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Nicotine is the main psychoactive substance present in cigarette smoke that is transferred to the baby by breast milk. In rats, maternal nicotine exposure during breastfeeding induces obesogenesis and hormone dysfunctions in adult male offspring. As glucocorticoid (GC), insulin, and vitamin D change both adipogenesis and lipogenesis processes, we assessed parameters related to metabolism and action of these hormones in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues (VAT and SAT) of adult male and female rats in a model of neonatal nicotine exposure. At postnatal (PN) day 2, dams were kept with six pups (three per sex) and divided into nicotine and control groups for implantation of osmotic minipumps that released 6 mg/kg nicotine or saline, respectively. At PN180, fat mass, hormone levels, and protein contents of biomarkers of the GC activation and receptor (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and glucocorticoid receptor alpha), insulin signaling pathway [insulin receptor beta (IRβ), phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), phosphorylated serine/threonine kinase (pAKT), serine/threonine kinase, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4)], and vitamin D activation and receptor (1α-hydroxylase and vitamin D receptor) were evaluated. While nicotine-exposed males showed increased fat mass, hypercorticosteronemia, hyperinsulinemia, and higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D, these alterations were not observed in nicotine-exposed females. Nicotine-exposed males only showed lower IRS1 in VAT, while the females had hyperglycemia, higher pAKT in VAT, while lower IRβ, IRS1, and GLUT4 in SAT. Parameters related to metabolism and action of GC and vitamin D were unaltered in both sexes. We evidence that exposure exclusively to nicotine during breastfeeding affects the hormone status and fat depots of the adult progeny in a sex-dependent manner.

O presente artigo trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica, a qual teve como objetivo atualizar a revisão de literatura sobre a importância da síndrome da fibromialgia e dos tratamentos benéficos para melhorar os sintomas provenientes dela. Para isso, foram utilizadas seis publicações encontrados nos sistemas SciELO e MEDLINE. Como resultado do estudo, observou-se que a síndrome se apresenta como uma dor musculoesquelética crônica associada a variados sintomas, como anormalidades no sono, e sintomas de depressão e de ansiedade. Além disso, relação ao tratamento, observou-se que esse deve ser multidisciplinar e individualizado, visando a melhoria dos sintomas de cada paciente, e pode ser farmacológico ou não farmacológico.

Na revisão de literatura bibliográfica qualitativa há estudos prévios sobre o comportamento sexual de estudantes universitários no Brasil, que frequentemente é associado a condutas de risco à saúde, como prática de sexo sem preservativos, múltiplos parceiros, uso de drogas (lícitas ou ilícitas) e ainda os riscos de gravidez indesejada. Dentre as categorias pesquisadas encontra-se a idade para coitarca (primeira relação sexual) entre 17-19 anos, o que se justifica pelo fato de ser a universidade um período ímpar na vida desses jovens. Desta forma, o universitário apresenta perfil sexual vulnerável colocando-se em posição de risco à saúde e faz-se necessário promover estratégias, que visem desenvolver uma autoconsciência/ corresponsabilidade nos estudantes universitários, justificando a adoção de medidas para alterar esta realidade.

O câncer representa um problema de saúde pública tanto nos países desenvolvidos como nos países em desenvolvimento, especialmente o câncer de pulmão. Apesar de sua incidência vir diminuindo desde a década de 1980 para os homens e desde os anos 2000 entre as mulheres, ele ainda é responsável por grande letalidade no Brasil. Devido a extrema importância desse câncer em relação a morbimortalidade no mundo, o presente artigo tem como finalidade apresentar um estudo epidemiológico que analisa os fatores de risco (escolaridade, sexo, histórico de consumo de tabaco, faixa etária, histórico familiar, raça/cor e tipo histológico), os quais contribuem para o câncer de pulmão e brônquios, na cidade de Cascavel e no estado do Paraná entre os anos 2013 a 2017.

O presente artigo tem por objetivo a discussão acerca da relação entre o processo de formação e atuação médica e o desenvolvimento da ideação suicida. Para tanto, fez-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica com diversos autores como, Alberto Manuel Quintana, Sérgio Baldassin, Nathália Della Santa e Antonio Ivo de Carvalho contribuíram para a construção dessa reflexão, por meio de dados, revisões literárias e análise de documentações. Dessa forma, espera-se que o público compreenda a gravidade e amplitude do problema em questão.

O diabetes mellitus é uma doença causada pela deficiência relativa ou absoluta do hormônio insulina, manifestando complicações macrovasculares e microvasculares em decorrência da hiperglicemia. Desde o primeiro uso de insulina subcutânea novas rotas foram pesquisadas tendo destaque a via pulmonar que é menos invasiva e mais cômoda. Diante disso, este trabalho levanta algumas considerações sobre a segurança clínica da insulina inalável Afrezzaâ, recentemente aprovada para comercialização no Brasil. Para isso, foi realizado estudo de revisão da literatura relacionado à insulina inalável, mediante busca eletrônica de artigos indexados na base de dados online SCIELO. Concisamente, os trabalhos relataram que a absorção da insulina por via pulmonar permite um início de ação mais rápido e uma duração de ação mais curta em relação aos análogos de insulina subcutânea. Os efeitos adversos mais comuns associados ao produto Afrezza® foram tosse, hipoglicemia, irritação da garganta e episódios de broncoespasmo agudo em pacientes asmáticos. Ainda assim, a insulinoterapia por via inalável representa um importante avanço para a reposição de insulina exógena, especialmente por dispensar o uso de agulhas. Contudo, o uso da insulina Afrezza® por pacientes com doença pulmonar prévia deve ser ponderado, particularmente pelo possível risco associado a incidência de tumores no trato respiratório.

RESUMO Objetivo Apreender os fatores relacionados ao surgimento e/ou piora da incontinência urinária no idoso hospitalizado, considerando a tríade donabediana. Método Estudo qualitativo, descritivo, realizado com enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem de um hospital público universitário. Os dados foram coletados por meio da técnica de grupo focal; para tratamento e análise foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo, com posterior codificação das unidades de registro no software WebQDA, relacionando o corpus obtido com os pilares donabedianos. Resultados Os fatores relacionados ao surgimento e/ou piora da incontinência urinária na pessoa idosa hospitalizada mais relatados estavam interligados ao pilar estrutura, com destaque para o atributo recursos humanos, seguido dos atributos recursos materiais e estrutura física; o segundo pilar donabediano que teve maior associação com os relatos foi o pilar processo e, por último, o pilar resultado. Conclusão A identificação dos fatores relacionados ao desfecho investigado no cenário hospitalar proporcionou a reflexão e sensibilização dos participantes com relação ao problema, sendo possível, assim, propor medidas e intervenções a fim de minimizá-lo e de garantir um cuidado seguro e de qualidade ao idoso hospitalizado. RESUMEN Objetivo Comprender los factores relacionados al surgimiento y/o agravación de la incontinencia urinaria en el anciano hospitalizado, considerando la tríade donabediana. Método Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, realizado con enfermeros y técnicos de enfermería de un hospital público universitario. Los datos fueron reunidos por medio de la técnica de grupo focal; para tratamiento y análisis se utilizó el análisis de contenido y, luego, la codificación de las unidades de registro en el software WebQDA, haciendo un puente entre el corpus obtenido con los pilares donabedianos. Resultados Los factores relacionados al surgimiento y/o agravación de la incontinencia urinaria en los ancianos hospitalizados más relatados se refieren al pilar estructura, con énfasis en los recursos humanos; enseguida vienen los recursos materiales y estructura física; el segundo pilar donabediano con mayor relación con los relatos fue el pilar proceso y, finalmente, el pilar resultado. Conclusión La identificación de los factores relacionados al desenlace investigado en el escenario hospitalario, proporcionaron la reflexión y sensibilización de los participantes con relación al problema, por lo que propuso medidas e intervenciones para minimizarlo y garantizar un cuidado seguro y de calidad al anciano hospitalizado. ABSTRACT Objective To apprehend the factors related to the onset and/or worsening of urinary incontinence in the hospitalized elderly patient, considering the Donabedian’s triad. Method This is a qualitative, descriptive study, conducted with nurses and nursing technicians from a public university hospital. Data were collected using the focus group technique; content analysis was used for treatment and analysis, with subsequent coding of the registration units in the software WebQDA, relating the corpus obtained with the Donabedian’s pillars. Results The most reported factors related to the onset and/or worsening of urinary incontinence in hospitalized elderly patients were linked to the pillar structure, with emphasis on the attribute human resources, followed by the attributes material resources and physical structure; the second Donabedian’s pillar with the greatest association with the reports was process and, finally, the pillar outcome. Conclusion The identification of factors related to the outcome investigated in the hospital environment provided the participants with reflection and awareness about the problem, therefore allowing the proposition of measures and interventions to minimize it and ensure safe and quality care to the hospitalized elderly patient.

