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Autologous bone grafts are considered the gold standard grafting material for the treatment of nonunion, but in very large bone defects, traditional autograft alone is insufficient to induce repair. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) can stimulate bone regeneration and enhance the healing efficacy of bone grafts. The delivery of rhBMP-2 may even enable engineered synthetic scaffolds to be used in place of autologous bone grafts for the treatment of critical size defects, eliminating risks associated with autologous tissue harvest. We here demonstrate that an osteoinductive scaffold, fabricated by combining a 3D printed rigid polymer/ceramic composite scaffold with an rhBMP-2-eluting collagen sponge can treat extremely large-scale segmental defects in a pilot feasibility study using a new sheep metatarsus fracture model stabilized with an intramedullary nail. Bone regeneration after 24 weeks was evaluated by micro-computed tomography, mechanical testing, and histological characterization. Load-bearing cortical bridging was achieved in all animals, with increased bone volume observed in sheep that received osteoinductive scaffolds compared to sheep that received an rhBMP-2-eluting collagen sponge alone.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Recently, there has been growing interest in the glymphatic system (the functional waste clearance pathway for the central nervous system and its role in flushing solutes (such as amyloid s and tau), metabolic, and other cellular waste products in the brain. Herein, we investigate a recent potential biomarker for glymphatic activity (the diffusion tensor imaging along the perivascular space [DTI-ALPS] parameter) using diffusion MRI imaging in an elderly cohort comprising 10 cognitively normal, 10 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 16 Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: All 36 participants imaged on a Siemens 3.0T Tim Trio. Single-SE diffusion weighted Echo-planar imaging scans were acquired as well as T1 magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo, T2 axial, and susceptibility weighted imaging. Three millimeter regions of interest were drawn in the projection and association fibers adjacent to the medullary veins at the level of the lateral ventricle. The DTI-ALPS parameter was calculated in these regions and correlated with cognitive status, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and ADASCog11 measures. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between DTI-ALPS and MMSE and ADASCog11 in the right hemisphere adjusting for age, sex, and APoE e4 status. Significant differences were also found in the right DTI-ALPS indices between cognitively normal and AD groups (P < .026) and MCI groups (P < .025) in a univariate general linear model corrected for age, sex, and APoE e4. Significant differences in apparent diffusion coefficient between cognitively normal and AD groups were found in the right projection fibers (P = .028). CONCLUSION: Further work is needed to determine the utility of DTI-ALPS index in larger elderly cohorts and whether it measures glymphatic activity.

Objective The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/precuneus is a key hub of the default mode network, whose function is known to be altered in epilepsy. Glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the main excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, respectively. Glutathione (GSH) is the most important free radical scavenging compound in the brain. Quantification of these molecules by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) up to 4 T is limited by overlapping resonances from other molecules. In this study, we used ultra-high-field (7 T) MRS to quantify their concentrations in patients with different epilepsy syndromes. Methods Nineteen patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and 16 with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) underwent magnetic resonance imaging scans using a 7-T research scanner. Single-voxel (8 cm3 ) MRS, located in the PCC/precuneus, was acquired via stimulated echo acquisition mode. Their results were compared to 10 healthy volunteers. Results Mean concentrations of glutamate, GABA, and the glutamate/GABA ratio did not differ between the IGE, TLE, and healthy volunteer groups. The mean ± SD concentration of GSH was 1.9 ± 0.3 mmol·L-1 in healthy controls, 2.0 ± 0.2 mmol·L-1 in patients with TLE, and 2.2 ± 0.4 mmol·L-1 in patients with IGE. One-way analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey-Kramer test revealed a significant difference in the concentration of GSH between patients with IGE and controls (P = .03). Short-term seizure freedom in patients with epilepsy was predicted by an elevated concentration of glutamate in the PCC/precuneus (P = .01). In patients with TLE, the concentration of GABA declined with age (P = .03). Significance Patients with IGE have higher concentrations of GSH in the PCC/precuneus than healthy controls. There is no difference in the concentrations of glutamate and GABA, or their ratio, in the PCC/precuneus between patients with IGE, patients with TLE, and healthy controls. Measuring the concentration of glutamate in the PCC/precuneus may assist with predicting drug response.

This study evaluated if modifying electrocardiographic (ECG) precordial leads to a higher intercostal position improved the accuracy of outflow tract ventricular arrhythmia (OTVA) localization.Precordial ECG prediction algorithms that use a standard lead configuration localize OTVA with variable accuracy.Patients who underwent OTVA ablation were prospectively enrolled to have a standard and modified (high) precordial ECG. R- and S-wave amplitudes and intervals were measured to develop an algorithm that differentiated the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) with high accuracy-the modified lead R-wave deflection interval (RWDI). This interval was defined from the earliest QRS onset (using all modified leads) to the lead with longest R-wave deflection. The RWDI was compared with all other ECG algorithms.A total of 50 patients (38 women; mean age 51 ± 17 years) had successful catheter ablation for OTVA (RVOT 60%, LVOT 40%). The modified lead RWDI was significantly shorter in the RVOT group (18.5 ms, interquartile range 25th to 75th percentile [IQRThe modified lead RWDI is a simple, easily interpretable algorithm that can potentially differentiate a right- or left-sided origin of OTVA with high accuracy.

Background Clinical studies have reported that epicardial adipose tissue (EpAT) accumulation associates with the progression of atrial fibrillation (AF) pathology and adversely affects AF management. The role of local cardiac EpAT deposition in disease progression is unclear, and the electrophysiological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms involved remain poorly defined. Objectives The purpose of this study was to identify the underlying mechanisms by which EpAT influences the atrial substrate for AF. Methods Patients without AF undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery were recruited. Computed tomography and high-density epicardial electrophysiological mapping of the anterior right atrium were utilized to quantify EpAT volumes and to assess association with the electrophysiological substrate in situ. Excised right atrial appendages were analyzed histologically to characterize EpAT infiltration, fibrosis, and gap junction localization. Co-culture experiments were used to evaluate the paracrine effects of EpAT on cardiomyocyte electrophysiology. Proteomic analyses were applied to identify molecular mediators of cellular electrophysiological disturbance. Results Higher local EpAT volume clinically correlated with slowed conduction, greater electrogram fractionation, increased fibrosis, and lateralization of cardiomyocyte connexin-40. In addition, atrial conduction heterogeneity was increased with more extensive myocardial EpAT infiltration. Cardiomyocyte culture studies using multielectrode arrays showed that cardiac adipose tissue-secreted factors slowed conduction velocity and contained proteins with capacity to disrupt intermyocyte electromechanical integrity. Conclusions These findings indicate that atrial pathophysiology is critically dependent on local EpAT accumulation and infiltration. In addition to myocardial architecture disruption, this effect can be attributed to an EpAT-cardiomyocyte paracrine axis. The focal adhesion group proteins are identified as new disease candidates potentially contributing to arrhythmogenic atrial substrate.

