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Purpose: This study aimed to compare type 1 choroidal neovascularization (CNV) characteristics in eyes with pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV) and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods: Treatment naive 23 eyes of 23 patients with PNV and 24 eyes of 24 patients with nAMD were evaluated. The height of pigment epithelial detachment (PED) and the central macular thickness were determined. OCTA sensitivity, CNV area, morphological patterns, and retinal superficial capillary plexus vessel density (SCP-VD) values were compared. The frequency of quiescent CNV, subretinal hyperreflective exudation (SHE), subretinal/intraretinal fluid, serous PED, double-layer sign (DLS), and pachyvessels were noted. Results: CNV was detected on OCTA in 83.3% of nAMD eyes and 91.3% of PNV eyes ( p = 0.66). Indistinct pattern was more common (74% vs 50%) and the CNV area (mm2) was smaller in PNV (0.77 ± 0.54 vs 1.57 ± 1.43) but did not reach significant levels ( p = 0.27 and 0.33 respectively). SCP-VD was similar between the groups ( p = 0.38). Statistically significant differences were found between groups in age and subfoveal choroidal thickness ( p 0.05). Conclusion: Morphological features, area, and activation findings of type 1 CNV may play a limited role in differentiating nAMD and PNV cases.

Aim and objective To compare central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements obtained by handheld contact ultrasound pachymetry (HCUP) and non-contact pachymetry devices. Materials and methods Ninety eyes of 90 patients (52 male and 38 female) were included in the study. Measurements from two non-contact devices, —specular microscopy (SM, Konan Medical, CA, USA) and Oculus Pentacam (Oculus Inc., Germany)—were compared against HCUP (Pachmate 2, DGH Technology, Inc, PA, USA). Ultrasound measurements were obtained 3 times by the same user and averaged. The differences were calculated by one-way ANOVA. Agreement between measurements were assessed by Bland–Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficient tests. Coefficient of repeatability (%, CR) was defined as 1.96*standard deviations of the differences between pairs of measurements divided by the average of the means. Results The mean age was 34.31 ± 14.39 (14–74) years, and the mean intraocular pressure was 16.48 ± 2.63 mm Hg (12–21). Mean CCT measured by HCUP, SM, and Pentacam was 557.76 ± 36.76 μm, 550.29 ± 43.74 μm, and 541.41 ± 35.7 μm, respectively (p < 0.05). In the Bland–Altman plot, 95% limit of agreements were 19.5 and 14.18 μm among HCUP measurements, 34.55 μm between HCUP and Pentacam, 41.49 μm between SM and Pentacam, and 46.98 μm between HCUP and SM. CR values (%) were 3.49, 2.54, 6.28, 7.68, and 8.47, respectively. Conclusion There were significant differences between the mean CCT values of the measurement devices. Clinical significance Contact and non-contact devices may not interchangeable in the clinical assessment of CCT. How to cite this article Mayali H, Altinisik M, Diri I, et al. Comparison of Central Corneal Thickness Measurements by Contact and Non-contact Pachymetry Devices. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2021;15(1):28–31.

PURPOSE To compare the effects of phacoemulsification surgery (PE) using an anterior chamber maintainer (ACM) and conventional PE using an ophthalmic viscosurgical device (OVD) on corneal endothelial cells. SETTING Department of Ophthalmology, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey. DESIGN Prospective randomized controlled trial. METHODS Eyes in the OVD group (n = 50) underwent conventional PE, whereas eyes in the ACM group (n = 50) underwent PE using an ACM. Endothelial cell density (ECD), coefficient of variation (CV), hexagonality (HEX), and noncontact central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements were performed by specular microscopy before and at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after PE. RESULTS This study included 100 eyes of 97 patients undergoing PE. The mean age was 64.7 ± 10.6 years in the OVD group, 64.0 ± 12.6 years in the ACM group (P > .05). The groups did not differ significantly in preoperative ECD, CV, HEX, and CCT or total PE time (P > .05 for all). ECD was significantly lower in the ACM group compared with the OVD group at postoperative 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months (P = .002, P = .002, and P = .001, respectively). Similarly, ECD loss compared with preoperative value was greater in the ACM group at all postoperative timepoints (P = .003, P = .001, and P = .001, respectively). CV increased and HEX decreased in both groups postoperatively (P > .05 for both). CCT showed a transient increase of less than 10 μm at postoperative 1 month in both groups (P = .296). CONCLUSIONS PE with ACM was associated with greater corneal ECD loss compared with conventional PE. ACM should not be used during PE in patients with limited corneal endothelial reserve.

To analyze early quantitative changes in the choroidal neovascularization (CNV) area observed with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) after single anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injection.Treatment-naive patients with CNV secondary to neovascular age-related macular degeneration were analyzed immediately before and ~4 weeks after anti-VEGF injection. The primary endpoints of the study included changes in CNV total and vascular area. Secondary endpoints were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (cMT), central total macular thickness (cTMT), and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT).A total of 27 patients (69.19 ± 5.91 years, 21 men/6 women, 14 type 1 NV, 11 type 2 NV, and 2 type 3 NV) were included in the study. There was a significant increase in BCVA and decreases in cMT, cTMT, and SFCT after treatment (Changes in CNV total and vascular area seem to have limited sensitivity as a biomarker in terms of activation, as wide variability was observed in CNV area after anti-VEGF injection.

Introduction: The structural and vascular changes in the retina and choroid in women in the third trimester of pregnancy were analyzed using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods: Forty women in the third trimester of uncomplicated pregnancy and 40 age-matched healthy women were included. Vascular density (VD) in the superficial and deep capillary plexuses (SCP/DCP), foveal density (FD), and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area and perimetry measured with OCTA, as well as OCT measurements of central macular thickness (CMT) and choroidal thickness (CT) were compared between the groups. Correlations between structural OCT parameters and vascular OCTA metrics were analyzed. Results: The mean gestational age was 34 (28–41) weeks. Mean age was comparable in the groups ( p = 0.732). The pregnant women had significantly higher parafoveal DCP-VD ( p = 0.015), FAZ area ( p = 0.044), and FD ( p = 0.002). Mean subfoveal CT was 21 µm higher in pregnant women but was not significant ( p = 0.472). There was no difference in CMT ( p = 0.448). FAZ metrics were positively correlated with CT in pregnants and with CMT in the control group ( p 0.05). Conclusions: Considering the effects of the probable covariant factors CMT and CT, systemic changes in pregnant women in their third trimester may cause an increase in VD in the macula and parafoveal DCP.