Nicotine is an endocrine disruptor and imprinting factor during breastfeeding that can cause food intake imbalance in the adulthood. As nicotine affects the intestinal microbiota, altering the composition of the bacterial communities and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) synthesis in a sex-dependent manner, we hypothesized that nicotine could program the gut-brain axis, consequently modifying the eating pattern of adult male and female rats in a model of maternal nicotine exposure (MNE) during breastfeeding. Lactating Wistar rat dams received minipumps that release 6 mg/kg/day of nicotine (MNE group) or saline for 14 days. The progeny received standard diet from weaning until euthanasia (26 weeks of age). We measured: in vivo electrical activity of the vagus nerve; c-Fos expression in the nucleus tractus solitarius, gastrointestinal peptides receptors, intestinal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), SCFAs and microbiota. MNE females showed hyperphagia despite normal adiposity, while MNE males had unchanged food intake, despite obesity. Adult MNE offspring showed decreased Bacteroidetes and increased Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. MNE females had lower fecal acetate while MNE males showed higher vagus nerve activity. In summary nicotine exposure through the milk induces long-term intestinal dysbiosis, which may affect eating patterns of adult offspring in a sex-dependent manner.

Early weaning (EW) is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome. Male rats that were precociously weaned present neonatal malnutrition and, in adulthood, developed overweight, accumulation of body fat, dyslipidemia, changes in glycemic homeostasis, hyperleptinemia, and increase of vitamin D. As metabolic profile of early-weaned females is not known, we investigated the endocrine-metabolic parameters in adolescence and adult female rats of 2 different EW models. Wistar lactating rats and pups from both sexes were separated into 3 groups: non-pharmacological EW (NPEW), dams were involved with a bandage interrupting suckling in the last 3 days of lactation; pharmacological EW (PEW), dams were bromocriptine-treated (0.5 mg/twice a day via intraperitoneal injection) for 3 days before weaning; and control, dams whose pups ate milk throughout lactation. At 21 days-old, NPEW and PEW females had lower body weight. At 180 days-old, NPEW and PEW females showed higher feed efficiency, weight gain, body fat percentage, and greater accumulation of gonadal and retroperitoneal fat depots associated with adipocyte hypertrophy. NPEW females also showed hyperphagia. Only NPEW females presented hyperleptinemia. Plasma thyroid hormones and vitamin D were unchanged among EW females. Regarding sex hormones, at 45 days-old, no change was found in EW females, while at 180 days-old, PEW females had hypoestrogenemia. EW increases the risk for obesity in female rats in adulthood, as already demonstrated for males, although through distinct mechanisms involving some hormones.

Early weaning (EW) is a risk factor for obesity development. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) hypofunction is related to obesity onset. Here, we evaluated whether sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity in BAT and the thermogenic function of BAT are decreased in adulthood in obese rats from two EW models. At the time of birth, lactating Wistar rats and their pups (three males and three females) were separated into three groups: the control group, in which pups consumed milk throughout lactation; the non-pharmacological EW (NPEW) group, in which suckling was interrupted with a bandage during the last 3 days of lactation; and the pharmacological EW (PEW) group, in which dams were treated with bromocriptine (0.5 mg/twice a day) 3 days before weaning. The offspring were sacrificed on PN180. Adult male rats from both EW models exhibited lower BAT SNS activity. Female rats from the PEW group showed a decrease in BAT SNS activity. The protein levels of UCP1 were lower in the NPEW males, while PGC1α levels were lower in both PEW and NPEW males. Both groups of EW females showed reductions in the levels of β3-AR, TRβ1, and PGC1α. The UCP1 protein level was reduced only in the NPEW females. The EW groups of both sexes had lower AMPK protein levels in BAT. In the hypothalamus, only the PEW females showed an increase in AMPK protein levels. In both groups of EW males, adrenal catecholamine was increased and tyrosine hydroxylase was decreased, while in EW females, adrenal catecholamine was decreased. Early weaning alters the thermogenic capacity of BAT, which partially contributes to obesity in adulthood, and there are sex-related differences in these alterations.

Maternal exposure to coconut oil metabolically programs adult offspring for overweight, hyperphagia and hyperleptinemia. We studied the neuroendocrine mechanisms by which coconut oil supplementation during breastfeeding as well as continued exposure of this oil throughout life affect the feeding behavior of the progeny. At birth, pups were divided into two groups: Soybean oil (SO) and Coconut oil (CO). Dams received these oils by gavage (0.5 g/kg body mass/day) during lactation. Half of the CO group continued to receive CO in chow throughout life (CO + C). Adult CO and CO + C groups had overweight; the CO group had hyperphagia, higher visceral adiposity, and hyperleptinemia, while the CO + C group had hypophagia only. The CO group showed higher DAGLα (endocannabinoid synthesis) but no alteration of FAAH (endocannabinoid degradation) or CB1R. Leptin signaling and GLP1R were unchanged in the CO group, which did not explain its phenotype. Hyperphagia in these animals can be due to higher DAGLα, increasing the production of 2-AG, an orexigenic mediator. The CO + C group had higher preference for fat and lower hypothalamic GLP1R content. Continuous exposure to coconut oil prevented an increase in DAGLα. The CO + C group, although hypophagic, showed greater voracity when exposed to a hyperlipidemic diet, maybe due to lower GLP1R, since GLP1 inhibits short-term food intake.

Objetivo: descrever o perfil dos acidentes motociclísticos atendidos pelo SAMU nos anos de 2014 e 2015 em município baiano, quanto as características da vítima, do atendimento, do evento e das lesões sofridas. Métodos: estudo epidemiológico, descritivo e transversal, com coleta de dados secundários das fichas atendimentos e livros de registros acerca dos acidentes motociclísticos atendidos pelo SAMU de Guanambi- BA, nos anos de 2014 e 2015. Resultados: no período ocorreram, 1.319 acidentes motociclísticos, com homens (71,7%), na faixa etária de 20 a 29 anos (36,1%). Foi observado o subregistro quanto ao uso do capacete e relação com o trabalho. As lesões mais frequentes foram as escoriações em múltiplos locais (61,6%) e ferimento cortocontuso nos membros inferiores (40,8%). Conclusão: Nota-se a necessidade da implementação de medidas educativas, de fiscalização e aprimoramento das políticas de saúde do trânsito vigentes, tendo em vista a redução e prevenção de acidentes.

We investigated the effects of maternal coconut oil supplementation during breastfeeding on the endocrine-metabolic profiles of offspring and the impact of continued exposure throughout life. Rat mothers were separated into: soybean oil (SO); and coconut oil (CO) groups and received the oils through gavage (0.5 g/kg of BW) and had free access to standard chow. After weaning, half of the pups from CO group continued receiving coconut oil in chow (CO + C), while SO and the other half of CO group received standard chow. Offspring were killed at postnatal day 180. CO and CO + C offspring had higher body masses, but only CO had higher visceral fat and lower lean mass. CO group exhibited hyperphagia and hyperleptinemia while CO + C group exhibited hypophagia. CO group had higher T3 and TSH. Coconut oil led to long-term overweight, hyperphagia, hyperleptinemia and thyroid dysfunction, whereas the continuous exposure throughout life prevented most of these dysfunctions.