Funder: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) GOSH BRC, OBJECTIVE: Drug-resistant focal epilepsy is often caused by focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs). The distribution of these lesions across the cerebral cortex and the impact of lesion location on clinical presentation and surgical outcome are largely unknown. We created a neuroimaging cohort of patients with individually mapped FCDs to determine factors associated with lesion location and predictors of postsurgical outcome. METHODS: The MELD (Multi-centre Epilepsy Lesion Detection) project collated a retrospective cohort of 580 patients with epilepsy attributed to FCD from 20 epilepsy centers worldwide. Magnetic resonance imaging-based maps of individual FCDs with accompanying demographic, clinical, and surgical information were collected. We mapped the distribution of FCDs, examined for associations between clinical factors and lesion location, and developed a predictive model of postsurgical seizure freedom. RESULTS: FCDs were nonuniformly distributed, concentrating in the superior frontal sulcus, frontal pole, and temporal pole. Epilepsy onset was typically before the age of 10 years. Earlier epilepsy onset was associated with lesions in primary sensory areas, whereas later epilepsy onset was associated with lesions in association cortices. Lesions in temporal and occipital lobes tended to be larger than frontal lobe lesions. Seizure freedom rates varied with FCD location, from around 30% in visual, motor, and premotor areas to 75% in superior temporal and frontal gyri. The predictive model of postsurgical seizure freedom had a positive predictive value of 70% and negative predictive value of 61%. SIGNIFICANCE: FCD location is an important determinant of its size, the age at epilepsy onset, and the likelihood of seizure freedom postsurgery. Our atlas of lesion locations can be used to guide the radiological search for subtle lesions in individual patients. Our atlas of regional seizure freedom rates and associated predictive model can be used to estimate individual likelihoods of postsurgical seizure freedom. Data-driven atlases and predictive models are essential for evidence-based, precision medicine and risk counseling in epilepsy.

Epilepsy is associated with genetic risk factors and cortico-subcortical network alterations, but associations between neurobiological mechanisms and macroscale connectomics remain unclear. This multisite ENIGMA-Epilepsy study examined whole-brain structural covariance networks in patients with epilepsy and related findings to postmortem co-expression patterns of epilepsy risk genes. Brain network analysis included 578 adults with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), 288 adults with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE), and 1,328 healthy controls from 18 centres worldwide. Graph theoretical analysis of structural covariance networks revealed increased clustering and path length in orbitofrontal and temporal regions in TLE, suggesting a shift towards network regularization. Conversely, people with IGE showed decreased clustering and path length in fronto-temporo-parietal cortices, indicating a random network configuration. Syndrome-specific topological alterations reflected expression patterns of risk genes for hippocampal sclerosis in TLE and for generalized epilepsy in IGE. These imaging-genetic signatures could guide diagnosis, and ultimately, tailor therapeutic approaches to specific epilepsy syndromes.

BackgroundApproximately one third of patients undergoing core decompression (CD) for early-stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) experience progression of the disease, and subsequently require total hip arthroplasty (THA). Thus, identifying adjunctive treatments to optimize bone regeneration during CD is an unmet clinical need. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB plays a central role in cell growth and differentiation. The aim of this study was to characterize mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that were genetically modified to overexpress PDGF-BB (PDGF-BB-MSCs) in vitro and evaluate their therapeutic effect when injected into the bone tunnel at the time of CD in an in vivo rabbit model of steroid-associated ONFH.MethodsIn vitro studies:Rabbit MSCs were transduced with a lentivirus vector carrying the human PDGF-BB gene under the control of either the cytomegalovirus (CMV) or phosphoglycerate (PGK) promoter. The proliferative rate, PDGF-BB expression level, and osteogenic differentiation capacity of unmodified MSCs, CMV-PDGF-BB-MSCs, and PGK-PDGF-BB-MSCs were assessed. In vivo studies: Twenty-four male New Zealand white rabbits received an intramuscular (IM) injection of methylprednisolone 20 mg/kg. Four weeks later, the rabbits were divided into four groups: the CD group, the hydrogel [HG, (a collagen-alginate mixture)] group, the MSC group, and the PGK-PDGF-BB-MSC group. Eight weeks later, the rabbits were sacrificed, their femurs were harvested, and microCT, mechanical testing, and histological analyses were performed.ResultsIn vitro studies:PGK-PDGF-BB-MSCs proliferated more rapidly than unmodified MSCs (P P P P P = 0.07) than CMV-PDGF-BB-MSCs. In vivo:The PGK-PDGF-BB-MSC group had a trend towards greater bone mineral density (BMD) than the CD group (P = 0.074). The PGK-PDGF-BB-MSC group demonstrated significantly lower numbers of empty lacunae (P P P ConclusionThe use of PGK-PDGF-BB-MSCs as an adjunctive treatment with CD may reduce progression of osteonecrosis and enhance bone regeneration and angiogenesis in the treatment of early-stage ONFH.

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a disease in which inadequate blood supply to the subchondral bone causes the death of cells in the bone marrow. Decalcified histology and assessment of the percentage of empty lacunae are used to quantify the severity of ONFH. However, the current clinical practice of manually counting cells is a tedious and inefficient process. We utilized the power of artificial intelligence by training an established deep convolutional neural network framework, Faster-RCNN, to automatically classify and quantify osteocytes (healthy and pyknotic) and empty lacunae in 135 histology images. The adjusted correlation coefficient between the trained cell classifier and the ground truth was R = 0.98. The methods detailed in this study significantly reduced the manual effort of cell counting in ONFH histological samples and can be translated to other fields of image quantification.

