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Die Verfasser berichten uber die Anwendung fermentativer Testmethoden zur Durchfuhrung von Stoffwechseluntersuchungen in der Klinik. Diese Methoden beruhen auf dem Prinzip der Messung der Lichtabsorption des hydrierten DPN, das als Coferment am Ablauf vieler enzymatischer Reaktionen beteiligt ist. Alpha-Ketoglutarsaure wurde mit Glutaminsaureoxydase, Brenztraubensaure mit Milchsauredehydrase, beide nach Zusatz von DPNH, getestet. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass der alpha-Ketoglutarsaurespiegel bei Gesunden im Mittel 0.17 mg% betragt. Ersteigt deutlich im Fieber und nach peroralen und intravenosen Glutaminsauregaben. Der Gipfel der alpha-Ketoglutarsaurekurve nach Gluatminsaurebelastung liegt bei Leberkranken deutlich hoher als bei Gesunden. Brenztraubensaure steigt besonders nach Fruktose- und Glukosegaben, und zwar nach Fruktose rascher und hoher als nach Glukose. Ausserdem wurden Messungen von Enzymaktivitaten in laparoskopisch gewonnenen Gewebsstucken aus menschlichen Lebern durchgefuhrt. Es wurden 5 Enzymssyteme getestet, an deren Reaktionen ebenfalls DPN als Coferment beteiligt ist: Aldolase, Triosephosphatdehydrase, Milchsauredehydrase, Glutaminsauredehydrase und Cytochrom-C-Reduktase. Nach Behandlung mit Leberextrakten war die Aktivitat samtlicher Enzymsysteme gesteigert.

Lipoprotein electrophoresis with measurement of serum lipids was performed on 115 patients with various forms of liver disease. There was a reduction in alpha-lipoproteins and an increase in beta-lipoproteins, as well as a reduced separability of pre-beta and beta fractions in those with acute viral hepatitis. All these changes regressed completely with healing. Similar changes were shown also in chronic liver disease and were most marked in acute liver failure, but also marked in decompensated liver cirrhosis and chronic progressive hepatitis, while less marked in chronic persistent hepatitis and compensated liver cirrhosis. In patients with fatty livers there were no characteristic findings other than a slight increase in pre-beta lipoproteins. On the other hand, the lipoprotein pattern was markedly changed in cases with tumour in the region of the gallbladder, but similar changes were noted also with tumours at other sites. They are, therfore, unlikely to be liver-specific.

Bei 20 Patienten mit akuter Virushepatitis wurden die Serumlipoproteine sowohl im Nativserum als auch nach praparativer Ultrazentrifugation mittels lipidelektrophoretischer und immunologischer Methoden naher untersucht; zusatzlich wurden die HDL-Fraktionen durch Disc-Elektrophorese bestimmt.

The following parameters have been determined or calculated in isolated adipocytes from subcutaneous human adipose tissue from normal weight and obese subjects, obtained during surgical interventions or from volunteers who received local anaesthesia. Mean cell diameter, mean cellular lipid content, mean fat cell volume, and volume of lipid-free space. In fat cell extracts the activities of the following enzymes were measured: Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase, Phosphoglucomutase, Fructose-6-phosphatekinase, Hexosephosphate-isomerase, Aldolase, Glycerolaldehyde-phosphate-dehydrogenase, Phosphoglycerate-kinase, Pyruvate-kinase, Lactate-dehydrogenase. — In subjects with more than 50% overweight, the mean fat cell diameter was significantly increased. Mean fat cell volume calculated from fat cell diameter increased from 376±115 mm3 × 10−6 in normal weight to 799±99.5 mm3 × 10−6 in obesity. — In obese subjects the mean lipid content of individual adipocytes was twice as high as in normal weight subjects. The lipidfree residual space was also significantly larger in obesity. Nevertheless, this lipid-free space occupied a significantly smaller percentage of a defined fat cell mass in obese than in normal weight subjects. — Related to triglyceride content, the activities of HIM, G6PDH, and Aldolase were significantly reduced in adipocytes of subjects with more than 50% overweight, in a second series this was true for LDH also. There were significant negative correlations of the logarithms of these enzymes to the logarithm of overweight. There was an increased mean absolute enzyme content in adipocytes of obese subjects compared with those of normal weight persons. However, this increase was significant for LDH and HIM only. It is not certain that the enzyme pattern in the fat cells of obese subjects is related to the increase in cell volume. When related to a defined fat cell mass after correction for extra-cellular space, diminished activities for Aldolase, G6PDH, HIM, and LDH were found.