For centuries, bromelain has been used to treat a range of ailments, even though its mechanism of action is not fully understood. Its therapeutic benefits include enzymatic debridement of the necrotic tissues of ulcers and burn wounds, besides anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and antioxidant properties. However, the protease is unstable and susceptible to self-hydrolysis over time. To overcome the stability issues of bromelain, a previous study formulated chitosan-bromelain nanoparticles (C-B-NP). We evaluated the optimized nanoformulation for in vitro antioxidant, cell antiproliferative activities and cell migration/proliferation in the scratch assay, comparing it with free bromelain. The antioxidant activity of free bromelain was concentration and time-dependent; after encapsulation, the activity level dropped, probably due to the slow release of protein from the nanoparticles. In vitro antiproliferative activity was observed in six tumor cell lines for free protein after 48 h of treatment (glioma, breast, ovarian, prostate, colon adenocarcinoma and chronic myeloid leukemia), but not for keratinocyte cells, enabling its use as an active topical treatment. In turn, C-B-NP only inhibited one cell line (chronic myeloid leukemia) and required higher concentrations for inhibition. After 144 h treatment of glioma cells with C-B-NP, growth inhibition was equivalent to that promoted by the free protein. This last result confirmed the delayed-release kinetics of the optimized formulation and bromelain integrity. Finally, a scratch assay with keratinocyte cells showed that C-B-NP achieved more than 90% wound retraction after 24 h, compared to no retraction with the free bromelain. Therefore, nanoencapsulation of bromelain with chitosan conferred physical protection, delayed release, and wound retraction activity to the formulation, properties that favor topical formulations with a modified release. In addition, the promising results with the glioma cell line point to further studies of C-B-NP for anti-tumor treatments.

Early weaning (EW) is associated with obesity later in life. Here, using an EW model in rats, we investigated changes in feeding behavior and the dopaminergic and endocannabinoid systems (ECS) in the adult offspring. Lactating Wistar rats were divided into two groups: EW, dams were wrapped with a bandage to interrupt suckling during the last 3 days of breastfeeding; CONT; dams fed the pups throughout the period without hindrances. EW animals were compared with CONT animals of the same sex. At PN175, male and female offspring of both groups could freely self-select between high-fat and high-sugar diets (food challenge test). EW males preferred the high-fat diet at 30 min and more of the high-sugar diet after 12 h compared to CONT males. EW females did not show differences in their preference for the palatable diets compared to CONT females. Total intake of standard diet from PN30-PN180 was higher in both male and female EW animals, indicating hyperphagia. At PN180, EW males showed lower type 2 dopamine receptor (D2r) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and dorsal striatum, while EW females had lower tyrosine hydroxylase in the ventral tegmental area and NAc, D1r in the NAc, and D2r in the prefrontal cortex. In the lateral hypothalamus, EW males had lower fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase, whereas EW females showed lower N-arachidonoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase-D and increased FAAH. Early weaning altered both the dopaminergic and ECS parameters at adulthood, contributing to the eating behavior changes of the progeny in a sex-dependent manner.

Objective: to analyze the oral hygiene care for hospitalized elderly patients provided by the nursing staff. Method: this is a qualitative, exploratory-descriptive study carried out in a university hospital, with the participation of 35 professionals from the nursing staff. Data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews, explored through thematic content analysis. Results: two categories emerged: The oral hygiene of hospitalized elderly patients as an extension of body care and Barriers in (lack of) care with the oral hygiene of hospitalized elderly patients, with two subcategories: The oral hygiene and dental prosthesis technique performed divergently; Care hampered by deficit of materials and human resources. Final considerations: this study showed weaknesses in the oral hygiene care of hospitalized elderly patients, promoting reflections on the practice informed in data and management actions, allowing recommendations of care standards for the nursing staff. RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar los cuidados que brinda el equipo de enfermería a la higiene bucal de los ancianos hospitalizados. Método: estudio cualitativo, exploratorio-descriptivo, realizado en un hospital universitario, con la participación de 35 profesionales del equipo de enfermería. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas, exploradas mediante análisis de contenido temático. Resultados: surgieron dos categorías: la higiene bucal del anciano hospitalizado como extensión del cuidado corporal y barreras en el (des) cuidado con la higiene bucal del anciano hospitalizado, con dos subcategorías: Higiene bucal y técnica de prótesis dental realizada de manera divergente; El cuidado perjudicado por el déficit de materiales y recursos humanos. Consideraciones finales: el estudio demostró debilidades en el cuidado de la higiene bucal de ancianos hospitalizados, promoviendo reflexiones sobre la práctica informada en los datos y acciones de manejo, permitiendo recomendaciones de estándares de cuidado para el equipo de enfermería. RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o cuidado desenvolvido pela equipe de enfermagem à higiene bucal da pessoa idosa hospitalizada. Método: estudo qualitativo, exploratório-descritivo, realizado em um hospital universitário, com a participação de 35 profissionais da equipe de enfermagem. A coleta de dados foi por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, exploradas por meio da Análise de Conteúdo Temática. Resultados: emergiram duas categorias: A higiene bucal da pessoa idosa hospitalizada enquanto extensão do cuidado corporal e Barreiras no (des) cuidado com a higiene bucal de idosos hospitalizados, com duas subcategorias: Técnica da higiene da boca e da prótese dentária realizada de forma divergente; O cuidado prejudicado pelo déficit de materiais e de recursos humanos. Considerações finais: o estudo demonstrou fragilidades no cuidado à higiene bucal de idosos hospitalizados promovendo reflexões sobre a prática informada nos dados e ações de gerência, permitindo recomendações de padrões de cuidado para a equipe de enfermagem.

Introduction: Accidental tetanus is an infectious disease with systemic repercussions and high lethality. Due to the complexity surrounding the care for these patients, nursing care must be conducted in a systematic, scientific and individualized way. Objective: To report the experience of systematization of nursing care to a patient affected by accidental tetanus in the light of the Basic Human Needs theory. Outline: This is a descriptive study, an experience report, developed in March 2019 after nursing care for a patient diagnosed with accidental tetanus, admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) of a public hospital. Results: The elaboration of the care plan included information about the risk diagnosis and real diagnosis, nursing interventions and expected results, associated with the affected basic human need. Implications: It is well known that the provision of qualified care in the admission of patients with suspected accidental tetanus as well as their proper referral to the ICU contributes to a better prognosis.

Extreme environments Morrope and Bayovar Salt lagoons, several ecosystems and microhabitats remain unexplored, and little is known about the diversity of Actinobacteria. We suggest that the endemic bacteria present in this extreme environment is a source of active molecules with anticancer, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic properties. Using phenotypic and genotypic characterization techniques, including 16S rRNA sequencing, we identified these bacteria as members of the genera Streptomyces, Pseudonocardia, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas. Actinobacteria strains were found predominantly. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 13 Actinobacteria clusters of Streptomyces, the main genus. Three Streptomycetes, strains MW562814, MW562805, and MW562807 showed antiproliferative activities against three tumor cell lines: U251 glioma, MCF7 breast, and NCI-H460 lung (non-small cell type); and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 10536, and the multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii AC-972. The antiproliferative activities (measured as total growth inhibition [TGI]) of Streptomyces sp. MW562807 were 0.57 μg/mL, for 0.61 μg/mL, and 0.80 μg/mL for glioma, lung non-small cell type, and breast cancer cell lines, respectively; the methanolic fraction of the crude extract showed a better antiproliferative activity and could inhibit the growth of (U251 (TGI = 38.3 μg/mL), OVCAR-03 (TGI = 62.1 μg/mL), and K562 (TGI = 81.5 μg/mL)) of nine tumor cells types and one nontumor cell type. Extreme enviroments, such as the Morrope and Bayovar Salt saloons are promising sources of new bacteria, whose compounds may be useful for treating various infectious diseases or even some types of cancer. © 2021 Flores Clavo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This study has been financed by the Concytec - World Bank Project "Improvement and Expansion of the Services of the National System of Science, Technology and Technological Innovation" 8682-PE, to the "World Bank", to "CONCYTEC" through its executing unit ProCiencia [contract number 190-2018]" and "The postgraduate programs in Genetics and Molecular Biology.

