty, but t he high population density (3 fish.48 L -1 )stimulates Anguilla bicolor McClelland masculinization.

The time course of intraperitoneal body temperature has been analyzed in two species of mammals (laboratory C57Bl/6 mice and white-breasted hedgehogs (Erinaceus roumanicus) and in two species of passerine birds (common greenfinch Chloris chloris and Japanese quail Coturnix japonica) with different body weights. Similar sets of basic harmonics appearing synchronously in different individuals have been found in the body temperature spectra of the species studied. The level of basal metabolism in those animal species considerably vary; therefore, the period of fluctuations of body temperature in the range of 10-120 min is not determined by the internal characteristics of the body and, presumably, reflects the influence of an external biotropic environmental factor.

Temperature is an environmental factor that has a considerable influence on seedling growth and development. It plays a role in seed development, controlling seed yield, composition, and vigor. A laboratory experiment was conducted at Central Phytotron Facility during 2017-2018 in Completely Randomized Block Design (CRD) with two replications. Twenty genotypes were exposed to various temperature regimes viz; control (T1), day/night temperature regime 300C/25 0C (T2), 32 0C/27 0C (T3), 340C/290C (T4), and 36 0C/31 0C (T5) under phytotronic conditions for germination in growth chambers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively. Ten seeds per replication were sown in Petri plates and were exposed to above temperature regimes upto 8 days and 10000 foot candle light and 1000 ppm CO2 was provided. Among the genotypes KDS-904 (97.75%) recorded significantly maximum shoot length stress tolerance index percent followed by KDS-1032 (97.43%) while genotype KDS-344 (92.36%) recorded significantly minimum shoot length stress tolerance index percent on the eight day. Similarly among the different interactions day/night temperature regime 36/31 0C treatment on eighth day, genotype DS-288 recorded significantly maximum total seedling length (10.72 cm) followed by same genotype (10.47 cm) under day/night temperature regime 32/27 0C whereas genotype KDS-904 recorded significantly minimum seedling length (3.73 cm) under control treatment.

The skin protects our body from various external factors, such as chemical and physical stimuli, microorganisms, and sunlight. Sunlight is a representative environmental factor that considerably influences the physiological activity of our bodies. The molecular mechanisms and detrimental effects of ultraviolet rays (UVR) on skin have been thoroughly investigated. Chronic exposure to UVR generally causes skin damage and eventually induces wrinkle formation and reduced elasticity of the skin. Several studies have shown that infrared rays (IR) also lead to the breakdown of collagen fibers in the skin. However, several reports have demonstrated that the appropriate use of UVR or IR can have beneficial effects on skin-related diseases. Additionally, it has been revealed that visible light of different wavelengths has various biological effects on the skin. Interestingly, several recent studies have reported that photoreceptors are also expressed in the skin, similar to those in the eyes. Based on these data, I discuss the various physiological effects of sunlight on the skin and provide insights on the use of phototherapy, which uses a specific wavelength of sunlight as a non-invasive method, to improve skin-related disorders.

The hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (HIES) is a rare multi-system disease with non-immunological as well as immunological abnormalities. The syndrome is characterized by a triad of the most distinctive symptoms, such as pneumonia with pneumatocele formation, recurring staphylococcal skin abscesses and a high serum concentration of IgE. Central mediators of immune responses such as STAT1 and STAT3 affect immune responses and contribute to changes of the skin microbiome which subsequently can amplify the defective immune response against microbial and fungal pathogens. Reactions related to an environmental factor, such as sun-induced skin changes, in individuals during long-term medication therapy have also been reported. The dermatological symptoms, oral status and other health problems of a hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome paediatric patient are presented. HIES is of great importance to different professionals because sufferers require special preventive and therapeutic management from early infancy in order to avoid complications which can even prove to be life-saving for such patients.

The aim of our research was to determine the influences of some environmental factors on somatic cell count (SCC) and chemical composition of cow bulk tank milk. A total of 428 bulk tank milk samples of Brown Swiss cows were collected between January and October 2006 from family dairy farms located in Kırşehir province of Turkey. To evaluate the effect of farm scale, daily total bulk tank milk production was classified in three groups (small: 40 kg/d). Also, three groups were designed according to average SCC values as low (500x103 cells/ml). SCC was transformed according to the base of log10, because it did not show normal distribution.The results showed that sampling season was significantly affected fat content (P500x103 cell/ml). As a result, It was concluded that season was primarily responsible among the most important environmental factor to increase bulk tank milk quality., The aim of our research was to determine the influences of some environmental factors on somatic cell count (SCC) and chemical composition of cow bulk tank milk. A total of 428 bulk tank milk samples of Brown Swiss cows were collected between January and October 2016 from family dairy farms located in Kırşehir province of Turkey. To evaluate the effect of farm scale, daily total bulk tank milk production was classified in three groups (small: 40 lt/d). Also, three groups were designed according to average SCC values as low (500x103 cells/ml). SCC was transformed according to the base of log10, because it did not show normal distribution. The results showed that sampling season was significantly affected fat content (P500x103 cell/ml). As a result, it was concluded that season was primarily responsible among the most important environmental factor to increase bulk tank milk quality.

The aim of this study was to determine the relations of some affecting factors with milk production in Anatolian buffalo enterprises in Samsun province, Turkey. The questionnaires were applied by interviews to thirty nine buffalo farmers those selected by random sampling method. Effects of experience (EF) and education level (EL) of farmer, number of milking animal (NM), concentrate feeding application (CF), weaning period (WP), milking frequency per day (MP), udder disinfection premilking (UDP) on daily milk yield (DMY) were found to be insignificant. Further studies including more factors and data might be suggested to reveal detailed information between farm practices and milk production in water buffaloes.

The production of Chinese chives is reduced throughout China due to a root-feeding dipteran pest Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang (Diptera: Sciaridae), therefore deciphering the conditions influencing its growth and development are important in developing ecological control strategies. A study was conducted from 2014 to 2017 to determine the relationship between the abundance of B. odoriphaga and temperature (atmospheric and soil), soil water content, and atmospheric humidity in a Chinese chive field in Beijing City, China. Numbers of adults peaked in March and October to November and were lowest in July to August and December to next February; numbers of larvae were highest in December to next February and lowest in July to August. From 2014 to 2017, the numbers of adults and larvae were significantly correlated with monthly mean atmospheric temperatures and soil temperatures, but were not significantly correlated with monthly mean atmospheric relative humidity and soil water content. However, for both adults and larvae, numbers were significantly greater with high soil water contents compared with drought treatment. The results of this study suggest that the very low soil water contents, high atmospheric temperatures, and high soil temperatures were critical for regulating field populations of B. odoriphaga.

Low temperature is an important environmental factor that affects plant growth and development. To determine the adaptability of different organs of Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. to low temperature, the chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters as well as the Chl, malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble sugar, and anthocyanin contents of leaves and stems were measured under low temperature. The results confirmed that the Chl fluorescence parameters and Chl content of the leaves and stems of P. scandens tended to decrease consistently, while the MDA content increased, and the change range of the stems was much lower than that of the leaves. The soluble sugar and anthocyanin contents rapidly increased in the leaves and stems to cope with low temperature. Our results suggest that stems are more tolerant than leaves during winter and may continue to grow during that time, which could provide theoretical guidance for clonal propagation of plants to study stem tolerance in the future.