Background In vivo measurement of hippocampal volume with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an important element in neuroimaging research. However, hippocampal volumetric findings and their relationship with cardiovascular risk factors and memory performance are still controversial and inconsistent for non-demented adults. Purpose To compare total and regional hippocampal volumes from manual tracing and automated Freesurfer segmentation methods and their relationship with mid-life clinical data and late-life verbal episodic memory performance in older women. Material and Methods This study used structural MRI datasets from 161 women who were scanned in 2012 and underwent neuropsychological assessments. Of these participants, 135 women had completed baseline measures of cardiovascular risk factors in 1992. Results Our results showed a significant correlation between manual tracing and automated Freesurfer output segmentations of total (r = 0.71), anterior (r = 0.65), and posterior (r = 0.38) hippocampal volumes. Mid-life Framingham Cardiovascular Risk Profile score is not associated with late-life hippocampal volumes, adjusted for intracranial volume, age, education, and apolipoprotein E gene ε4 status. Anterior hippocampal volume segmented either with manual tracing or automated Freesurfer software is sensitive to changes in mid-life high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, while posterior hippocampal volume is linked with verbal episodic memory performance in elderly women. Conclusion These findings support the use of Freesurfer automated segmentation measures for large datasets as being highly correlated with the manual tracing method. In addition, our results suggest intervention strategies that target mid-life HDL cholesterol level in women.

Background and importance Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling psychiatric disorder, mainly treated with psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Surgical intervention may be appropriate for patients with treatment-refractory OCD. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an alternative for previously common ablative surgical procedures. Tractography has been proposed as a method for individualizing DBS treatment and may have the potential to improve efficacy. Clinical presentation We present a patient with treatment-refractory OCD previously treated with bilateral leucotomies, who underwent DBS surgery with targeting informed by tractography. Preoperative tractography to identify suitable DBS targets was undertaken. Structural images were also utilized for standard stereotactic surgical planning. The anteromedial globus pallidus internus (amGPi) was chosen as the target bilaterally after consideration of white matter projections to frontal cortical regions and neurosurgical approach. Bilateral amGPi DBS surgery was undertaken without adverse events. At 16-mo follow-up, there was a 48.5% reduction in OCD symptom severity as measured by the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Conclusion The amGPi can be a successful DBS target for OCD. This is the first known case to report on DBS surgery postleucotomies for OCD and highlights the utility of tractography for surgical planning in OCD.

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), a common drug-resistant epilepsy in adults, is primarily a limbic network disorder associated with predominant unilateral hippocampal pathology. Structural MRI has provided an in vivo window into whole-brain grey matter pathology in TLE relative to controls, by either mapping (i) atypical inter-hemispheric asymmetry or (ii) regional atrophy. However, similarities and differences of both atypical asymmetry and regional atrophy measures have not been systematically investigated. Here, we addressed this gap using the multi-site ENIGMA-Epilepsy dataset comprising MRI brain morphological measures in 732 TLE patients and 1,418 healthy controls. We compared spatial distributions of grey matter asymmetry and atrophy in TLE, contextualized their topographies relative to spatial gradients in cortical microstructure and functional connectivity, and examined clinical associations using machine learning. We identified a marked divergence in the spatial distribution of atypical inter-hemispheric asymmetry and regional atrophy mapping. The former revealed a temporo-limbic disease signature while the latter showed diffuse and bilateral patterns. Our findings were robust across individual sites and patients. Cortical atrophy was significantly correlated with disease duration and age at seizure onset, while degrees of asymmetry did not show a significant relationship to these clinical variables. Our findings highlight that the mapping of atypical inter-hemispheric asymmetry and regional atrophy tap into two complementary aspects of TLE-related pathology, with the former revealing primary substrates in ipsilateral limbic circuits and the latter capturing bilateral disease effects. These findings refine our notion of the neuropathology of TLE and may inform future discovery and validation of complementary MRI biomarkers in TLE.

In vivo bioreactors are a promising approach for engineering vascularized autologous bone grafts to repair large bone defects. In this pilot parametric study, we first developed a three-dimensional (3D) printed scaffold uniquely designed to accommodate inclusion of a vascular bundle and facilitate growth factor delivery for accelerated vascular invasion and ectopic bone formation. Second, we established a new sheep deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) model as an in vivo bioreactor for engineering a vascularized bone graft and evaluated the effect of implantation duration on ectopic bone formation. Third, after 8 weeks of implantation around the DCIA, we transplanted the prevascularized bone graft to a 5 cm segmental bone defect in the sheep tibia, using the custom 3D printed bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP-2) loaded scaffold without prior in vivo bioreactor maturation as a control. Analysis by micro-computed tomography and histomorphometry found ectopic bone formation in BMP-2 loaded scaffolds implanted for 8 and 12 weeks in the iliac pouch, with greater bone formation occurring after 12 weeks. Grafts transplanted to the tibial defect supported bone growth, mainly on the periphery of the graft, but greater bone growth and less soft tissue invasion was observed in the avascular BMP-2 loaded scaffold implanted directly into the tibia without prior in vivo maturation. Histopathological evaluation noted considerably greater vascularity in the bone grafts that underwent in vivo maturation with an inserted vascular bundle compared with the avascular BMP-2 loaded graft. Our findings indicate that the use of an initial DCIA in vivo bioreactor maturation step is a promising approach to developing vascularized autologous bone grafts, although scaffolds with greater osteoinductivity should be further studied. IMPACT STATEMENT: This translational pilot study aims at combining a tissue engineering scaffold strategy, in vivo prevascularization, and a modified transplantation technique to accelerate large segmental bone defect repair. First, we three-dimensional (3D) printed a 5 cm scaffold with a unique design to facilitate vascular bundle inclusion and osteoinductive growth factor delivery. Second, we established a new sheep deep circumflex iliac artery model as an in vivo bioreactor for prevascularizing the novel 3D printed osteoinductive scaffold. Subsequently, we transplanted the prevascularized bone graft to a clinically relevant 5 cm segmental bone defect in the sheep tibia for bone regeneration.

Objective: We sought to assess the different CT aortic root measurements and determine their relationship to transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Methods: TTE and ECG-gated CT images were reviewed from 70 consecutive patients (mean age 54 ± 18 years; 67% male) with tricuspid aortic roots (trileaflet aortic valves) between Nov 2009 and Dec 2013. Three CT planes (coronal, short axis en face and three-chamber) were used for measurement of nine linear dimensions. TTE aortic root dimension was measured as per guidelines from the parasternal long axis view. Results: All CT short axis measurements of the aortic root had excellent reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC 0.96–0.99), while coronal and three-chamber planes had lower reproducibility with ICC 0.90 (95% CI 0.84–0.94) and ICC 0.92 (0.87–0.95) respectively. CT coronal and short axis maximal dimensions were systematically larger than TTE (mean 2 mm larger, p < 0.001), while CT cusp to commissure measurements were systematically smaller (CT RCC-comm mean 2 mm smaller than TTE, p < 0.001). All CT short axis measurements had excellent correlation with aortic root area with CT short axis maximal dimension marginally better than the rest (Pearson’s R 0.97). Conclusion: Systematic differences exist between CT and TTE dependent on the CT plane of measurement. All CT short axis measurements of the aortic root had excellent reproducibility and correlation with aortic root area with maximal dimension appearing marginally better than the rest. Our findings highlight the importance of specifying the chosen plane of aortic root measurement on CT. Advances in knowledge: Systematic differences in aortic root dimension exist between TTE and the various CT measurement planes. CT coronal and short axis maximal dimensions were systematically larger than TTE, while CT cusp to commissure measurements were smaller. CT readers should indicate the plane of measurement and the specific linear dimension to avoid ambiguity in follow-up and comparison.