The unexplored saline lagoons of the north of Peru harbor a rich microbiome, due to reported studies of different extreme environments around the world. In these regions, there are several ecosystems and microhabitats not yet explored, and little is known about the diversity of actinobacteria and other microorganisms. We suggest that the endemic bacteria present in this extreme environment could be source of active molecules with anticancer, antimicrobial, antiparasitic properties. Using phenotypic and genotypic characterization techniques including the 16S rRNA were identified into the genera Streptomyces 39 (78%), Pseudonocardia 3 (6%), Staphylococcus 4 (8%), Bacillus 2 (4%), and Pseudomonas 2 (4%). All isolated bacteria for the genotypic data were preliminarily identified. Actinobacteria strains were found dominantly in both sites (Lagoon1-3 = 16 isolates and lagoon 4 = 12 isolates). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 28 isolates were exclusively affiliated to eleven different clusters of Actinobacteria of the major genus Streptomyces. Three Streptomyces sp. strains M-92, B-146, and B-81, were tested for antibacterial and antiproliferative activities. The results showed antiproliferative activities against three tumor cell lines, U251 glioma; MCF7 breast; NCI-H460 lung non-small type of cells, and the antibacterial activity to Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, E. coli ATCC 10536, and Acinetobacter baumanni AC-972 which is resistant to multiple drugs. The promising results belong to Streptomyces sp. B-81 strain in the R2A medium using a doxorubicin with control positive, the best result was from the latter (TGI = 0,57 µg/mL) for glioma; NCI-H460 lung of type non-small cells (TGI = 0,61 µg/mL), and breast cancer (TGI =0,80 µg/mL), this strain was selected to be fractionated because it had better antiproliferative and antibacterial activity, and its fractions were evaluated concerning antiproliferative activity against nine types of tumor cells and one non-tumor. The methanolic fraction showed a better result in the antiproliferative activity and was able to inhibit U251 (glioma) (TGI = 38.3 µg/mL), OVCAR-03 (ovary) (TGI = 62.1 µg/mL), and K562 (leukemia) (TGI = 81.5 µg/mL). The methanol 50% - acetate 50% fraction (Fraction 4) inhibited U251 (glioma) (TGI = 73.5 µg/mL) and UACC-62 (melanoma) (TGI = 89.4 µg/mL). Moreover, the UHPLC-MS/MS data and molecular networking of Streptomyces sp. B-81 isolate extract revealed the production cholic acid, Lobophorin A, Lobophorin B, Lobophorin E, Lobophorin K and compound 6. Extremophilic environments such as the Mórrope and Bayovar Salt Flats are promising sources of new bacteria with promising pharmaceutical potential; These compounds could be useful to treat various infectious diseases or even some type of cancer.

Ethnopharmacological relevance The incidence of gastric mucosa lesions in the adult population has increased mainly due to the continued use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a tropical tree, cultivated in several countries, whose barks, leaves and pseudofruit (cashew apple) are popularly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases, including gastric ulcer. Aim Our study evaluated the potential gastroprotective effect of the carotenoid and anacardic acids-enriched aqueous extract (CAE), prepared from cashew apple pomace, in the dose-repeated acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)-induced gastric lesions model in rats. Material and methods After randomly distribution into five group (G1 – G5, n = 8 animals/group), male Wistar rats were daily treated with ASA solution (200 mg/kg, 5 ml/kg, G2 - G5) or potable water (Satellite group, G1) during 14 days. From 8th to 14th experimental day, rats in G3 - G5 groups were orally treated with CAE (50, 100 and 500 mg/kg, 5 ml/kg, respectively). Body weight was measured on 0, 7th and 14th day. On the 14th experimental day, all surviving animals were euthanized for macroscopic evaluation of the inner organs and stomach removal. After weighting, each stomach was properly prepared for biochemical analysis [myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), reduced glutathione analysis (GSH), IL-1β, CXCL2/MIP-2, TNF-α and IL-10 levels]. Results At the most efficient dose (100 mg/kg, p.o.), CAE-treated animals showed a slight improvement in the macroscopic aspect of gastric mucosa associated with significant (p Conclusions The present study demonstrated that the carotenoid and anacardic acids-enriched extract obtained from cashew apple pomace is a promising raw material for the development of herbal medicine and/or functional food supplements for the adjuvant treatment of NSAIDs-induced gastric ulcers.

Maternal nicotine exposure causes several consequences in offspring phenotype, such as obesity and thyroid dysfunctions. Nicotine exposure can increase oxidative stress levels, which could lead to thyroid dysfunction. However, the mechanism by which nicotine exposure during breastfeeding leads to thyroid gland dysfunction remains elusive. We aimed to investigate the long-term effects of maternal nicotine exposure on redox homeostasis in thyroid gland, besides other essential steps for thyroid hormone synthesis in rats from both sexes. Lactating Wistar rats were implanted with osmotic minipumps releasing nicotine (NIC, 6 mg/kg/day) or saline (control) from postnatal day 2 to 16. Offspring were analyzed at 180-day-old. NIC males showed lower plasma TSH, T3 and T4 while NIC females had higher T3 and T4. In thyroid, NIC males had higher sodium-iodide symporter protein expression, whereas NIC females had higher thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHr) and thyroperoxidase (TPO) protein expression. TPO activity was lower in NIC males. Hydrogen peroxide generation was decreased in NIC males. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were compromised in NIC animals from both sexes. 4-Hydroxynonenal was higher only in NIC females, while thiol was not affected in NIC animals from both sexes. NIC offspring also had altered expression of sex steroid receptors in thyroid gland. Both sexes showed similar thyroid morphology, with lower follicle and colloid size. Thyroid from female offspring exposed to nicotine during breastfeeding developed oxidative stress, while the male gland seemed to be protected from redox damage. Thyroid dysfunctions seem to be associated with redox imbalance in a sex-dependent manner.

Non-pharmacological early weaning (NPEW) induces liver damage in male progeny at adulthood; however, pharmacological early weaning (PEW) does not cause this dysfunction. To elucidate this difference in liver dysfunction between these two models and determine the phenotype of female offspring,de novolipogenesis, β-oxidation, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) export, and gluconeogenesis in both sexes were investigated in the adult Wistar rats that were weaned after a normal period of lactation (control group) or early weaned either by restriction of access to the dams’ teats (NPEW group) or by reduction of dams’ milk production with bromocriptine (PEW group). The offspring received standard diet from weaning to euthanasia (PN180). NPEW males had higher plasma triglycerides and TyG index, liver triglycerides, and cholesterol byde novolipogenesis, which leads to intracellular lipids accumulation. As expected, hepatic morphology was preserved in PEW males, but they showed increased liver triglycerides. The only molecular difference between PEW and NPEW males was in acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 (ACC-1) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), which were lower in PEW animals. Both early weaning (EW) females had no changes in liver cholesterol and triglyceride contents, and the hepatic cytoarchitecture was preserved. The expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein was increased in both the female EW groups, which could constitute a protective factor. The changes in hepatic lipid metabolism in EW offspring were less marked in females. EW impacted in the hepatic cytoarchitecture only in NPEW males, which showed higher ACC-1 and SCD-1 when compared to the PEW group. As these enzymes are lipogenic, it could explain a worsened liver function in NPEW males.

Tobacco smoke during gestation is associated with increased consumption of palatable foods by the offspring in humans and rats. Postpartum relapse is observed in lactating women who quit smoking during pregnancy, putting their children at risk of adverse health outcomes caused by secondhand smoke. Nicotine is transferred through milk and alters the dopaminergic reward system of adult male rats, reducing dopamine action in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Here, we evaluated the long-term effects of nicotine-only exposure during lactation on eating behavior, anxiety, locomotion, dopaminergic system, hypothalamic leptin signaling and nicotinic receptor in the adult female rat progeny. Two days after birth (PN2), Wistar rat dams were separated into control and nicotine (Nic) groups for implantation of osmotic minipumps that released respectively saline or 6 mg/kg nicotine. Lactating dams were kept with 6 pups. After weaning (PN21; nicotine withdrawal), only the female offspring were studied. Euthanasia occurred at PN180. Nic females showed hyperphagia, preference for a high-sucrose diet, increased anxiety-like behavior, lower tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), lower dopamine transporter and higher dopamine receptor (Drd2) in NAc; lower Drd1 in prefrontal cortex and lower TH in dorsal striatum (DS). These animals showed changes that can explain their hyperphagia, such as: lower leptin signaling pathway (Leprb, pJAK2, pSTAT3) and Chrna7 expression in hypothalamus. Neonatal nicotine exposure affects the brain reward system of the female progeny differently from males, mainly decreasing dopamine production in NAc and DS. Therefore, Nic females are more susceptible to develop food addiction and obesity.