The principle of "protecting is both superior and cheaper than treatment", which is one of the main principles of public health, will be often mentioned in terms of new world health policies after coronavirus (COVID-19). Forasmuch as the fact that the states did not fulfill the protective measures in the country's health policies caused very devastating results in the first 3 weeks as in the case of Europe after COVID-19 (healthcare personnel not having access to mask-protective materials, healthy individuals not having access to enough mask, patients not being able to find adequate health services). The lack of precautions for preventive measures reveals that therapeutic health care services will not work alone in the time of severe-destructive-spreading epidemics such as COVID-19. Because it was seen in the first wave of the epidemic that the world population, which did not have personal protective measures, soon became completely the host of the disease after the first transition from animal to human in terms of having and spreading the disease symptomatically or presymptomatically. It is clear that Covid-19 will further expand the importance of consuetudinary protective measures (personal and environmental) over the next century. It is clear that Covid-19 will further expand the importance of consuetudinary protective measures (personal and environmental) in the next century. This situation will be considered as the normal use of masks in places where the density of people is high, portable hand disinfectants will be used, frequent washing of the hands with the usual soap, personal protection measures, etc. reveals that many examples will lead to very strong behavioral changes. Governments are required to change policy on preventive health measures after Covid-19 and take permanent measures that will take under affect the entire population, starting with primary schools., Halk sağlığının ana kavramlarından biri olan “korumak tedaviden hem üstün hem de ucuzdur” ilkesi, Koronavirüs (COVİD-19) sonrası yeni dünya sağlık politikaları açısından adından sıkça söz ettirecektir. Zira devletlerin ülke sağlık politikalarında koruyucu önlem politikalarını yerine getirmemiş olmaları, COVİD-19 sonrası Avrupa örneğinde olduğu gibi ilk 3 haftada yüksek yıkıcı sonuçlara yol açmıştır (sağlık personelinin maskeye-koruyucu malzemelere ulaşamaması, sağlıklı bireylerin yeterli maskeye ulaşamamış olmaları, hastaların yeterli sağlık hizmetlerini bulamaması). Koruyucu önlemlere yönelik tedbirlerin alınmamış olması tek başına tedavi edici sağlık hizmetlerinin, COVİD-19 gibi şiddetli-yıkıcı-yayılmacı salgın hastalıklar anında işe yaramayacağını ortaya koymaktadır. Zira salgının ilk dalgasında görüldü ki kişisel koruyucu önlemlere sahip olmayan dünya nüfusu, kısa süre içerisinde semptomatik veya presemptomatik olarak hastalığa sahip olma ve hastalığı yayma konusunda ilki hayvandan insana geçme durumundan daha sonra başlı başına tamamen hastalığın konakçısı oluverdiler. COVİD-19’ un gelecek yüzyılda alışılagelmiş koruyucu önlemlerin (kişisel ve çevresel) önemini daha fazla genişleteceği aşikardır. Bu durum bundan sonra insan yoğunluğunun fazla bulunduğu yerlerde maske kullanımının normal kabul edileceği, taşınabilir el dezenfektanlarının kullanılacağı, daha önce alışılagelen sabun ile ellerin sık sık yıkanması kişisel koruma önlemleri vb. pek çok örneklerin çok güçlü davranış değişikliklerine yol açacağını ortaya koymaktadır. Hükümetlerin COVİD-19 sonrası koruyucu sağlık önlemleri konusunda politika değişikliğine giderek, ilkokullardan başlayarak tüm nüfusu etkisi altına alacak kalıcı tedbirleri almaları gerekmektedir.

Küresel bir pandemiye yol açan Yeni Tip Koronavirüs Hastalığı (COVID-19) milyonlarca insanın enfekte olmasına ve yüzbinlerce insanın da ölümüne yol açmıştır. COVID-19 insanların büyük bir bölümünde ve vakaların yakın çevrelerininde ciddi bir kaygı yaratmıştır. COVID-19 pandemisiyle ilgili çok sayıda araştırma yapılmakla birlikte pandeminin yarattığı kaygıyı dikkate alan sınırlı çalışmaların olduğu görülmekktedir. Bu çalışmada Sherman A. Lee (2020) tarafından COVID-19 kriziyle ilişkili olası disfonksiyonel anksiyete vakalarını tanımlamak için kısa bir ruh sağlığı taraması olan Koronavirüs Anksiyete Ölçeği (KAÖ)’nin Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizlerini gerçekleştirmek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında 467 yetişkin bireye ulaşılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında 5 maddelik kısa ölçek optimal güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik göstermiştir. Ölçeğin geçerlilik çalışmaları için açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri, güvenilirlik çalışmaları için ise iç tutarlılık analizleri yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması yapılan KAÖ tek boyutlu ve beş sorudan oluşan orijinal ölçek ile aynı özellikler göstermektedir. Gerçekleştirilen bu çalışma ile literatüre geçerli ve güvenilir bir KAÖ kazandırıldığı düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışma koronavirüsün yarattığı anksiyetinin ölçülmesinde ve toplum ruh sağlığının geliştirilmesinde gelecekte araştırmalara referans olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Purpose: In this study, we aimed to evaluate and compare the visual acuity, macular volume, central macular thickness, change in number of intravitreal ranibizumab injections with micropulse laser applications after loading dose of antiVEGF to DME patients.Study Design: Retrospective study Methods: This study was carried out on 97 patients (45 ranibizumab and 52 micropuls grid laser + ranibizumab) with diabetic macular edema patients who were followed in the Retina Unit. At the control visit after three loading ranibizumab injections administered once a month, micropuls grid laser was applied to one group and ranibizumab injection was continued PRN to both groups for an average of 9.27 ± 2.42 months and central macular thickness, macular volume and visual acuity were recorded. Results: There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of gender, smoking and systemic diseases, initial central macular thickness, macular volume and visual acuity measurements (p> 0.05). Central macular thickness, macular volume and visual acuity values measured at the last follow-up of the patients were not significantly different between the groups (p> 0.05). The mean post-treatment injection requirement was 4.19 ± 1.01 for the ranibizumab with micropuls laser group and 5.53 ± 1.14 for the ranibizumab group. In the group treated with micropuls laser, statistically less number of intravitreal ranibizumab injections were needed (p Conclusion: Micropulse laser treatment after initial loading doses reduces the need for antiVEGF injections. Studies with the participation of more patients may help in the selection of treatment methods by comparing micropulse laser combined with different injection protocols.