Drug-resistant focal epilepsy is often caused by focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs). The distribution of these lesions across the cerebral cortex and the impact of lesion location on clinical presentation and surgical outcome are largely unknown. We created a neuroimaging cohort of patients with individually mapped FCDs to determine factors associated with lesion location and predictors of postsurgical outcome.The Multi-centre Epilepsy Lesion Detection (MELD) project collated a retrospective cohort of 580 patients with epilepsy attributed to FCD from 20 epilepsy centres worldwide. MRI-based maps of individual FCDs with accompanying demographic, clinical and surgical information were collected. We mapped the distribution of FCDs, examined for associations between clinical factors and lesion location, and developed a predictive model of postsurgical seizure freedom.FCDs were non-uniformly distributed, concentrating in the superior frontal sulcus, frontal pole and temporal pole. Epilepsy onset was typically before age 10. Earlier epilepsy onset was associated with lesions in primary sensory areas while later epilepsy onset was associated with lesions in association cortices. Lesions in temporal and occipital lobes tended to be larger than frontal lobe lesions. Seizure freedom rates varied with FCD location, from around 30% in visual, motor and premotor areas to 75% in superior temporal and frontal gyri. The predictive model of postsurgical seizure freedom had a positive predictive value of 70% and negative predictive value of 61%.FCD location is an important determinant of its size, the age of epilepsy onset and the likelihood of seizure freedom post-surgery. Our atlas of lesion locations can be used to guide the radiological search for subtle lesions in individual patients. Our atlas of regional seizure freedom rates and associated predictive model can be used to estimate individual likelihoods of postsurgical seizure freedom. Data-driven atlases and predictive models are essential for evidence-based, precision medicine and risk counselling in neurology.

Highlights • Machine learning and artificial intelligence have gained popularity for medical applications. • We applied support vector machine (SV) and deep learning (DL) in termporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) • Structural and diffusion-based models showed similar classification accuracies. • Diffusion-based models to diagnose TLE performed better or similar compared to models to lateralize TLE. • Models for patients with hippocampal sclerosis were more accurate than models that stratified non-lesional patients., Artificial intelligence has recently gained popularity across different medical fields to aid in the detection of diseases based on pathology samples or medical imaging findings. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a key assessment tool for patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The role of machine learning and artificial intelligence to increase detection of brain abnormalities in TLE remains inconclusive. We used support vector machine (SV) and deep learning (DL) models based on region of interest (ROI-based) structural (n = 336) and diffusion (n = 863) brain MRI data from patients with TLE with (“lesional”) and without (“non-lesional”) radiographic features suggestive of underlying hippocampal sclerosis from the multinational (multi-center) ENIGMA-Epilepsy consortium. Our data showed that models to identify TLE performed better or similar (68–75%) compared to models to lateralize the side of TLE (56–73%, except structural-based) based on diffusion data with the opposite pattern seen for structural data (67–75% to diagnose vs. 83% to lateralize). In other aspects, structural and diffusion-based models showed similar classification accuracies. Our classification models for patients with hippocampal sclerosis were more accurate (68–76%) than models that stratified non-lesional patients (53–62%). Overall, SV and DL models performed similarly with several instances in which SV mildly outperformed DL. We discuss the relative performance of these models with ROI-level data and the implications for future applications of machine learning and artificial intelligence in epilepsy care.

Background/Objective: Core decompression (CD) with scaffold and cell-based therapies is a promising strategy for providing both mechanical support and regeneration of the osteonecrotic area for early stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). We designed a new 3D printed porous functionally-graded scaffold (FGS) with a central channel to facilitate delivery of transplanted cells in a hydrogel to the osteonecrotic area. However, the optimal porous structural design for the FGS for the engineering of bone in ONFH has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to fabricate and evaluate two different porous structures (30% or 60% porosity) of the FGSs in corticosteroid-associated ONFH in rabbits. Methods: Two different FGSs with 30% or 60% porosity containing a 1-mm central channel were 3D printed using polycaprolactone and β-tricalcium phosphate. The FGS was 3-mm diameter and 32-mm length and was composed of three segments: 1-mm in length for the non-porous proximal segment, 22-mm in length for the porous (30% versus 60%) middle segment, and 9-mm in length for the 15% porous distal segment. Eighteen male New Zealand White rabbits were given a single dose of 20 ​mg/kg methylprednisolone acetate intramuscularly. Four weeks later, rabbits were divided into three groups: the CD group, the 30% porosity FGS group, and the 60% porosity FGS group. In the CD group, a 3-mm diameter drill hole was created into the left femoral head. In the FGS groups, a 30% or 60% porosity implant was inserted into the bone tunnel. Eight weeks postoperatively, femurs were harvested and microCT, mechanical, and histological analyses were performed. Results: The actual porosity and pore size of the middle segments were 26.4% ​± ​2.3% and 699 ​± ​56 ​μm in the 30% porosity FGS, and 56.0% ​± ​4.5% and 999 ​± ​71 ​μm in the 60% porosity FGS, respectively using microCT analysis. Bone ingrowth ratio in the 30% porosity FGS group was 73.9% ​± ​15.8%, which was significantly higher than 39.5% ​± ​13.0% in the CD group on microCT (p ​