Objective: To report the experience of a care for a person with clinical picture of accidental tetanus, victim of fireworks. Method: It is a descriptive study, experience report type, referring to the experience of a care performed by nursing students in June 2019, in an emergency unit at a regional public hospital in a city in the inland of state of Bahia, Brazil. Results: Victims of burns by fireworks need nursing actions that promote measures to prevent accidental tetanus. These activities can be a detailed data collection, such as observation of vaccination history and wound bed care. Conclusion: From the experience, it was possible to expand the knowledge of nursing students through reflections on the immediate measures related to care with accidental tetanus.

We developed and validated a stability-indicating assay method for the simultaneous determination of enrofloxacin and piroxicam in combination and in the presence of degradation products. Reversephase high-performance liquid chromatography analyses were carried out on a Vertisep C18 column and acetonitrile-water (48:52 v/v, pH 3.0) mobile phase with a 1.00 mL min−1 flow rate. The efficient chromatographic separation of these drugs and their forced degradation products was achieved in less than 5 min with a peak purity match factor higher than 950. The method used showed linearity in the concentration ranges of 0.25 to 16.0 μg mL−1 for enrofloxacin (r = 0.9997) and 0.125 to 8.0 μg mL−1 for piroxicam (r = 0.9999) as well as precision (relative standard deviation lower than 2%), accuracy (mean recovery 100 ± 2%), and robustness, according to ICH (International Conference on Harmonization) and AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) guidelines. This method can simultaneously determine the combination of these drugs in a veterinary formulation and separate the drug peaks from their forced degradation products. Additionally, its optimized chromatographic conditions can contribute to the quality control of this formulation in pharmaceutical manufacturing plants and minimize waste from the organic solvent.

Maternal nicotine exposure negatively impacts offspring’s health and metabolism, leading to obesity and insulin resistance. Here we investigated the pancreatic islet function, glycemic homeostasis, and insulin signaling in adult rat offspring that were nicotine-exposed during breastfeeding. For this, lactating Wistar rat dams were divided into two groups: Nicotine (implanted with osmotic minipumps containing 6 mg/Kg, NIC) and Control (saline, CON). Solutions were released from postnatal (PN) day 2–16. At PN110 and PN170, 10 offspring per litter/sex/group were submitted to the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). PN180 offspring were killed and glycemia, insulinemia, adiponectinemia, pancreas morphology as well as pancreatic islet protein expression (related to insulin secretion) and skeletal muscle (related to insulin action) were evaluated. Males and females were compared to their respective controls. Adult NIC offspring of both sexes showed glucose intolerance in the OGTT. Despite normoglycemia, NIC males showed hyperinsulinemia while females, although normoinsulinemic, had hyperglycemia. Both sexes showed increased IRI, reduced adiponectin/visceral fat mass ratio and higher ectopic deposition of lipids in the pancreatic tissue adipocytes. In pancreatic islets, NIC males showed lower PDX-1 expression while females had higher PDX-1 and GLUT2 expressions plus lower α2 adrenergic receptor. In the muscle, NIC offspring of both sexes showed reduction of GLUT4 expression; NIC males also had lower insulin receptor and pAKT expressions. Thus, glycemic homeostasis and peripheral insulin signaling in adult offspring of both sexes are affected by nicotine exposure through the milk, increasing the risk for type 2 diabetes development.

Some oils considered healthy are commonly used, even in critical periods of life. We studied the effects of maternal supplementation with soybean, olive, fish and coconut oils during lactation on the male rat offspring metabolism. Dams and pups were divided: Soybean oil (control); Olive Oil (OO); Fish Oil (FO) and Coconut Oil (CO). Dams received the oils through gavage (0.5 g/kg BW) during lactation, as a supplement. At weaning, OO pups showed obesity. Milk from CO dams presented higher triglycerides. Milk from OO and CO dams presented more cholesterol and calories. At weaning, FO and CO pups presented hypotriglyceridemia. At PN180, OO and CO offspring showed obesity and hyperleptinemia. OO offspring had higher lean mass. CO offspring presented hyperphagia. OO, FO and CO offspring had higher T3. Oils used as supplement during lactation alter milk composition and induces short and long-term endocrine-metabolic dysfunctions in the progeny.

Araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.) is a native fruit from Brazilian Cerrado widely used by folk medicine. Nevertheless, the biological effects of its seeds and peel have not been extensively evaluated. We evaluate herein the antioxidant, antiproliferative and healing potential of araticum peel and seeds extracts. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis showed flavonoids, namely epicatechin and quercetin, as the main compounds in peel and seeds extracts, respectively. These extracts showed high content of phenolic compounds (7254.46 and 97.74 µg/g extract) and, as consequence, high antioxidant capacity. Interesting, the seeds extract was more effective than peel extract against all tested cancer cells, especially on NCI-ADR/RES (multidrug resistant ovary adenocarcinoma) cell line. In the cell migration assay by using HaCaT (keratinocyte), the seeds extract induced migration, while the peel extract showed an inhibitory effect. In this way, phenolic content could be related to antioxidant capacity, but it was not related to antiproliferative and healing effect. The araticum seeds extract showed an interesting response to in vitro biological assay although of its low content of phenolic compounds. Unidentified compounds, such as alkaloids and annonaceous acetogenins could be related to it. Araticum has potential to be used as therapeutic plant especially as antiproliferative and healing drug.

We studied the molecular and epigenetic mechanisms associated with dysfunctions caused by postnatal coconut oil exposure. Lactating dams were divided into soybean oil (SO) and coconut oil (CO) groups (0.5 g/kg/gavage). Half of the CO offspring received CO in their chow throughout their lifetime (CO + C). Adult CO offspring had higher liver TRβ-1 mRNA, which is consistent with lower miR-181a and lower DIO2 mRNA in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and higher CPT-1 mRNA in white adipose tissue (WAT). CO + C offspring exhibited higher BAT miR-382*, but DIO2 was unaltered. This group also had higher liver SCD1, miR-122 expression, and WAT SCD1 mRNA. CO and CO + C offspring had lower hepatic CPT-1 mRNA. The disturbances in CO offspring may be partially attributed to alterations in the enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, which may be mediated via mechanisms associated with miR-122. Continuous exposure to CO prohibits some of these changes.

Mucositis is one of the commonest side effects in cancer patients undergoing treatment with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, and it currently lacks appropriate and effective treatment. Acmella oleracea, a species of flowering herb from South America, contains spilanthol, an alkylamide that has several pharmacological properties, including anesthetic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of spilanthol in intestinal mucositis in Swiss mice induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), an antineoplastic agent administered systemically for the treatment of many different cancers. The repeated administration of 5-FU resulted in intestinal mucositis and consequent decreased food intake, together with weight loss, in all the animals. Daily administration of spilanthol significantly lowered the severity of intestinal mucositis, reducing histopathological changes and increasing the villus height in the animals treated with spilanthol at a dosage of 30 mg/kg (p

Neonates can be exposed to bisphenol A (BPA) through placenta and milk, and BPA is associated with disorders such as precocious puberty and obesity. We evaluated the effects of BPA exposure during breastfeeding on the biochemical and endocrine profiles in young and adult rat progeny. From postnatal day (PND) 3 to 15 dams were divided into low-dose BPA treatment [50 μg/kg/day s.c. (BPA-LD)], high-dose BPA treatment [5 mg/kg/day s.c. (BPA-HD)], and Control (vehicle) groups. Milk was collected at PND15 and 21, which represents the end of exposure and 6 days after withdrawal, respectively. Dams were euthanized at weaning. Offspring of both genders were euthanized at PND15, 21, and 180. Milk estradiol levels were lower in the BPA-HD group than in the control group at PND 15; however, they were higher at PND21. Female rats whose mothers were BPA-exposed showed more significant differences from those in the control group, including better glycemic control and lipid profiles and higher food intake without higher adiposity, in adulthood than in the weaning period, when they presented with higher adiposity and hyperestrogenism. Conversely, male rats showed more abnormalities after BPA exposure compared to control rats, including insulin, leptin, testosterone, and thyroid hormone changes, when young but exhibited fewer alterations in adulthood, with increase only in LDLc in the BPA-HD rats. Taken together, the present findings suggest that exposure to BPA exclusively through milk affects adiposity, metabolism, and/or hormones of offspring in the short and long term, possibly compromising normal development in both sexes.