1. Es wurde das Verhalten des anorganischen und organischen Phosphats sowie der Esterfraktionen nach intravenosen Glucose- und Fructosebelastungen verglichen. Hierzu wurde 10 gesunden nuchternen Versuchspersonen je einmal Glucose und Fructose in Dosen von 0,25 g/kg innerhalb von 4 min i. v. injiziert. In bestimmten zeitlichen Abstanden wurden im Blut Glucose, Fructose, organisches und anorganisches Phosphat, sowie die nach 7 min und 3 Std hydrolysierbare Phosphatfraktionen bestimmt. 2. Innerhalb der ersten 15 min verschwindet die Fructose rascher aus dem Blut als die Glucose. Zu demselben Zeitpunkt findet sich nach Fructose der starkste Phosphatabfall. 3. Die Kurven von organischem und anorganischem Phosphat zeigen parallelen Verlauf. Da sich die 7 min- sowie die 3 Std-Fraktion kaum andert, mus ein Abfall der schwer hydrolysierbaren Phosphatfraktion stattgefunden haben, deren Konzentration sich rechnerisch ermitteln last. Diese Ergebnisse werden diskutiert.

1. Die Schlafzeit von Ratten nach kleinen Gaben von Pentothal-Natrium (20 mg/kg) wird durch 5–10 min vorher injizierte Fructose wesentlich verkurzt. Bei hoheren Dosen bleibt diese Weckwirkung der Fructose aus.

1. Leucocyte preparations have been obtained from the blood of 135 healthy control persons and 10 poorly-controlled insulin-dependent diabetics according to a procedure described earlier. Cells were suspended in a Krebs-Ringer-Bicarbonate-Buffer. Glucose uptake, lactate production and cell glucose space were determined after incubating the cells for 1 h at 37° C in an atmosphere of O2/CO2 (95/5). Extracellular water-space of the cell sediment was corrected by measuring U-14C-sucrose levels in the medium before and after addition to the cell sediment. — 2. The cells showed intact structures and amoeboid motility under the light-microscope as well as under the phase-contrast-microscope. During an incubation lasting 1 h, the ATP/ADP quotient diminished by about 20%; the following metabolites: glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, 1,3-phosphoglycerate, pyruvate and lactate increased slightly up to markedly, especially glucose-6-phosphate and lactate. — 3. Sources of methodological errors were investigated in preliminary experiments. Disregarding corrections for the extracellular space of the cell sediments led to a dilution effect which imitates an apparent glucose uptake. For measurements of intracellular glucose and cell glucose space the procedure of Crofford and Renold provided the best results. Falsely high values for cell glucose have been found using the glucose oxidase reaction. — 4. Glucose uptake of healthy leucocytes increases at first steeply, later on less with rising medium glucose concentrations. Addition of insulin (50–500 mU/ml) gave no consistent effects. At medium glucose concentrations of 400 and 600 mg/100 ml intracellular glucose could be demonstrated with statistical significance. Intracellular glucose and cell glucose space were not affected by insulin to any marked degree. Determinations of lactate production indicated that human leucocytes utilize the largest portion of glucose via glycolysis. — 5. At medium glucose concentrations of 600 mg/100 ml leucocytes from diabetics who had received no insulin for 14 h prior to incubation showed a significant diminution of glucose uptake. — 6. Theoretical curves for inward transport and phosphorylation have been calculated from the data for glucose uptake and intracellular glucose concentration.