Background and Purpose: Derangements in brain glutamate, glutathione, and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) are implicated in a range of neurological disorders. Reliable methods to measure these compounds non-invasively in vivo are needed. We evaluated the reproducibility of their measurements in brain regions involved in the default mode network using quantitative MRS at 7-Tesla in healthy individuals. Methods: Ten right-handed healthy volunteers underwent 7-Tesla MRI scans on two separate days, not more than two weeks apart. On each day two scanning sessions took place, with a re-positioning break in between. High-resolution isotropic anatomical scans were acquired prior to each scan, followed by single-voxel 1H-MRS using the STEAM pulse sequence on an 8 mL midline cubic voxel, positioned over the posterior cingulate and precuneus regions. Concentrations were corrected for partial-volume effects. Results: Maximal Cramer-Rao lower bounds for glutamate, glutathione, and GABA were 2.0%, 8.0%, and 14.0%, respectively. Mean coefficients of variation within sessions were 5.9%±4.8%, 9.3%±7.6%, and 11.5%±8.8%, and between sessions were 4.6%±4.5%, 8.3%±5.7%, and 9.2%±8.7%, respectively. The mean(±SD) Dice’s coefficient for voxel overlap was 90%±4% within sessions and 86%±7% between sessions. Conclusion: Glutamate, glutathione and GABA can be reliably quantified using STEAM MRS at 7-Tesla from the posterior cingulate and precuneus cortices of healthy human subjects. STEAM MRS at 7-Tesla may be used to study the metabolic behavior of this important resting-state hub in various disease states.

The epilepsies are commonly accompanied by widespread abnormalities in cerebral white matter. ENIGMA-Epilepsy is a large quantitative brain imaging consortium, aggregating data to investigate patterns of neuroimaging abnormalities in common epilepsy syndromes, including temporal lobe epilepsy, extratemporal epilepsy, and genetic generalized epilepsy. Our goal was to rank the most robust white matter microstructural differences across and within syndromes in a multicentre sample of adult epilepsy patients. Diffusion-weighted MRI data were analyzed from 1,069 non-epileptic controls and 1,249 patients: temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (N=599), temporal lobe epilepsy with normal MRI (N=275), genetic generalized epilepsy (N=182) and nonlesional extratemporal epilepsy (N=193). A harmonized protocol using tract-based spatial statistics was used to derive skeletonized maps of fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity for each participant, and fiber tracts were segmented using a diffusion MRI atlas. Data were harmonized to correct for scanner-specific variations in diffusion measures using a batch-effect correction tool (ComBat). Analyses of covariance, adjusting for age and sex, examined differences between each epilepsy syndrome and controls for each white matter tract (Bonferroni corrected at p“all epilepsies” lower fractional anisotropy was observed in most fiber tracts with small to medium effect sizes, especially in the corpus callosum, cingulum and external capsule. Less robust effects were seen with mean diffusivity. Syndrome-specific fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity differences were most pronounced in patients with hippocampal sclerosis in the ipsilateral parahippocampal cingulum and external capsule, with smaller effects across most other tracts. Those with temporal lobe epilepsy and normal MRI showed a similar pattern of greater ipsilateral than contralateral abnormalities, but less marked than those in patients with hippocampal sclerosis. Patients with generalized and extratemporal epilepsies had pronounced differences in fractional anisotropy in the corpus callosum, corona radiata and external capsule, and in mean diffusivity of the anterior corona radiata. Earlier age of seizure onset and longer disease duration were associated with a greater extent of microstructural abnormalities in patients with hippocampal sclerosis. We demonstrate microstructural abnormalities across major association, commissural, and projection fibers in a large multicentre study of epilepsy. Overall, epilepsy patients showed white matter abnormalities in the corpus callosum, cingulum and external capsule, with differing severity across epilepsy syndromes. These data further define the spectrum of white matter abnormalities in common epilepsy syndromes, yielding new insights into pathological substrates that may be used to guide future therapeutic and genetic studies.

The epilepsies are commonly accompanied by widespread abnormalities in cerebral white matter. ENIGMA-Epilepsy is a large quantitative brain imaging consortium, aggregating data to investigate patterns of neuroimaging abnormalities in common epilepsy syndromes, including temporal lobe epilepsy, extratemporal epilepsy, and genetic generalized epilepsy. Our goal was to rank the most robust white matter microstructural differences across and within syndromes in a multicentre sample of adult epilepsy patients. Diffusion-weighted MRI data were analysed from 1069 healthy controls and 1249 patients: temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (n = 599), temporal lobe epilepsy with normal MRI (n = 275), genetic generalized epilepsy (n = 182) and non-lesional extratemporal epilepsy (n = 193). A harmonized protocol using tract-based spatial statistics was used to derive skeletonized maps of fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity for each participant, and fibre tracts were segmented using a diffusion MRI atlas. Data were harmonized to correct for scanner-specific variations in diffusion measures using a batch-effect correction tool (ComBat). Analyses of covariance, adjusting for age and sex, examined differences between each epilepsy syndrome and controls for each white matter tract (Bonferroni corrected at P

In this report, we present a case of an adult patient with a mature teratoma of the conus medullaris. The patient was a 29-year-old postpartum female patient who developed unexplained urinary retention. Lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination revealed an intradural partly enhancing mixed cystic and solid lesion with intralesional intrinsic T1 hyperintense components that were suppressed on fat suppressed sequences, inseparable from the conus medullaris. Surgical resection was performed and histopathology findings were consistent with a mature teratoma. The patient made a complete recovery.

Long term irreversible disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to be primarily driven by axonal degeneration. Axonal degeneration leads to degenerative atrophy, therefore early markers of axonal degeneration are required to predict clinical disability and treatment efficacy. Given that additional pathologies such as inflammation, demyelination and oedema are also present in MS, it is essential to develop axonal markers that are not confounded by these processes. The present study investigated a novel method for measuring axonal degeneration in MS based on high angular resolution diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. Unlike standard methods, this novel method involved advanced acquisition and modelling for improved axonal sensitivity and specificity. Recent work has developed analytical methods, two novel axonal markers, fibre density and cross-section, that can be estimated for each fibre direction in each voxel (termed a “fixel”). This technique, termed fixel-based analysis, thus simultaneously estimates axonal density and white matter atrophy from specific white matter tracts. Diffusion-weighted imaging datasets were acquired for 17 patients with a history of acute unilateral optic neuritis (35.3 ± 10.2 years, 11 females) and 14 healthy controls (32.7 ± 4.8 years, 8 females) on a 3 T scanner. Fibre density values were compared to standard diffusion tensor imaging parameters (fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity) in lesions and normal appearing white matter. Group comparisons were performed for each fixel to assess putative differences in fibre density and fibre cross-section. Fibre density was observed to have a comparable sensitivity to fractional anisotropy for detecting white matter pathology in MS, but was not affected by crossing axonal fibres. Whole brain fixel-based analysis revealed significant reductions in fibre density and fibre cross-section in the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (including the optic radiations) of patients compared to controls. We interpret this result to indicate that this fixel-based approach is able to detect early loss of fibre density and cross-section in the optic radiations in MS patients with a history of optic neuritis. Fibre-specific markers of axonal degeneration should be investigated further for use in early stage therapeutic trials, or to monitor axonal injury in early stage MS., Highlights • Fibre density is reduced in lesions and normal-appearing white matter in MS • Fibre density detects white matter pathology in regions of crossing fibres • Loss of fibre density and cross-section selectively evident in visual pathways of optic neuritis patients.