Obese individuals have higher production of reactive oxygen species, which leads to oxidative damage. We hypothesize that cranberry extract (CE) can improve this dysfunction in HFD-induced obesity in rats since it has an important antioxidant activity. Here, we evaluated the effects of CE in food intake, adiposity, biochemical and hormonal parameters, lipogenic and adipogenic factors, hepatic morphology and oxidative balance in a HFD model. At postnatal day 120 (PN120), male Wistar rats were assigned into two groups: (1) SD (n = 36) fed with a standard diet and (2) HFD (n = 36), fed with a diet containing 44.5% (35.2% from lard) energy from fat. At PN150, 12 animals from SD and HFD groups were killed while the others were subdivided into four groups (n = 12/group): animals that received 200 mg/kg cranberry extract (SD CE, HFD CE) gavage/daily/30 days or water (SD, HFD). At PN180, animals were killed. HFD group showed higher body mass and visceral fat, hypercorticosteronemia, higher liver glucocorticoid sensitivity, cholesterol and triglyceride contents and microsteatosis. Also, HFD group had higher lipid peroxidation (plasma and tissues) and higher protein carbonylation (liver and adipose tissue) compared to SD group. HFD CE group showed lower body mass gain, hypotrygliceridemia, hypocorticosteronemia, and lower hepatic cholesterol and fatty acid synthase contents. HFD CE group displayed lower lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation (liver and adipose tissue) and accumulation of liver fat compared to HFD group. Although adiposity was not completely reversed, cranberry extract improved the metabolic profile and reduced oxidative damage and steatosis in HFD-fed rats, which suggests that it can help manage obesity-related disorders.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) dysfunction is associated with obesity and its comorbidities, such as hypertension, and the improvement of BAT function seems important for obesity management. Here we investigated the effects of dietary calcium supplementation on BAT autonomic nerve activity, sympathoadrenal function and cardiovascular parameters in adult obese rats that were raised in small litters (SL group). Three days after birth, SL litters were adjusted to three pups to induce early overfeeding. The control group remained with 10 pups/litter until weaning (NL group). At PN120, the SL group was randomly divided into the following: rats fed with standard chow (SL) and rats fed with dietary calcium carbonate supplementation (SL-Ca, 10g/kg chow). Animals were killed either at PN120 or PN180. At both ages, SL rats had higher BAT autonomic nervous system activity, mass and adipocyte area, as well as increased heart rate and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic); 2 months of calcium supplementation normalized these parameters. At PN180 only, UCP1 and TRβ1 in BAT were decreased in SL rats. These changes were also prevented by calcium treatment. Also at PN180, the SL group presented higher tyrosine hydroxylase and adrenal catecholamine contents, as well as lower hypothalamic POMC and MC4R contents. Calcium supplementation did not revert these alterations. Thus, we demonstrated that dietary calcium supplementation was able to improve cardiovascular parameters and BAT thermogenesis capacity in adult animals that were early overfed during lactation.

Nicotine transfer via breast milk induces obesity in the adult offspring. We hypothesize that sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and white adipose tissue (WAT) lipogenesis/adipogenesis are altered in adult rats that were exposed to nicotine exclusively during the breastfeeding period. Lactating Wistar rats were separated into two groups: nicotine (NIC), dams implanted with osmotic minipumps containing 6 mg/kg of nicotine at postnatal day (PN) 2; control, dams were implanted with saline-containing minipumps. Euthanasia occurred at PN120 or PN180. NIC offspring had lower BAT SNS activity and higher BAT lipid content. NIC males showed lower UCP1, β3-AR and CPT1a, while NIC females showed lower UCP1, TRα1, CPT1a, suggesting lower thermogenesis. NIC males showed higher WAT SNS activity, WAT β3-AR, adrenal catecholamine, FAS, PPARγ and adipocytes area, while NIC females showed higher ACC, FAS, CEBPβ and PPARγ. These findings indicate increased lipogenesis/adipogenesis in both sexes, with a possible compensatory sympathetic activated-lipolysis in males. NIC males had higher hypothalamic pAMPK/AMPK, explaining the lower BAT sympathetic activity. Neonatal nicotine exposure reduces BAT SNS activity and thermogenesis, and, only in males, increases WAT adipogenesis/lipogenesis, despite higher WAT SNS activity. These alterations can be associated with obesogenesis in this programming model.

Key points The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months of age as an important strategy to reduce child morbidity and mortality. Studies have associated early weaning with the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes in adulthood. In our model, we demonstrated that early weaning leads to increased insulin secretion in adolescent males and reduced insulin secretion in adult offspring. Early weaned males exhibit insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Early weaning did not change insulin signalling in the muscle of female offspring. Taking into account that insulin resistance is one of the primary factors for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, this work demonstrates the importance of breastfeeding in the fight against this disease. Abstract Early weaning (EW) leads to short- and long-term obesity and diabetes. This phenotype is also observed in experimental models, in which early-weaned males exhibit abnormal insulinaemia in adulthood. However, studies regarding the effect of EW on pancreatic islets are rare. We investigated the mechanisms by which glycaemic homeostasis is altered in EW models through evaluations of insulin secretion and its signalling pathway in offspring. Lactating Wistar rats and their pups were divided into the following groups: non-pharmacological EW (NPEW): mothers were wrapped with an adhesive bandage on the last 3 days of lactation; pharmacological EW (PEW): mothers received bromocriptine to inhibit prolactin (1 mg/kg body mass/day) on the last 3 days of lactation; and control (C): pups underwent standard weaning at PN21. Offspring of both sexes were euthanized at PN45 and PN180. At PN45, EW males showed higher insulin secretion (vs. C). At PN170, PEW males exhibited hyperglycaemia in an oral glucose tolerance test (vs. C and NPEW). At PN180, EW male offspring were heavier; however, both sexes showed higher visceral fat. Insulin secretion was lower in EW offspring of both sexes. Males from both EW groups had lower glucokinase in islets, but unexpectedly, PEW males showed higher GLUT2, than did C. EW males exhibited lower insulin signalling in muscle. EW females exhibited no changes in these parameters compared with C. We demonstrated distinct alterations in the insulin secretion of EW rats at different ages. Despite the sex dimorphism in insulin secretion in adolescence, both sexes showed impaired insulin secretion in adulthood due to EW.

Early weaning (EW) is a stressful condition that programmes a child to be overweight in adult life. Fat mass depends on glucocorticoids (GC) to regulate adipogenesis and lipogenesis. We hypothesised that the increased adiposity in models of EW was due to a disturbed HPA axis and/or disrupted GC function. We used two experimental models, pharmacological early weaning (PEW, dams were bromocriptine-treated) and non-pharmacological early weaning (NPEW, dams’ teats were wrapped with a bandage), which were initiated during the last 3 days of lactation. Offspring from both genders was analysed on postnatal day 180. Offspring in both models were overweight with increased visceral fat mass, but plasma corticosterone was increased in both genders in the PEW group but not the NPEW group. NPEW males had increased GRα expression in visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and GRα expression decreased in PEW males in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Females in both EW groups had increased 11βHSD1 expression in SAT. PEW males had increased C/EBPβ expression in SAT. PEW females had lower PPARy and FAS expression in VAT than the NPEW females. We detected a sex dimorphism in VAT and SAT in the EW groups regarding 11βHSD1, GRα and C/EBPβ expression. The accumulated adiposity induced by EW exhibited distinct mechanisms depending on gender, specific fat deposition and GC metabolism and action. The higher proportion of VAT/SAT in both sets of EW males may be related to the action of GC in these tissues, and the higher conversion of GC in SAT in females may explain the differences in the fat distribution.