Amaç: Covid-19 nedeniyle kayıp yaşayan bireyler yas sürecine girmektedir. Yasın yarattığı psikolojik etkiden kurtulamamak, işlevsiz yasın ortaya çıkmasına neden olur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ilişkili olası işlevsel olmayan yas vakalarını belirlemeye yönelik kısa bir ruh sağlığı taraması olan "Pandemik Yas Ölçeği (PGS)"nin Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik analizini yapmaktır.Yöntem: Pandemik Yas Ölçeği yapı geçerliliği için Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışma için Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) sonuçları, AMOS 26 Paket Programı ile elde edilmiştir. AFA sonucunda elde edilen modele Maksimum Olabilirlik Metodu (ML) ile DFA yapılmıştır.Bulgular: Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi sonuçlarına göre; Lee ve Neimeyer tarafında geliştirilen Pandemik Yas Ölçeği yapısı ile bu çalışma ile elde edilen yapı benzerlik göstermiştir. Ölçek maddelerine ilişkin faktör yüklerinin 0,720 ile 0,826 arasında değiştiği görülmektedir. Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi sonuçlarına göre uyum iyiliği değerlerinden RMSEA=0,046; GFI=0,994; AGFI=0,977; CFI=0,995; NFI=0,992; TLI=0,989; IFI=0,995 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Modelle ilgili uyum değerlerinin tek faktörlü yapıda iyi uyum gösterdiği görülmüştür.Sonuç: Elde edilen sonuçlar, Türk toplumunun PGS’nin bir pandemi sırasında klinik çalışmalarda ve uygulamalarda kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir tarama aracı olduğunu göstermektedir., Aim: Individuals who have lost someone due to Covid-19 are entered into the process of mourning. Not being able to get rid of the psychological effect that is created by mourning causes an outcrop of nonfunctional mourning. The aim of this study is to analyze the Turkish validity and reliability of the "Pandemic Grief Scale (PGS)," which is a short mental health screening at identifying related possible nonfunctional bereavement cases.Method: Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted for the structure validity of the Pandemic Grief Scale. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) results for this study were obtained with the AMOS 26 Package Program. Maximum Likelihood Method (MLE) and CFA were applied to the model obtained as the result of EFA.Results: According to the results of Exploratory Factor Analysis; The structure of the Pandemic Grief Scale developed by Lee and Neimeyer was similar to the structure obtained in this study. It is seen that relating to the scale items of the factor loads vary between 0,720 and 0,826. According to the results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis, the goodness of fit values were found as RMSEA=0,046; GFI=0,994; AGFI=0,977; CFI=0,995; NFI=0,992; TLI=0,989; IFI=0,995. And the fit values related to the model showed a good fit in a single-factor structure.Conclusion: The results that are obtained point up that PGS of Turkish society is a valid and reliable screening tool that can be used in clinical studies and practices during a pandemic.

Objectives To evaluate the clinical results of combined pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with Landers wide-field temporary keratoprosthesis and penetrating keratoplasty (PK). Materials and methods From January 2016, traumatic eyes with coexisting corneal and vitreoretinal diseases that underwent combined keratoprosthesis/PPV/PK surgery were retrospectively evaluated. Demographic characteristics, visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP) and clinical findings of the cornea, lens, and retina were recorded during the follow-up. Cases with clear corneal graft, attached retina, normotonic IOP, and improved or stable VA were considered successful. Results Eight eyes were enrolled in the study. The mean follow-up time was 21.1±8.20 months. Surgery was performed a mean of 23 (10-40) days after trauma. Preoperative VA ranged from no light perception to counting fingers from 50 cm. Postoperatively, corneal graft was clear in 5 patients (62.5%) and retina was attached in 6 eyes (75%). Chronic hypotonia developed in 3 patients (37.5%). VA was unchanged in 3 patients and improved in 5 patients. A total of 5 cases (50%) were considered successful. Shorter interval between trauma and surgery was associated with higher likelihood of success (p=0.043). No significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of type or location of trauma (p=1; p=0.143). Conclusion Although the functional results are not very satisfactory, the combined procedure provides a final opportunity for preserving remaining vision and anatomic reconstruction in eyes that will otherwise result in phthisis due to severe anterior and posterior segment pathologies.

Purpose:In this article, we evaluate subfoveal choroidal thickness in celiac patients with respect to adherence to the gluten-free diet and nonadherence to the gluten-free diet, comparing with age and sex matched healthy controls using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.Materials and Methods:A case-control study among 42 celiac patients and 42 healthy participants was conducted in the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology. Celiac patients of our policlinics compliant with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography examination enrolled in the study. Celiac patients had been asked verbally about their adherence to gluten-free diet, were evaluated according to negative or positive EmA and anti-TG2 for defining adherence, and were divided into two groups (adherence to gluten-free diet and nonadherence to gluten-free diet).Results:Subfoveal choroidal thickness was thinner in EmA (+) or anti-TG2 (+) eyes than EmA(−) or anti-TG2 (−) eyes in celiac patients, but it was not statistically significant. The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness values in eyes with celiac disease, whose diagnosis time was longer than 60 months, were thinner than shorter group. Longer duration of gluten-free diet was associated with adherence difficulty and thinner choroidal thickness (r = −0.15, p = 0.34). Adherence to gluten-free diet was 88.2% for children below the age of 60 months and 57.1% for children older than 60 months.Conclusion:In conclusion, in addition to other extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease, diagnosis time longer than 60 months in pediatric celiac patients, nonadherence to the gluten-free diet, and antibody positivity should be focused on during ophthalmologic examination and choroid measurement.

Objectives It is important to determine variables that influence intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of body position on IOP. Materials and methods The study included 52 right eyes of 52 patients who presented to the ophthalmology department of our hospital and had no ocular disease except refractive errors. IOP was measured with an Icare PRO tonometer while patients were in sitting, standing, and supine positions, with intervals of 10 minutes between the positions. Correlations between the results were evaluated using Spearman’s correlation analysis and Wilcoxon tests. Results Thirty-six of the 52 patients were female, 16 were male. Mean age was 31.65±6.30 (23-47) years. Mean IOP values in the sitting, standing, and lying positions were 17.76±3.41 (12.70-25.60) mmHg, 17.10±3.27 (11.50-25.20) mmHg, and 18.46±4.67 (10.50-29.40) mmHg, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between measurements taken in the different positions (p=0.112, p=0.472, p=0.071). We observed that there was no relationship between age and body position (p>0.45, p>0.79, p>0.77) or between gender and position (p>0.59, p>0.69, p>0.54). Conclusion Gender and age had no effect on IOP measured in different body positions. There were also no significant differences between IOP values measured in the different positions. Therefore, we believe the portable Icare PRO tonometer can be used for patients who are confined to bed and will provide IOP measurements that are concordant with values obtained while sitting.