Cell-based therapy for augmentation of core decompression (CD) using mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is a promising treatment for early stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Recently, the therapeutic potential for immunomodulation of osteogenesis using preconditioned (with pro-inflammatory cytokines) MSCs (pMSCs), or by the timely resolution of inflammation using MSCs that over-express anti-inflammatory cytokines has been described. Here, pMSCs exposed to tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide for 3 days accelerated osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Furthermore, injection of pMSCs encapsulated with injectable hydrogels into the bone tunnel facilitated angiogenesis and osteogenesis in the femoral head in vivo, using rabbit bone marrow-derived MSCs and a model of corticosteroid-associated ONFH in rabbits. In contrast, in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that genetically-modified MSCs that over-express IL4 (IL4-MSCs), established by using a lentiviral vector carrying the rabbit IL4 gene under the cytomegalovirus promoter, accelerated proliferation of MSCs and decreased the percentage of empty lacunae in the femoral head. Therefore, adjunctive cell-based therapy of CD using pMSCs and IL4-MSCs may hold promise to heal osteonecrotic lesions in the early stage ONFH. These interventions must be applied in a temporally sensitive fashion, without interfering with the mandatory acute inflammatory phase of bone healing.

Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVF) are acquired lesions, with the most commonly reported findings on CT haemorrhage or focal oedema. We describe a case of progressive subcortical calcification on CT secondary to venous hypertension from a high grade dAVF.

OBJECTIVES We sought to compare the effects of conventional wire cerclage with that of the band and plate fixation of the sternum. METHODS A parallel randomized open-label trial with 1:1 allocation ratio compared healing after adult cardiac surgery using ‘figure-of-8’ stainless steel wire cerclage or a band and plate system (plates). The primary end point was maximal sternal edge displacement during active coughing of ≥2 mm in ≥2 of 4 sites measured with ultrasound by 2 assessors blinded to the other at 6 weeks postoperatively. Secondary end points at 12 weeks included ultrasound assessment, computed tomography (CT) scan and multidimensional assessment of quality of recovery using the Postoperative Quality of Recovery Scale. RESULTS Of 50 patients, 26 received plates and 24 wires. Two patients died and 1 withdrew consent leaving 25 plates and 22 wires for primary end point analysis. Operations included 37 coronary, 5 valve and 8 combined coronary and valve procedures. At 6 weeks, less sternal movement was observed in patients with plates than those with wires, 4% (1/25) vs 32% (7/22), P = 0.018. Agreement between observers was high, kappa = 0.850. At 12 weeks, less ultrasound motion was seen in patients with plates, 0% (0/23) than those with wires, 25% (5/20), P = 0.014. Recovery from pain was higher for patients with plates 92% (22/24) than those with wires 67% (14/21), P = 0.004. CT bone edge separation was less for plates 38% (9/24) than wires 71% (15/21), P = 0.036. CT mild bone synthesis or greater was similar between patients with plates 21% (5/24) and wires 14% (3/21), P = 0.71. CONCLUSIONS Patients receiving the band and plate system had significantly less sternal edge motion than those receiving wires, 6 and 12 weeks after cardiac surgery and experienced less pain. Clinical trial registration clinicaltrials.gov NCT03282578.

The default mode network (DMN) is a major neuronal network that deactivates during goal-directed tasks. Recent advances in neuroimaging have shed light on its structure and function. Alterations in the DMN are increasingly recognized in a range of neurological and psychiatric conditions including epilepsy. This review first describes the current understanding of the DMN in health, normal aging, and disease as it is acquired via resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), before focusing on how it is affected in various types of focal and generalized epilepsy. These findings support the potential use of DMN parameters as future biomarkers in epilepsy research, diagnosis, and management.

The purpose of this study was to develop a PLGA-PEG-COOH- and gelatin-based microparticles (MPs) dual delivery system for release of BMP-2 and IGF-1. We made and characterized the delivery system based on its morphology, loading capacity, Encapsulation efficiency and release kinetics. Second, we examined the effects of electron beam (EB) sterilization on BMP-2 and IGF-1 loaded MPs and their biological effects. Third, we evaluated the synergistic effect of a controlled dual release of BMP-2 and IGF-1 on osteogenesis of MSCs. Encapsulation efficiency of growth factors into gelatin and PLGA-PEG-COOH MPs are in the range of 64.78% to 76.11%. E-beam sterilized growth factor delivery systems were effective in significantly promoting osteogenesis of MSCs, although E-beam sterilization decreased the bioactivity of growth factors in MPs by approximately 22%. BMP-2 release behavior from gelatin MPs/PEG hydrogel shows a faster release (52.7%) than that of IGF-1 from the PLGA-PEG-COOH MPs/PEG hydrogel (27.3%). The results demonstrate that the gelatin and PLGA-PEG-COOH MPs based delivery system could realize temporal release of therapeutic biomolecules by incorporating different growth factors into distinct microparticles. EB sterilization was an accessible method for sterilizing growth factors loaded carriers, which could pave the way for implementing growth factor delivery in clinical applications.

Sodium ion homeostasis is a fundamental property of viable tissue, allowing the tissue sodium concentration to be modeled as the tissue cell volume fraction. The modern neuropathology literature using ex vivo tissue from selected brain regions indicates that human brain cell density remains constant during normal aging and attributes the volume loss that occurs with advancing age to changes in neuronal size and dendritic arborization. Quantitative sodium MRI performed with the enhanced sensitivity of ultrahigh-field 9.4 T has been used to investigate tissue cell volume fraction during normal aging. This cross-sectional study (n = 49; 21-80 years) finds that the in vivo tissue cell volume fraction remains constant in all regions of the brain with advancing age in individuals who remain cognitively normal, extending the ex vivo literature reporting constant neuronal cell density across the normal adult age range. Cell volume fraction, as measured by quantitative sodium MRI, is decreased in diseases of cell loss, such as stroke, on a time scale of minutes to hours, and in response to treatment of brain tumors on a time scale of days to weeks. Neurodegenerative diseases often have prodromal periods of decades in which regional neuronal cell loss occurs prior to clinical presentation. If tissue cell volume fraction can detect such early pathology, this quantitative parameter may permit the objective measurement of preclinical disease progression. This current study in cognitively normal aging individuals provides the basis for the pursuance of investigations directed towards such neurodegenerative diseases.