Introdução: A intervenção farmacêutica tem como objetivo a solução ou prevenção de resultados negativos oriundos da utilização de medicamentos. Evidências científicas têm demonstrado que os cuidados farmacêuticos melhoram desfechos clínicos e econômicos. Objetivos: Descrever e analisar o perfil das intervenções farmacêuticas (IF) realizadas pelo farmacêutico clínico intensivista e evidenciar sua importância em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Adulto de um hospital universitário. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo transversal, realizado no período de março a dezembro de 2016. Todas as IF realizadas na prática clínica diária registradas em banco de dados eletrônico da instituição foram incluídas no estudo. As intervenções foram classificadas em intervenções relacionadas ou não relacionadas ao medicamento conforme categorias estabelecidas pelo serviço de farmácia clínica da instituição. Realizou-se análise estatística descritiva das variáveis estudadas. Resultados: No período do estudo foram realizadas 506 intervenções farmacêuticas (média de 51 intervenções/mês e 1,68 intervenções/dia). As intervenções relacionadas ao medicamento mais prevalentes foram: incompatibilidade medicamentosa via conexão em Y (n=171; 38,43%), necessidade de terapia (n= 63; 14,16%) e falta de medicamento (n= 40; 8,99%). Já as intervenções não relacionadas ao medicamento mais frequentes foram: não conformidade da prescrição (n=18; 29,51%), justificativa de medicamento de uso restrito/antimicrobianos vencida (n=14; 22,95%) e falha na identificação de medicamentos (n=7; 11,47%). A média de aceitabilidade das intervenções pelos profissionais foi de 96,24%. Caso não houvesse intervenções, o principal desfecho clínico estimado seria a falha ou inefetividade terapêutica. Conclusões : Os resultados evidenciaram a importância do farmacêutico clínico na obtenção de respostas terapêuticas mais efetivas e seguras em pacientes críticos.

The hypothalamus controls food intake and energy expenditure. In rats, maternal exposure to nicotine during breastfeeding alters the hypothalamic circuitry of the adult offspring, resulting in leptin resistance, neuropeptides changes and gliosis. Tobacco smoke exposure during lactation causes greater adiposity, hyperphagia and hyperleptinemia in the adult progeny. To understand the central mechanisms underlying the obese phenotype of adult rats that were directly and indirectly exposed to cigarette smoke during lactation, we investigated leptin signaling, orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides expression, as well as astrocyte and microglia markers in hypothalamus. From postnatal day (PND) 3 to 21, Wistar lactating rat dams and their pups were divided into two groups: SE, smoke-exposed in a cigarette-smoking machine (four times/day); Crtl, exposed to filtered air. Offspring of both sexes were euthanized at PND180. The leptin pathway was not altered in SE animals from both sexes. SE males showed increased NPY (arcuate nucleus, ARC), CRH (paraventricular nucleus, PVN), as well as higher GFAP fiber density (ARC and PVN) and IL6 protein content. TRH (PVN) immunohistochemistry was reduced. SE females had lower CART-positive cells (ARC) and lower α-MSH immunostaining intensity (PVN and lateral hypothalamus), with no change of GFAP or IL-6. The protein contents of CX3CR1 (marker of activated microglia) and α7nAChR (anti-inflammatory marker) were not altered in both SE males and females. Neonatal cigarette smoke is deleterious to the hypothalamic circuitry, inducing changes in energy homeostasis favoring hyperphagia and decreased energy expenditure at adulthood in both sexes; however sex-dependent mechanisms were observed.

Bisphenol S (BPS) has replaced bisphenol A (BPA), a known non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemical, in several products. Considering that little is known regarding BPS effects, especially during critical windows of ontogenetic development, and that BPA, which is quite similar to BPS, is know to be transferred to the offspring via the placenta and milk, in the present study we investigated the behavioral, biochemical and endocrine profiles of Wistar rats born from dams that were BPS-exposed [groups: BPS10 (10 μg/kg/day), BPS50 (50 μg/kg/day)] during pregnancy and lactation. Due to the non-monotonic dose-response effect of bisphenol, the data of both BPS groups were directly compared with those of the controls, not to each other. Males and females were analyzed separately. At weaning, male BPS50 offspring had hypotriglyceridemia and hyperthyroxinemia, whereas BPS50 females showed higher 25(OH)D levels. At adulthood, BPS offspring of both sexes had lower food intake. BPS males showed lower visceral adiposity. BPS50 females had smaller fat droplets in brown adipocytes. BPS males showed higher anxiety and higher locomotor activity, while BPS10 females showed lower exploration. During a food challenge test at adulthood, BPS males consumed more high-fat diet at 30 min. BPS10 females initially (at 30 min) consumed more high-fat diet but, after 12 h, less of this diet was consumed. BPS50 males had hypertriglyceridemia and lower plasma T3, while BPS females showed lower plasma T4. BPS10 females had lower progesterone, whereas BPS50 females had higher plasma 25(OH)D. Maternal BPS exposure has adverse effects on the triacylglycerol, hormones levels and behavior of the progeny. Furthermore, the increased preference for the fat-enriched diet suggests an increased risk for obesity and its health consequences in the long term.

Objective: To know the health-related consequences of caring for dependent relatives in older adult caregivers. Method: Qualitative research carried out with older adult women who cared for family members enrolled in a federal public home care program. The identification of the older adult caregivers was done by consulting the patient’s charts, and the interview took place from March to June 2017. The data were systematized based on Content Analysis. Results: Six older adult caregivers of people with impaired functional capacity participated in the study. Three categories emerged: care-related musculoskeletal pain; health problems related to the somatization of the lived feeling; and self-care deficit by virtue of caring for another. Conclusion: The study revealed the consequences of caring for dependent family members on the health of older adult caregivers. Careful management is essential to prevent and/or reduce health problems, especially regarding the musculoskeletal system. RESUMEN Objetivo: Conocer las consecuencias del cuidado para la salud de las ancianas cuidadoras de familiares dependientes. Método: Investigación cualitativa, realizada con ancianas que prestaban cuidado a familiares inscritos en un programa público federal de atención domiciliaria. La identificación de las ancianas se dio mediante consulta a las fichas de la persona dependiente, y la entrevista ocurrió en el período de marzo a junio de 2017. Los datos fueron sistematizados con base en el Análisis de Contenido. Resultados: Participaron en el estudio seis ancianas cuidadoras de personas con capacidad funcional comprometida. Surgieron tres categorías: dolor osteomuscular relacionado con el cuidado; problemas de salud relacionados con la somatización del sentimiento vivido; y déficit del autocuidado en virtud del cuidado con el otro. Conclusión: El estudio reveló las consecuencias de cuidar a familiares dependientes para la salud de ancianas cuidadoras, siendo esencial una gestión en la que prime el cuidado del cuidador a fin de prevenir y/o reducir problemas sanitarios, especialmente en lo concerniente al sistema osteomuscular. RESUMO Objetivo: Conhecer as consequências do cuidado para a saúde de idosas cuidadoras de familiares dependentes. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa, realizada com idosas que prestavam cuidado de familiares cadastrados em um programa público federal de atenção domiciliar. A identificação das idosas cuidadoras se deu por meio de consulta aos prontuários da pessoa dependente, e a entrevista ocorreu no período de março a junho de 2017. Os dados foram sistematizados com base na Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: Participaram do estudo seis idosas cuidadoras de pessoas com capacidade funcional comprometida. Emergiram três categorias: dor osteomuscular relacionada ao cuidado; problemas de saúde relacionados à somatização do sentimento vivido; e deficit do autocuidado em virtude do cuidado com o outro. Conclusão: O estudo revelou as consequências de cuidar de familiares dependentes para a saúde de idosas cuidadoras, sendo essencial uma gestão que prime pelo cuidado do cuidador no sentido de prevenir e/ou reduzir problemas de saúde, principalmente no tocante ao sistema osteomuscular.