The present study aimed to investigate and compare possible changes in amplitude and latency of pattern visual evoked potentials (PVEP) and thickness of quadrants of the macula (TQM) using optic coherence tomography (OCT).According to polysomnography examinations, 30 mild, 30 severe, 30 controls were included in the study after approval from the ethics committee.No significant difference was found in age and gender between the groups (Latency and amplitude of PVEP altered in OSAS because edema and inflammation was remarkable in mild as well as severe stages of the disease. Furthermore, thinning in the macula was observed only in severe stages of the disease, explained with level of atrophy and exposure to extended hypoxia.

Due to the ever-changing, developing and complex structures of health institutions, the need to manage their administrations via professional managers arised by the end of the 1800s in the world, mainly in the USA and Europe, and such a need has been continuously emerging in our country since the 1950s. Concerning those current professional health managers, who serve in a rapidly evolving and changing health sector, following periodicals, books and articles on general or health management should be among the sine qua non for the development and change of such professional health management. Together with the Health Transformation Program (HTP) that has been implemented in Turkey since 2003, despite the adoption of the understanding that predominantly professional healthcare managers should be assigned in the management of health institutions, there are still many managers operating in the sector, who are not adequately educated. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of those managers of the public health administrators in Diyarbakır, reading articles, books and periodicals on general-health management for their development. The study is a descriptive study, involving 165 healthcare managers, which mainly have been serving in 3 public health institutions (Provincial General Secretariat to Association of Public Hospitals, Provincial Directorate of Community Healthcare, Provincial Directorate of Health and its affiliated units) in Diyarbakır province prior to November 25th, 2017. 80.7% of the managers did not have master's degree in health-general management education. In the case of Diyarbakır, it is obviously seen that health-care administrators are urgently required to undertake bachelor, masters, PhD programs on general health management.

Purpose: To report a case of triamcinolone crystals associated miliary microemboli of the retinal arterioles and choriocapillaris. Methods: A 30-year-old woman with alopecia areata on her left auriculotemporal scalp, scheduled for 10 mg/ml triamcinolone acetonide steroid injections (maximum volume of 3 ml per session) for 1 month intervals, presented with a sudden decrease in vision in her left eye after 1 ml injection in a dermatology clinic. Results: On ocular examination her best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was hand movement in the left eye. Retinal examination showed multiple white-yellow steroid emboli in the superior and inferior temporal branch retinal arterioles which involves macula. Also there were diffuse yellow infiltrates in the choroid consistent with choroidal microemboli. Fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography images were suggestive for the retinal and choroidal ischemia. Conclusion: Subcutaneous triamcinolon injection may cause embolic occlusion of retinal and choroidal capillaries. Keywords: Choroidal triamcinolone crystals, Embolism, Retinal artery occlusion, Subcutaneous steroid injection

To evaluate choroidal thickness, intraocular pressure (IOP), axial length, central corneal thickness (CCT), lens thickness, anterior chamber depth, and ocular pulse amplitude (OPA) in hemodialysis patients.The patients with end-stage renal disease and undergoing hemodialysis were included in the study. Immediately before and 1 hour after hemodialysis, all patients underwent measurement of choroidal thickness with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OC, Cirrus HD-OCT; Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, CA), IOP and OPA with Pascal dynamic contour tonometry (Ziemer Ophthalmic Systems AG, Port, Switzerland), and anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, and axial length with optical biometry (LenStar LS900; Haag-Streit AG, Koeniz, Switzerland). Data from the patients' right eyes were included in the statistical analysis.The patient group included 8 (36.4%) males and 14 (63.6%) females with a mean age of 56, 14 ± 9, 96 (40-70) years. The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness before and after hemodialysis was 255.21 ± 6.15 (245-263) µm and 234.95 ± 7.89 (220-247) µm, respectively (p 0.001). Mean choroidal thickness at 1500 µm and 3000 µm nasal and temporal of the fovea also decreased significantly after hemodialysis (p 0.001). Mean OPA values before and after hemodialysis were 2.14 ± 1.07 (0.6-4) mmHg and 1.6 ± 0.86 (0.5-3.2) mmHg, respectively (p 0.001). There was a statistically significant correlation between OPA and choroidal thickness measurements (p 0.001, R = 0.923). IOP increased from 15.11 ± 2.58 (11-20) to 15.99 ± 2.21 (13-20) mmHg, but the change did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.05). There was no statistically significant change in mean axial length, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, or CCT after hemodialysis (p 0.05 for all).Although choroidal thickness and OPA may be decreased immediately after hemodialysis, there may be no significant changes in IOP or avascular ocular structures such as the lens and cornea.

Purpose: To investigate the possible changes in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) by optic coherence tomography and in the amplitudes and peak times (PTs) in pattern visual evoked potential (pVEP) and to compare them in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Methods: This prospective study included patients with mild OSAS (n = 30), severe OSAS (n = 30), and 30 control subjects. All patients were assessed after obtaining the approval from our hospital’s ethics committee. Results: There was no difference in age and gender between the groups (p = 0.184, p = 0.954). By analysis of variance, there was a significant difference in RNFL values among patients with mild OSAS, severe OSAS, and control for three measures of RNFL (average p = 0.044, nasal p = 0.003, inferior p = 0.027). In severe OSAS group, nasal and inferior quadrants of the RNFL were found to be thinner than the control group (p = 0.008, p = 0.031). We showed that the PT of P100 and N145 was prolonged in severe OSAS compared to the control group (p < 0.001) and that PT of P100 was prolonged in mild OSAS compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The amplitude of N75-P100 was significantly decreased in patients with both severe OSAS and mild OSAS compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Correlation of RNFL and pVEP values showed that the inferior quadrant RNFL thickness is correlated with both P100 and N145 PTs (r = 0.271*, p = 0.036 and r = 0.290*, p = 0.043, respectively) and N75-P100 amplitude (r = 0.378**, p = 0.003) in severe OSAS group. Conclusions: In mild and severe stages of the disease, edema and inflammation were evident and VEP PT and amplitudes were affected in both groups. Furthermore, thinning in RNFL in the severe stage of the disease might be associated with higher atrophy levels and prolonged exposure to hypoxia. © 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Purpose: To conduct a multimodal ophthalmic evaluation of systemic sclerosis (SSc) in patients using ocular response analyzer (ORA), Pentacam, and specular microscopy (SM). Methods: Thirty-one SSc patients and a group of age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), corneal-compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc), and Goldmann-correlated IOP (IOPg) were measured with ORA. Anterior chamber depth (ACD), central corneal thickness (CCT), and corneal volume (CV) measurements were obtained using Pentacam. Corneal endothelial cell density (ECD) and CCT were evaluated by SM. Results: SSc patients had significantly lower CH, ACD, and ECD values compared to the control group (p = 0.018; < 0.001; < 0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference regarding CRF, IOP, CV, or CCT measurements acquired by Pentacam and SM. Regarding CCT, SM and Pentacam showed relatively better agreement in SSc patients. Conclusions: Multimodal imaging can provide more comprehensive and useful information regarding the ocular involvement of systemic diseases. The multimodal evaluation in our study demonstrated that the pathologic effects of SSc may manifest as reductions in ACD, corneal elasticity, and ECD before there are any detectable changes in corneal thickness or IOP. © 2019, Springer Nature B.V.