Introduction There have been rare case reports of damage to adjacent coronary arteries by screw-in pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) leads. Our aim was to assess the proximity of pacemaker and ICD leads to the major coronary anatomy using cardiac computed tomography (CT). Methods Cardiac CT images were retrospectively analyzed to assess the spatial relationship of device lead tips to the major coronary anatomy. Results Fifty-two right ventricular (RV) leads (17 apical, 35 nonapical) and 35 right atrial (RA) leads were assessed. Leads on the RV antero-septal junction (20 of 52) were close (median 4.7 mm) to, and orientated toward, the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. RA leads in the anterior (26 of 35) and lateral (seven of 35) walls of the RA appendage were not close to (16.9 ± 7.7 mm and 18.9 ± 12.4 mm, respectively) and directed away from the right coronary artery. However, an RA lead adjacent to the superior border of the tricuspid valve was 4.3 mm from the right coronary artery and an RA lead on the medial wall of the RA appendage was 1.6 mm away from the aorta. An RV pacemaker lead in the lateral wall of the RV inlet was 3.4 mm from the right coronary artery. Conclusions In our cohort, a majority of RV leads were on the antero-septal junction and close to the overlying LAD coronary artery. RA leads adjacent to the tricuspid valve or on the medial RA appendage were in close proximity to the right coronary artery and aorta, respectively.

Introduction We aimed to assess the utility of cardiac computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of right atrial (RA) and right ventricular (RV) pacemaker and implantable cardiac defibrillator lead perforation. Methods Images from a 320-slice electrocardiogram-gated cardiac CT scanner were retrospectively independently analyzed by two reviewers for lead position, pericardial effusion, and perforation. Perforation results were correlated with pacing sensing, impedance, and threshold measurements. Results A total of 52 patients had RV leads and 35 had RA leads. Five of 17 RV apical, one of 35 RV nonapical, and none of the 35 RA leads perforated through the myocardium on CT imaging criteria. Two “clinically” perforated leads (that had protruded 5 mm and 15 mm from the outer edge of the myocardium) had pericardial effusions and changes in pacing parameters, and required RV lead repositioning. In contrast, there were four apparent “radiologic” perforations (that had protruded only an average 1.5 ± 0.5 mm from the outer edge of the myocardium) that did not require repositioning. These had the radiologic appearance of perforation on cardiac CT; however, they were not associated with pericardial effusions or significant changes in RV pacing lead sensing, impedance, and threshold measurements. Conclusions Cardiac CT scanning with multiplanar reformatting is useful for documenting lead position and assessing for possible cardiac perforation. The clinical significance and natural history of leads with only the appearance of perforation on cardiac CT is uncertain.

Introduction It is hypothesized that pacing the right ventricular (RV) septum is associated with less deleterious outcomes than RV apical pacing. Our aim was to validate fluoroscopic and electrocardiography (ECG) criteria for describing pacemaker and implantable cardioverter defibrillator RV “septal” lead position against the proposed gold standard: cardiac computed tomography (CT). Methods Using the conventional fluoroscopic criteria, we intended to place RV nonapical leads on the interventricular septum. Lead positions were later retrospectively analyzed with CT and correlated with ECGs and fluoroscopic projections: posterior-anterior, 40° left anterior oblique (LAO), 40° right anterior oblique (RAO), and left lateral. Results Only 21% (nine of 35) of presumed “septal” RV nonapical leads using the conventional fluoroscopic criteria were on the true septum. A schema developed to define septal position in the RAO fluoroscopic view had high agreement with CT images. ECG criteria had only fair to moderate agreement with CT. The paced QRS duration was significantly longer (P < 0.001) with RV apical pacing (176 ± 10.7 ms), compared to RV nonapical pacing (144.5 ± 14.3 ms). Conclusion Using the conventional fluoroscopic criteria, only a minority of RV leads were implanted on the true RV septum. Instead, aiming for the middle of the cardiac silhouette in the RAO fluoroscopic view, confirming rightward orientation in the LAO view, and having a paced QRS duration

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and nature of potentially epileptogenic lesions on MRI in adults with new-onset seizures. METHODS: We prospectively studied a consecutive series of 993 patients (597 males [61%]; mean [SD] age: 42.2 [18.8] years, range 14.3-94.3 years) who presented to an adult First Seizure Clinic over a 10-year period. The MRI scans, performed clinically on 3- and 1.5-tesla scanners, were reviewed for their diagnostic yield, nature of abnormalities, and their association with abnormal electrical activity on EEG. RESULTS: MRI scans were acquired in 764 patients (77%); potentially epileptogenic lesions were detected in 177 (23%). The frequency of potentially epileptogenic lesions was higher in patients who were diagnosed as having an epileptic seizure (28%) than in those with a nonepileptic event (8%) (p < 0.001), and highest in those who had focal-onset seizures (53%) (p < 0.001). The most common lesion type in patients with focal seizures was gliosis or encephalomalacia (49%). Other common lesion types were tumors (15%), cavernomas (9%), and mesial temporal sclerosis (9%). Abnormal MRI and EEG were concordant in 18% of patients, with EEG being normal in 55% of patients with epileptogenic lesions. CONCLUSIONS: MRI reveals potentially epileptogenic lesions in a minority of patients with a newly diagnosed seizure disorder. Lesions are most common in patients who have experienced focal seizures. The presence of a potentially epileptogenic MRI lesion did not influence the chance of having an abnormal EEG.