Scope Early weaning (EW) is associated with an impairment of offspring development and leads to overweight and higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels in adulthood, which can be corrected by calcium supplementation, potentially via vitamin D regulation of adipogenesis. Methods and results We examined vitamin D status in adipose tissue in EW obese rats, treated with calcium. Dams were separated into: EW- dams were wrapped with a bandage to interrupt lactation (last 3 days), and C- pups with free access to milk. At PN120, EW pups were divided in: EW- standard diet, and EWCa- calcium supplementation (10 g of calcium carbonate/kg of chow). On PN21, EW group has hypocalcemia. On PN180, EW group showed lower intestinal calbidin, higher adiposity, and 25(OH)D. In adipose tissue, Cyp27b1/1alpha-Hydroxylase, C/EBPB, PPAR-γ, IL6, TNF-A, and MCP1 were increased, while VDR and IL10 were decreased. Calcium increased calbidin, VDR and prevented adipose tissue dysfunction. EW group has a long-term effect of vitamin D on adipocyte, contributing to pro-inflammatory status and obesity. Conclusion We propose that in obese rat adipocytes, 1,25(OH)2 D down-regulates VDR, resulting in vitamin D resistance, characterized by higher Cyp27b1/1α-Hydroxylase and adipogenesis. Calcium therapy appears to be an outstanding strategy for weight loss and improving endocrine metabolic disorders that are obesity associated.

Maternal nicotine exposure during lactation induces liver damage in adult male rats. However, the mechanism in males is unknown and females have not been tested. Here, we determined the liver lipid composition and lipogenic enzymes in male and female offspring at two ages in a model of postnatal nicotine exposure. Osmotic minipumps were implanted in lactating Wistar rat dams at postnatal day (PND) 2 to release 6 mg/kg/day of nicotine (NIC group) or saline (CON group) for 14 days. Offspring received a standard diet from weaning until euthanasia at PND120 (1 pup/litter/sex) or PND180 (2 pups/litter/sex). At PND120, NIC males showed lower plasma triglycerides (TG), steatosis degree 1, higher hepatic cholesterol (CHOL) ester, free fatty acids, monoacylglycerol content as well as acetyl-coa carboxylase-1 (ACC-1) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) protein expression in the liver compared to CON males. At this age, NIC females had preserved hepatocytes architecture, higher plasma CHOL, higher CHOL ester and lower total CHOL content in the liver compared to CON females. At PND180, NIC males showed steatosis degrees 1 and 2, higher TG, lower free fatty acids and total CHOL content in the liver and an increase in ACC-1 hepatic protein expression. NIC females had higher plasma TG and CHOL levels, no change in hepatic morphology, lower CHOL ester and free fatty acids in the liver, which also showed higher total ACC-1 and FAS protein expression. Maternal nicotine exposure induces long-term liver dysfunction, with an alteration in hepatic cytoarchitecture that was aggravated with age in males. Concerning females, despite unchanged hepatic cytoarchitecture, lipid metabolism was compromised, which deserves further attention.

Maternal smoking increases obesogenesis in the progeny. Obesity is associated with several hormonal dysfunctions. In a rat model of postnatal tobacco smoke exposure, we previously reported increased central fat depot and disruption of some hormonal systems in the adult offspring. As both glucocorticoids and vitamin D alter lipogenesis and adipogenesis, here we evaluated the metabolism of these two hormones in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and liver by Western blotting, and possible associations with lipogenesis biomarkers in adult rats that were exposed to tobacco smoke during their suckling period. At postnatal day (PN) 3, dams and offspring of both sexes were exposed (S group) or not (C group) to tobacco smoke, 4 &times, 1 h/day. At PN180, corticosteronemia was lower in S male and higher in S female offspring, without alterations in peripheral glucocorticoid metabolism and receptor. Adrenal ACTH receptor (MC2R) was higher in both sexes of S group. Despite unchanged serum vitamin D, liver 25-hydroxylase was higher in both sexes of S group. Male S offspring had higher 1&alpha, hydroxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in VAT. Both sexes showed increased ACC protein content and reduced sirtuin mRNA in liver. Male S offspring had lower liver peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-&alpha, Tobacco exposure during lactation induced abdominal obesity in both sexes via distinct mechanisms. Males and females seem to develop HPA-axis dysfunction instead of changes in glucocorticoid metabolism and action. Lipogenesis in VAT and liver, as well as vitamin D status, are more influenced by postnatal smoke exposure in male than in female adult rat offspring.

Saliva has been reported as a potential biological fluid for biochemical monitoring. This study investigated salivary markers of exercise intensity, oral mucosal immunity, and redox homeostasis in soccer athletes subjected to an acute high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) protocol characterised by a repeated sprint ability test. Thirty-two professional soccer athletes were recruited and saliva aliquots were collected at rest and immediately after HIIE protocol. When compared with pre-test values we observed that HIIE protocol induced moderate changes for total protein (p = .015; effect size (ES) = 0.51; smallest worthwhile change (SWC)factor = 5.7) and for cortisol levels (p

Maternal smoking is a risk factor for progeny obesity. We have previously shown, in a rat model of neonatal tobacco smoke exposure, a mild increase in food intake and a considerable increase in visceral adiposity in the adult offspring. Males also had secondary hyperthyroidism, while females had only higher T4. Since brown adipose tissue (BAT) hypofunction is related to obesity, here we tested the hypothesis that higher levels of thyroid hormones are not functional in BAT, suggesting a lower metabolic rate. We evaluated autonomic nerve activity in BAT and its function in adult rats that were exposed to tobacco smoke during lactation. At birth, litters were adjusted to 3 male and 3 female pups/litter. From postnatal day (PND) 3 to 21, Wistar lactating rats and their pups were divided into SE group, smoke-exposed in a cigarette smoking machine (4 times/day) and C group, exposed to filtered air. Offspring were sacrificed at PND180. Adult SE rats of both genders had lower interscapular BAT autonomic nervous system activity, with higher BAT mass but no change in morphology. BAT UCP1 and CPT1a protein levels were decreased in the SE groups of both genders. Male SE rats had lower β3-AR, TRα1, and TRβ1 expression while females showed lower PGC1α expression. BAT Dio2 mRNA and hypothalamic POMC and MC4R levels were similar between groups. Hypothalamic pAMPK level was higher in SE males and lower in SE females. Thus, neonatal cigarette smoke exposure induces lower BAT thermogenic capacity, which can be obesogenic at adulthood.

Objetivo: Conhecer os cuidados prestados pela equipe de saúde às famílias de crianças que sofreram asfixia perinatal grave. Metodologia: Exploratória, descritiva, qualitativa. Realizada numa cidade do sul do Rio Grande do Sul, tendo como participantes, quatorze profissionais da equipe de saúde da unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal e da pediatria de um hospital universitário de abril a maio do ano de 2011. Foram utilizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e a Análise Temática de Minayo. Resultados: Revelam que na transmissão do diagnóstico de Asfixia perinatal grave, falta um feedback positivo, pois os profissionais informam o diagnóstico sem que as famílias compreendam o seu significado. Conclusão: Os cuidados básicos são fornecidos, porém o seguimento necessita de um serviço que consiga abranger este cuidado a família de forma holística e integral, com equipes multidisciplinares para que sejam alcançadas perspectivas de uma maior autonomia da família para o cuidado à criança.

Key points Childhood obesity is associated with precocious oxidative stress, which can contribute to future diseases. Early overfed rats have increased oxidative stress in liver and plasma at weaning. The model of litter size reduction causes adipocyte hypertrophy and lower PPARγ at weaning, suggesting a decrease in adipocyte proliferation. Abstract Neonatal overfeeding induced by litter size reduction leads to further obesity and other metabolic disorders, such as liver oxidative stress and microsteatosis at adulthood. We hypothesized that overfeeding causes an early redox imbalance at weaning, which could programme the animals to future liver dysfunction. Thus, we studied lipogenesis, adipogenesis, catecholamine status and oxidative balance in weaned overfed pups. To induce early overfeeding, litters were adjusted to three pups at the 3rd day of lactation (SL group). The control group contained 10 pups per litter until weaning (NL group). Peripheral autonomic nerve function was determined in vivo at 21 days old. Thereafter, pups were killed for further analysis. Differences were considered significant when P