Introduction: Hypoxia during sleep in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) increases intracranial pressure, decreases cerebral perfusion pressure, and alters vascular supply to the optic nerve. Pattern visual evoked potential (pVEP) has revealed that it causes alterations in the optic nerve, and optic coherence tomography has shown that it causes alterations in the retinal and macular layers. Objectives: To detect and compare possible alterations in macula and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber thickness (pRNFL) using OCT and in the optic nerve pathways using pVEP before and after positive airway pressure (PAP) in the patients with severe OSAS. Materials and methods: Thirty patients who were diagnosed as having severe OSAS in the neurology-sleep outpatient clinic and 30 healthy control subjects were included in the study. Ophthalmic examinations were performed prior to (month 0) and after (month 6) PAP treatment, and pVEP (peak time [PT] and amplitude) and OCT parameters (peripapillary retinal-macular layers) were compared. Results: In the comparison between the severe OSAS (before treatment) and control groups, thinning was found in pRNFL (average, nasal, inferior) and in the macular layers (external and internal superior quadrants) (p < 0.05). pVEP investigation revealed increased PT in P100 and N145 waves and decreased amplitude of N75–P100 waves. In the comparisons before and after PAP treatment, a decrease in PT of N75 and P100 waves and increase in N75–P100 amplitudes were found. In the pRNFL, significant thickening was found in the layers with thinning before treatment, whereas no significant thickening was found in macular layers, except for the fovea. Discussion: It was shown that PAP treatment in patients with severe OSAS prevents hypoxia without causing alterations in intraocular pressure and thus reduces inflammation and causes thickening in the pRNFL and macular layers. © 2020, Springer Nature B.V.

Objectives: To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements obtained with the Icare Pro tonometer used in clinical practice and the Icare One self-tonometer. Materials and Methods: Fifty-two eyes of 52 healthy, right-handed individuals with no prior intraocular surgery or ocular trauma, structural ocular pathology, or systemic disease were evaluated. IOP was first measured using the Icare Pro tonometer. The participants were then told how to use the Icare One tonometer and asked to measure their own IOP. The results were analyzed statistically using SPSS v.24. Results: Of the 52 healthy participants, 16 (30.7%) were male and 36 (69.3%) were female. Their mean age was 31.6±6.3 (23-47) years. Mean IOP measured with the Icare Pro was 17.10±6.2 (11.5-25.2) mmHg, and the mean self-measured IOP with Icare One was 14.01±3.4 (7-24) mmHg. When the two methods were compared using Levene’s t-test, there was a significant mean difference of -3.08±0.6 (95% confidence interval: -4.39 -1.78; p

Amaç: Kliniğimizde prematüre retinopatisi (ROP) ile tedavi edilen hastaların özelliklerini paylaşmakGereç-Yöntem: Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesinde Temmuz 2013-Aralık 2017 tarihleri arasında prematürite retinopatisi açısından değerlendirilen 36.gebelik haftasından önce doğmuş bebeklerin verileri incelendi. Prematürite retinopatisi saptanmayan bebekler periferik retinal vaskularizasyon tamamlanana,retinopati saptanan tedavi gereksinimi olmayan bebekler postnatal 45.haftaya kadar 1-2 haftalık aralıklarla takip edildi.Retinopatisi ileri derecede olan veya takiplerinde ilerleme saptanan bebeklere indirekt laser oftalmoskopi ile diod laser tedavisi uygulandıBulgular: 1394 bebek değerlendirildi.İleri evrede retinopati saptanan ve indirekt laser oftalmoskopi ile diod laser tedavisi uygulanan bebek sayısı 106(%7,6)idi.Bebeklerin 44’si(%41,5)kız, 62’si(%58,4)erkekti, 32 (%30,1) bebek çoğul gebelik sonucunda dünyaya gelmişti.Bu bebeklerin 89’u(%83,9)solunum cihazına bağlı,17’u(%16,1)bağlanmamış idi. Doğum haftası ortalama 27,7 (±2,5) (22-33) hafta,ortalama doğum ağırlığı 1113,94(±362)(500-2020) gramdı. 106 hastanın 212 gözüne tedavi uygulandı.Bu gözlerden 53’inde(%25)zon 1’de 151’ünde(%71,2)zon 2’de,9’sında(%4,2)zon 3’te ROP izlendi.Laser tedavisi uygulanan retinopatili bebeklerin hepsinde evre 2-3/plus hastalığı ve en az sekiz saat kadranını içeren lezyon mevcuttu.Hastalara her göz için ortalama 827,5±300,1(150-1450) atış yapıldı.Tedavi uygulanan bebeklerin işlem sonrası kontrollerinde 2 hasta haricinde hepsinde retinopatide gerileme izlendi. Retinopatisi gerilemeyen ve retina dekolmanı izlenen 2 hasta vitrektomi yapılmak üzere dış merkeze sevk edildi. Bir hastada ise takiplerinde katarakt gelişimi izlendi.Sonuç: Takip ettiğimiz bebeklerin 106(%7,6)‘sına laser tedavisi uygulandı. Tedavi sonrası 2 hasta dışında bütün bebeklerde retinopati geriledi, 1 hastada ise takiplerde katarakt gelişti. Prematürite retinopatisi çocukluk çağı körlük nedenlerinin başındadır ve risk faktörleri barındıran prematür doğumlar dikkatlice muayene ve tedavi edilmeleri önemlidir.