A 73-year-old man with a history of previous coronary artery bypass surgery (left internal mammary artery [LIMA]–to–first obtuse marginal artery graft, right internal mammary artery–to–left anterior descending artery graft, and venous graft to second obtuse marginal branch) and previously treated melanoma and gastric carcinoma was referred for evaluation of an enlarging lung mass adjacent to a vascular graft on computed tomography (CT). CT coronary angiography confirmed that the suspicious left upper lobe lung mass was encasing the LIMA graft (Figure 1). 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT study confirmed isolated, intense metabolic activity within the lesion consistent with malignancy (Figure 2). Echocardiography confirmed normal left ventricular systolic function. A decision for surgical resection was made, with the need for further evaluation of the coronary circulation to assess the implications of potential sacrifice of the LIMA graft. At the time of coronary angiography (Figure 3), 76 MBq 99mTc-sestamibi was injected directly into the LIMA graft to establish the area of viable myocardium perfused by this vessel. Single photon emission CT/CT imaging performed 1 hour later (Figure 4) demonstrated that, at most, sacrifice of the LIMA graft would result in only a small infarct of the lateral wall. Subtraction of these images from …

Breast shielding can reduce dose to the female breast, a radiosensitive organ receiving significant radiation during computed tomography (CT) chest examinations, particularly in cardiac CT, where Electrocardiogram dose modulation currently precludes the use of radial dose modulation to reduce breast dose. However, breast shields may produce artefacts affecting interpretation of coronary arteries. This study explores the dose savings and the effect of breast shields on image quality with torso and CT dose index body phantoms and an organ dose calculator. Change in dose calculated: 53-63 % (female breast), 82-85 % (lung), 79-84 % (oesophagus) and 76-80 % (effective dose) with larger dose reductions at lower kVp. Image quality is preserved when breast shields are placed after the scout no closer than 10 mm from the skin. Therefore, breast shields can be used in cardiac CT to reduce breast dose without compromising image quality. Revised conversion factors for dose length product to effective dose are suggested for cardiac CT without and with breast shields.

Introduction: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), a common iatrogenic cause of acute renal failure, is preventable. Identification of impaired renal function prior to intravenous contrast is important. Questionnaire screening has been useful to negate the need for cumbersome and costly renal function testing on all patients prior to contrast-enhanced CT (CECT). The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists guidelines include age older than 60 as a risk marker requiring renal function testing. The aim of this retrospective study is to assess the efficacy of the pre-CT questionnaire in identifying patients with pre-existing renal impairment even in this older than 60 age group. Methods: All outpatients were given questionnaires containing 11 CIN risk markers prior to CECT. Radiographers documented age, gender, serum creatinine and/or estimated glomerulofiltration rate (eGFR mL/min/1.72 m2) within 3 months of CT. Questionnaires of all patients older than 60 years were collated. The data was tabulated and analyzed. Incomplete questionnaires were excluded. Results: 134/171 (78.4%) patients had eGFR ≥ 60 and 37/171 (21.6%) had eGFR

Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a progressive degenerative movement disorder resulting from a fragile X "premutation", defined as 55-200 CGG repeats in the 5'-untranslated region of the FMR1 gene. The FMR1 premutation occurs in 1/800 males and 1/250 females, with FXTAS affecting 40-45% of male and 8-16% of female premutation carriers over the age of 50. FXTAS typically presents with kinetic tremor and cerebellar ataxia. FXTAS has a classical imaging profile which, in concert with clinical manifestations and genetic testing, participates vitally in its diagnosis. The revised FXTAS diagnostic criteria include two major radiological features. The "MCP sign", referring to T2 hyperintensity in the middle cerebellar peduncle, has long been considered the radiological hallmark of FXTAS. Recently included as a major radiological criterion in the diagnosis of FXTAS is T2 hyperintensity in the splenium of the corpus callosum. Other imaging features of FXTAS include T2 hyperintensities in the pons, insula and periventricular white matter as well as generalised brain and cerebellar atrophy. FXTAS is an under-recognised and misdiagnosed entity. In patients with unexplained tremor, ataxia and cognitive decline, the presence of middle cerebellar peduncle and/or corpus callosum splenium hyperintensity should raise suspicion of FXTAS. Diagnosis of FXTAS has important implications not only for the patient but also, through genetic counselling and testing, for future generations.

High-fidelity intracranial electrode arrays for recording and stimulating brain activity have facilitated major advances in the treatment of neurological conditions over the past decade. Traditional arrays require direct implantation into the brain via open craniotomy, which can lead to inflammatory tissue responses, necessitating development of minimally invasive approaches that avoid brain trauma. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of chronically recording brain activity from within a vein using a passive stent-electrode recording array (stentrode). We achieved implantation into a superficial cortical vein overlying the motor cortex via catheter angiography and demonstrate neural recordings in freely moving sheep for up to 190 d. Spectral content and bandwidth of vascular electrocorticography were comparable to those of recordings from epidural surface arrays. Venous internal lumen patency was maintained for the duration of implantation. Stentrodes may have wide ranging applications as a neural interface for treatment of a range of neurological conditions.

We present a case of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) diagnosed in adulthood in a man initially referred for specialist neuropsychiatric assessment with psychosis and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) on a background of epilepsy and intellectual disability. To our knowledge, this is the first reported patient with TSC featuring both psychosis and OCS. This patient highlights the importance of comprehensive re-evaluation of atypical presentations of intellectual disability, epilepsy and associated neuropsychiatric symptoms, even in adulthood. This is particularly relevant in the context of significant advances in genetics, neuroscience, imaging and treatments for heritable neurogenetic disorders.

Background: Much attention has been paid to radiation exposure with CT coronary angiography (CTCA) but less to the dose associatedwith invasive catheter angiography (CA). Methods: Radiation doses were reviewed from consecutive CTCA and diagnostic CA studies (100 CTCA, 400 CA) from January 2014. CT and CA studies for bypass graft or non-coronary indications were excluded. Effective radiation doses were estimated from the dose-length product and the dose-area product using the respective chest conversion coefficients (0.014 mSv/mGy x cm and 0.20 mSv/Gy x cm2). CTCA was performed on a 128 detector row dual source scanner. Doses were then compared with 2012 when a 1st generation dual source CT scanner was in use. Results: The median effective dose for CTCA was 2.0 mSv (IQR 1.3 to 3.6) vs 9.2 mSv (IQR 6.3 to 12.8) for CA, p < 0.001. The majority of CTCA patients (87/100) underwent calcium scoring with a median additional dose of 0.7 mSv. In patients weighing < 80kg, the median CTCA dose was 1.6 mSv vs 7.0 for CA (p < 0.001). Compared with 2012, CTCA radiation doses have reduced from 5.2mSv to 2.0 mSv (p < 0.001) while there has been no significant change in CA doses (9.1 vs 9.2 mSv, p = NS). Conclusion: At our institution, radiation exposure associated with CTCA is several-fold less than that with CA. With new hardware, CTCA doses have halved since 2012 while there has been no significant change in CA over the same period.