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Cone beam computed tomography overcomes many of the limitations of traditional radiographic techniques and has become commonplace in dental practice. Pediatric patients are more likely to move during acquisition of the images and are susceptible to the harmful effects of ionising radiation. Therefore, justification for each individual and clinical scenario must occur before prescription of cone beam computed tomographs. There are clinical situations in which three-dimensional imaging is indicated as a first line investigation such as impacted canines and neighbouring root resorption, internal and external cervical resorption defects, virtual surgical planning for orthognathic surgery, autotransplantation analogues and assessment of TMJ anomalies. In these clinical situations, care should be taken to optimise the lowest radiation dose achievable for the pediatric patient whilst being indication-orientated and patient-specific.

Objectives To determine the relationship between periodontal disease and glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes and to characterize the diversity and composition of their oral microbiota. Methods Cross-sectional study including children with type 1 diabetes recruited from clinics at the Women's and Children's Hospital (Australia). Participants had a comprehensive dental assessment, periodontal examination, and buccal and gingival samples collected for 16S rRNA sequencing. Results Seventy-seven participants (age 13.3 ± 2.6 years, 38 males, BMI z-score 0.81 ± 0.75) had a diabetes duration of 5.6 ± 3.9 years and median HbA1c of 8.5% (range 5.8-13.3), 69.4 mmol/mol (range 39.9-121.9). Thirty-eight (49%) had early markers of periodontal disease. HbA1c was positively correlated with plaque index (Rho = 0.34, P = 0.002), gingival index (Rho = 0.30, P = 0.009), bleeding on probing (Rho = 0.44, P = 0.0001) and periodontal pocket depth >3 mm (Rho = 0.21, P = 0.06). A 1% increase in HbA1c was independently associated with an average increase in bleeding on probing of 25% (P = 0.002) and with an increase in the rate of sites with pocket depth >3 mm of 54% (P = 0.003). Higher HbA1c was independently related to increased phylogenetic alpha diversity (P = 0.008) and increased compositional variation (beta diversity P = 0.02) in gingival, but not buccal, microbiota. Brushing frequency, plaque index, and gingival index had a significant effect on microbiota composition, independent of HbA1c. Conclusions Children with type 1 diabetes showed a continuous relationship between less favorable glycemic control and increased early markers of periodontal disease. Glycemic control was also related to the complexity and richness of the plaque microbiota, with diversity increasing as HbA1c levels increase.

This study aimed to quantify the microdamage to cortical bone of different thickness and the maximum insertion torque during orthodontic miniscrew implant (OMI) placement with and without a pilot hole. Forty-five porcine bone specimens were prepared with thicknesses of 1.5, 2 and 2.5 mm. Ten bone specimens per thickness had a pilot hole drilled prior to the insertion of an OMI, and the remaining 15 bone specimens had an OMI without a pilot hole inserted. Sequential staining was used to identify damage caused by bone preparation and surface microdamage from OMI insertion and confocal laser microscopy images were used to quantify damage characteristics. Of the five damage characteristics, only one decreased when a pilot hole was used for all bone specimens (p = 0.025), while two increased as cortical bone thickness increased (p = 0.0064, p = 0.0003). There was no evidence that maximum insertion torque differed according to pilot hole status (p = 0.1144) and increased as cortical bone thickness increased (p = 0.0001). The presence of a pilot hole had minimal effect on microdamage characteristics and no effect on maximum insertion torque. As cortical bone thickness increased, an increase in microdamage and in maximum insertion torque was observed.

BACKGROUND Periodontal disease is a frequent complication of diabetes in adults, and both conditions are associated with systemic inflammatory states. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to establish the relative severity of periodontal disease risk markers in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS A systematic search strategy using PubMed and EMBASE databases was performed to identify relevant studies assessing periodontal risk markers in children and adolescents and T1D through to February 2019. Eligible studies were assessed for quality and heterogeneity, and a random effects model was used to estimate differences in selected periodontal risk markers in children with T1D relative to healthy controls. RESULTS The search identified 551 studies from which 23 were found to meet the inclusion criteria. Random effects meta-analyses demonstrated that relative to healthy controls, children and adolescents with T1D had higher mean values for plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, pocket depth and clinical attachment loss (all P