This study aimed to investigate opinions of health workers about workplace on behalf of workers’ rights, occupational safety and relations withadministration in a public hospital. Data were gained from 93 healthworkers working in a district of Diyarbakır , Bismil Public Hospital. Asurvey was conducted among health staff face to face and obtained datawere analyzed by SPSS 15.0 package program. Findings showed that 34,4%of participants were between age of 26-30, 49,5% were female and 83,9%were married. While 53,8% of health staff expressed that they were able toreport their problems to hospital management, 6,5% of them stated thatdirectory of hospital didn’t mind problems of workers. 44,1% of health staffstated that hospital management didn’t take enough measures in order toprovide safety at work. It was also found that 78,5% of participants weresatisfied with trainings for vision and quality of hospital but 33,6% wereunsatisfied with trainings for reporting workplace violence in the hospital.74,2% expressed that employees were not awarded frequently in thehospital. It was found that there was a negative relationship between ageand satisfaction about management relations in the hospital (-,245,p

We studied whether there was an association between development of background or proliferative retinopathy and changes in plasma lipid, lipoprotein, and lipoprotein (a) levels in 112 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in 57 controls. Serum lipoprotein (a) levels were higher in patients with retinopathy than in individuals without retinopathy. Increased serum lipoprotein (a) levels correlated with higher degrees of retinopathy. Thus, lipoprotein (a) may play a role in the development of diabetic retinopathy.

This study investigated whether the degree of diabetic retinopathy correlates with degree of sensorineural hearing loss. Seventy-five diabetic patients and 45 sex- and age-matched healthy controls were evaluated audiologically. Patients were classified into groups by severity of retinopathy: group 1 (n=28), no retinopathy, group 2 (n=4), background retinopathy; and group 3 (n=23), proliferative or end-stage retinopathy. Diabetics had a statistically significant difference at all frequencies of hearing loss, as compared with controls.

PurposeTo evaluate the effectiveness of phenylephrine 2.5% and flurbiprofen 0.03% combined in inducing and maintaining mydriasis during extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE).MethodsOne hundred patients undergoing ECCE + intraocular lens (IOL) implantation were randomly divided into four groups. The first group was given phenylphrine 10%, the second group phenylephrine 10% + flurbiprofen, the third group phenylephrine 2.5% and fourth group phenylephrine 2.5% + flurbiprofen. Cyclopentolate 1% was used in all patients. Phenylephrine and cyclopentolate were instilled preoperatively four times during 1 hour and flurbiprofen was given four times the day before surgery and twice with an hour's interval before operation. Pre-operative and post-cortex aspiration horizontal pupil diameters were measured with callipers viewed through the operating microscope.ResultsPupil diameters in pre-operative and post-cortex aspiration were no different in the 2.5% and 10% phenylephrine groups (p>0.05). Both diameters were larger and pupillary constriction was smaller in the flurbiprofen groups (pConclusions2.5% phenylephrine was as effective as 10% phenylephrine, with and without flurbiprofen, in inducing and maintaining pupil dilatation during ECCE surgery.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of propolis, a natural resin produced by honeybees, in the treatment of alkali-injured rabbit eyes. Method: A corneal alkali burn was induced by applying filter paper immersed in 1 N NaOH on the central axis of the right corneas of 24 rabbits for 30 s. The animals were divided into three treatment groups: group 1 (control) was given 0.3% tobramycin and phosphate-buffered solution; group 2 was treated with antibiotic coverage and topical 1% ethanolic extract of propolis; group 3 received antibiotic coverage and topical 1% dexamethasone. The dexamethasone-treated group was maintained as the positive control. Drugs were instilled 4 times a day for 7 days. The corneal inflammation was evaluated by calculating the average inflammatory index obtained from clinical observation of the ciliary hyperemia, central and peripheral corneal edema at 24 h, 48 h, on day 5 and day 7, before sacrificing the animals. Then, the corneas underwent routine histological examination. Results: The effects of dexamethasone and propolis on healing of injured corneas were similar (p > 0.05) and significantly better than controls at 24 h (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, respectively), and on day 7 (p < 0.05) with respect to the inflammatory index. On histological observation, inflammatory cell infiltration was lower as compared to control in both the dexamethasone and propolis groups (p < 0.001) and similar with each other (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our study shows that propolis has an anti-inflammatory effect comparable to dexamethasone in chemical corneal injury.

The tilted disc syndrome is a benign congenital abnormality of the optic nerve head. Since it can be confused with papilledema and chiasmal lesions, differential diagnosis is important. The tilting anomaly may be associated with other abnormalities along the optic nerve. Visual field defects may be similar to those in chiasmal lesions. In order to determine whether the normal crossover of nerve fibers at the chiasm is altered, the crossed and the uncrossed fibers were investigated using the pattern visual evoked responses (PVER) test. Thirty-four eyes of 17 patients diagnosed with tilted disc syndrome were evaluated for refraction, keratometry, color vision with Ishihara, visual field, and PVER. The presence of abnormal nerve fiber decussation was determined by recording PVER from the electrodes mounted on the scalp of both hemispheres. The amplitude and latency differences between the ‘crossed’ and ‘uncrossed’ fibers were not statistically significant (p>0.05). As a result, the tilting abnormality of ...

To test the anti-inflammatory effect of propolis, a natural bee-produced compound, and compare it with corticosteroids for the treatment of endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU).EIU was produced in all rabbits by unilateral intravitreal injection of 2,000 ng Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin. The animals were then divided randomly into three groups as follows: group A received no treatment (control); group B received methylprednisolone (5 mg/0.1 mL) (positive control); and group C received propolis (5 mg/0.16 mL) by anterior sub-Tenon injection at the time of uveitis induction and at 4 and 8 hours after induction. Inflammation was evaluated by clinical manifestations and by measuring the protein concentration and inflammatory cell content of the aqueous humor.The clinical grade, cell count, and protein levels in the aqueous humor were: control group (6.0 +/- 0.8, 2,519 +/- 470 cells/microL, 32.9 +/- 2.4 mg/mL); methylprednisolone group (1.8 +/- 0.7, 572 +/- 137 cells/microL, 15.2 +/- 1.8 mg/mL); and propolis group (2.3 +/- 0.5, 503 +/- 124 cells/microL, 13.8 +/- 1.5 mg/mL). Statistically significant differences were recorded in the treatment groups when compared to the control group (P.001). The effects of methylprednisolone and propolis on EIU were similar (P.05).Propolis showed significant anti-inflammatory effects on EIU in rabbits. The mechanism of its action warrants further investigation.

Purpose: This study was carried out to get an insight into the ofloxacin elimination after intravitreal injection in rabbits. We also studied the effects of trauma and inflammation on the vitreous ofloxacin levels after intravitreal injection of ofloxacin. Methods: A penetrating eye injury in the right eye was inflicted on 24 rabbits and another 12 animals were used as control. A standardized intraocular inflammation was induced by intravitreal injection of a suspension of Staphylococcus aureus in half of the traumatized eyes. Ofloxacin (200 µg/0.1 ml) was injected into the midvitreous cavity of both traumatized and control right eyes, and samples were obtained at 2, 8, 24 and 48 h after injection. Drug concentrations were measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. Results: Vitreous levels of ofloxacin were above the MIC90 at 2 and 8 h in all groups for most of the common microorganisms causing endophthalmitis and also at 24 h in traumatized-infected eyes. At the second hour, the mean vitreous concentrations of ofloxacin both in traumatized and traumatized-infected eyes were lower than that in the control eyes (p < 0.05). At 8 h, the mean vitreous concentrations of ofloxacin in the traumatized and in the traumatized-infected eyes were higher than that in the control eyes (p < 0.05). At 24 h, the mean ofloxacin concentration was higher in the traumatized-infected eyes than that in control (p < 0.01) and traumatized eyes (p < 0.05), and also higher in the traumatized eyes than that in the control eyes (p < 0.05). The mean ofloxacin concentrations in the traumatized and traumatized-infected eyes were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than those in the controls at 48 h. The elimination half-life of ofloxacin in the control eyes was 5.65 h and trauma and inflammation prolonged the half-life to 9.47 and 9.72 h, respectively. Conclusion: Clearance of ofloxacin is fast and appears to be reduced by trauma and inflammation. Therapeutic drug levels in traumatized-infected eyes were maintained up to 24 h. This may be an important pharmacokinetic advantage in treating endophthalmitis unless the dose used has local toxicity and allows a longer dose interval when the dose is repeated.

It is possible that corticosteroids administered via nasal spray might reach ocular structures in levels sufficient to provoke an ocular hypertensive response and cause posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSCs) in susceptible individuals. In the present study, 26 patients who had undergone endoscopic sinus surgery were evaluated prospectively with respect to intraocular pressure and PSC formation following the use of nasal steroids for at least three months. Eighteen patients (69%) self-administered 200 micrograms/day of budesonide nasal spray twice daily, and eight patients (31%) self-administered 200 micrograms/day of beclomethasone dipropionate nasal spray twice daily, for a period of three to 19 months (mean 8.8 +/- 3.6 months). Ophthalmologic examination, tonometry, visual field testing and biomicroscopic studies revealed no evidence of ocular hypertension or PSCs during postoperative follow-up. We conclude that intranasal corticosteroids can be used safely for prolonged periods without increasing the risk of ocular hypertension or PSCs.

Standard treatment of corneal epithelial loss includes an eye patch with antibiotic ointment. We compared the efficacy of eye patching with no eye patching on corneal epithelial healing of 84 patients after foreign body removal. Since no significant difference between two groups for corneal healing was found, antibiotic treatment alone may be sufficient for treatment of corneal epithelial loss after foreign body removal.

The author describes the case of a girl with bilateral persistent pupillary membranes and good visual acuity. An otherwise healthy 10-year-old girl presented with persistent pupillary membranes in both eyes since childhood. The patient had ametropic amblyopia, which was treated with spectacles and part-time occlusion therapy, with the patient responding conventionally. After therapy, her best-corrected visual acuity was 20/25 in both eyes. She had stereopsis of 50 seconds of arc, orthophoria, and normal extraocular movements. The remainder of the examination was normal. Patients with bilateral persistent pupillary membranes may not require surgery if there is adequate opening. The author suggests a trial of refractive correction and occlusion therapy before deciding on surgical and laser intervention, even if it seems an absolute requirement.

Background: Numerous syndromes with myopia and hearing loss have been described up to now. We present a family with pathologic myopia, corneal dystrophy, and deafness distinct from these syndromes. Cases: Ten patients in the same Turkish family were evaluated by ophthalmologic, audiologic, physical, radiologic, genetic, serologic, and biochemical examinations. Observations: Ophthalmic examination indicated that all the cases had myopia, 7 of them had pathologic myopia, 1 had intermediate, and 2 had mild. Four of the patients with pathologic myopia had corneal dystrophy that was bilaterally manifest as white opacities in the posterior stroma near Descemet's membrane in an axial distribution; 1 of these 4 patients also had a tilted disc. Otolaryngologic examination revealed conductive hearing loss in 3 cases, mixed hearing loss in 2, and sensorineural hearing loss in 1. The results of karyotypic analyses of all cases were normal. The pedigree analysis showed the disease was inherited through successive generations as an autosomal dominant trait. The results of biochemical, serologic, and radiologic investigations were normal. The same pathophysiologic process in all cases seemed to account for the myopia, the corneal dystrophy and the deafness. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this type of case has not been reported in the literature. Therefore, we named this syndrome “familial pathologic myopia, corneal dystrophy and deafness.”

To determine whether an intraoperative single dose of dexamethasone, diclofenac, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a combination of EDTA and RGD peptide (arginine-glycin-aspartic acid sequence), or mitomycin-C (MMC) is a pharmacological means of preventing or reducing the development of posterior capsule opacification (PCO).Department of Ophthalmology, Celal Bayar University, School of Medicine, Manisa, and Department of Pathology, Dokur Eylül University, School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.Fifty-four rabbits were randomly divided into 6 groups. Dexamethasone (4 mg/cc), diclofenac (2.5 mg/cc), EDTA (8 mg/cc), a combination of EDTA and RGD peptide (2.5 mg/cc), or MMC (0.04 mg/cc) was given, 0.1 cc by hydrodissection and 0.9 cc into the capsular bag after phacoemulsification. The sixth group served as a control group. After 3 months, the PCO was graded clinically and the proliferation of lens epithelial cells (LECs) was evaluated histologically.The drugs were significantly effective in preventing PCO compared with the control (P.005). Dexamethasone had a weaker effect than the other drugs. In histological analysis, although monolayer LECs in the dexamethasone and diclofenac groups were observed, there was no proliferative activity on the posterior capsules in the EDTA, EDTA+RGD, and MMC groups in contrast to the multilayer cells in the control.Intraoperative single-dose application of EDTA, EDTA+RGD peptide combination, and MMC significantly prevented the development of PCO in rabbit eyes. Diclofenac was less effective but also reduced PCO. Although dexamethasone did not prevent the proliferation of LECs, it decreased PCO clinically.

To study the aqueous and vitreous penetration of ciprofloxacin after prolonged acute topical administration and to investigate the effects of inflammation on drug penetration.A standardized model of intraocular infection after penetrating injury was made in the right eyes of eight rabbits. The intact left eyes were maintained as the control. Two drops of ciprofloxacin 0.3% eyedrops were instilled topically every 1 h for 7 h to all eyes of the rabbits. Aqueous and vitreous samples (100 microl) were obtained half an hour after the last drop. Instillation was continued for 7 h more and samples were obtained as before. Drug concentrations were measured using HPLC.The mean aqueous humor levels of ciprofloxacin were: in control eyes 1.31 +/- 0.78 microg/ml after 7 h and 1.85 +/- 1.69 microg/ml after 14 h of instillation: in inflamed eyes 2.18 +/- 1.02 microg/ml after 7 h and 2.91 +/- 2.12 microg/ml after 14 h. The mean vitreous humor levels were: in control eyes 0.65 +/- 0.44 microg/ml after 7 h and 0.72 +/- 0.8 microg/ml after 14 h of instillation; in inflamed eyes 0.67 +/- 0.77 microg/ml after 7 h and 1.01 +/- 0.43 microg/ml after 14 h. However, the differences among the groups were not significant (P0.05).Ciprofloxacin penetration into aqueous humor was higher in 14-h topical application than that for 7 h. Inflammation increased the penetration of topical ciprofloxacin into aqueous while administered for 7 h and into both aqueous and vitreous humor while administered for 14 h. c

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the penetration of topical and oral ofloxacin into aqueous humor and vitreous humor in post-traumatic endophthalmitis model in rabbits. Methods: A standardized intraocular infection after penetrating injury was made in the right eyes of 16 rabbits. Intraocular infection was induced by intravitreal injection of a suspension of Staphylococcus aureus . The intact left eyes were maintained as controls. The animals were divided randomly into two groups. (1) In the topical group, two drops of ofloxacin 0.3% eyedrops were instilled to both eyes every 30 min for 4 h. (2) In the topical-oral group, two doses of 25 mg/kg of ofloxacin at 12-h intervals were given orally, then the protocol of the first group was applied. Aqueous and vitreous humor samples were taken 30 min after the last drop. Ofloxacin concentrations were measured by using HPLC. Results: Mean aqueous levels of ofloxacin in control eyes were: 3.25±2.55 μg/ml in topical group, 4.58±5.39 μg/ml in topical-oral group. Mean aqueous levels in inflamed eyes were: 5.21±4.55 μg/ml in topical group, 10.34±8.88 μg/ml in topical-oral group. Mean vitreous levels of ofloxacin in control eyes were: 0.17±0.07 μg/ml in topical group, 1.30±1.23 μg/ml in topical-oral group. Mean vitreous levels in inflamed eyes were: 0.35±0.22 μg/ml in topical group, 3.48±2.69 μg/ml in topical-oral group. There was no significant difference among the groups ( P >0.05), however. Conclusions: The result of this study suggests that oral supplementation of ofloxacin to topical instillation increased the ocular levels of ofloxacin in the post-traumatic endophthalmitis model. Mean drug concentrations in aqueous and vitreous humors were above the 90% minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC 90 ) for most of the common microorganisms causing endophthalmitis in all eyes, except in the vitreous humors of the intact eyes instilled topically.

To study the penetration of ofloxacin into the aqueous and vitreous humors after long-term topical administration and to investigate the effects of inflammation on drug penetration in rabbits.A standardized model of intraocular infection after penetrating injury was achieved in the right eyes of 16 rabbits. The animals were randomly and equally divided into two groups. The intact left eyes of the groups were maintained as the control. Ofloxacin eyedrops (0.3%) were instilled into all eyes at a frequency of 2 drops every hour for 7 hours in the first group and for 14 hours in the second group. Half an hour after the last drop, samples of the aqueous and vitreous humors were taken and ofloxacin concentrations were measured by using HPLC.The mean aqueous humor concentrations of ofloxacin in control eyes after 7 and 14 hours of instillation were: 1.45 +/- 0.93 microg/ml and 2.48 +/- 0.33 microg/ml, respectively; those in infected eyes 2.35 +/- 1. 84 microg/ml and 3.49 +/- 1.47 microg/ml, respectively. However the differences among the groups were not significant (p0.05). The vitreous ofloxacin concentrations in the control eyes were similar after 7 and 14 hours of instillation (0.23 +/- 0.14 microg/ml, 0.27 +/- 0.10 microg/ml, respectively). In infected eyes, the mean vitreous ofloxacin concentration after 14 hour of instillation was significantly higher than that in control eyes (p0.05; 0.4 +/- 0. 09 microg/ml, 0.29 +/- 0.11 microg/ml, respectively). The mean vitreous ofloxacin concentration in infected eyes after 14 hours instillation was not significantly higher than that after 7 hours instillation.Topical ofloxacin instillation for 7 or 14 hours yields aqueous concentrations above the MIC(90) for common ocular pathogens. Prolonged application and the presence of inflammation increased the penetration of ofloxacin into the vitreous humor.

To investigate the effects of topical acetylcholine and topical administration of propolis, a natural beehive product, on corneal epithelial wound healing.The whole corneal epithelium was debrided in 42 eyes of 21 rats by mechanical scraping with a dulled scalpel blade. Animals were divided into three groups. Group 1 received topical 1% water extract of propolis (WEP), group 2 received topical acetylcholine (ACh), and group 3 (control group) received topical phosphate-buffered saline, 6 times a day for 3 days, starting immediately after debridement. The area of the corneal epithelial defect was stained with fluorescein, photographed, and then measured every 12 h. The mean epithelial defect area and the mean percentage of epithelial defect remaining at each follow-up were compared between the groups.The mean epithelial defect area and the mean percentage of epithelial defect remaining at each time were significantly smaller (p0.001, p0.05, respectively) in the ACh and propolis groups as compared with control groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the propolis or ACh groups at any time (p0.05). At 72 h, the mean percentage of defect remaining was 2.58% in the ACh group, 1.3% in the propolis-treated group, and 8.68% in the control group.This study demonstrated that ACh and propolis facilitated corneal epithelial wound healing of rats. Although the mechanisms of the effect of propolis on wound healing and its clinical use still remain to be determined, ACh may have a place in the treatment of corneal epithelial injuries.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to determine the effects of trauma and infection on vitreous ciprofloxacin levels after intravitreal injection of ciprofloxacin in rabbits. METHODS: A penetrating injury was made in the right eyes of 24 rabbits. In the eyes of half of the traumatized animals, a standardized intraocular infection was induced by intravitreal injection of a suspension of Staphylococcus aureus. The intact left eyes of the traumatized group were maintained as controls. Ciprofloxacin (200 microg/0.1 mL) was injected into the midvitreous cavity of both eyes in all animals and samples were obtained at 2, 8, 24, and 48 hours after injection. Drug concentrations were measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. RESULTS: At the second hour, the mean vitreous concentration of ciprofloxacin in the traumatized eyes was lower than that in control eyes (P