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Kontakt dermatit, kanatlılarda yaygın görülen bir deri problemidir. Bu hastalık hayvan refahının belirlenmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Üretici bakımından ise önemli ekonomik kayıplara yol açabilmektedir. Enfeksiyöz olmayan bu hastalık ayak tabanı (ayak tabanı yanığı), diz (diz yanığı) ve göğüsü (göğüs yanığı) etkilemektedir. Hastalığın ortaya çıkmasında; genotip, cinsiyet, canlı ağırlık, beslenme, bağırsak enfeksiyonları, altlık özellikleri ve kümes koşulları gibi pek çok faktör etkili olabilmektedir. Başlıca nedeni ise altlıktaki nem içeriğinin yüksek olmasıdır. Altlıktaki nem oranını etkileyen faktörler; altlığın türü, altlık derinliği, çevre sıcaklığı, havalandırma, nispi nem, suluk idaresi ve birim alandaki piliç yoğunluğu olarak sıralanabilmektedir. Genotip bu hastalığın ortaya çıkmasındaki diğer önemli faktördür. Hızlı büyüyen piliçlerde canlı ağırlık arttıkça yürüme yeteneğinde bozulmalar meydana gelmekte ve bu durum ayak tabanı ile diz yanık oranlarını artırmaktadır. Göğüs yanıkları ayrıca yüksek göğüs ağırlığı ve zayıf göğüs tüylenmesi ile ilişkilendirilebilmektedir. Kontakt dermatit etçi piliçlerde, hindilerde ve Pekin ördeklerinde tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle hindilerde görülme sıklığı etçi piliçlere göre daha fazla olmaktadır. Bununla birlikte altlıklı sistemde yetiştirilen yumurtacı tavuklar ile etçi piliç damızlıklarda da görülebilmektedir. Kontakt dermatitin önlenmesinde kümes içi koşullar ön plana çıkmaktadır. Refah kriterleri göz önüne alınarak yapılan kanatlı hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde, kontakt dermatit yaygınlığının azalacağı ön görülmektedir.

Factors involved in light management of poultry include source, intensity, duration, uniformity and wavelength (light colour) of light. Research trials have examined the effects of short (blue and green) and long wavelengths (orange and red) on animal welfare, body weight gain, and egg productions in chickens, quail, turkeys, geese and ducks. Blue or green illuminations have a positive effect on body weight and red or white are beneficial to the production of eggs in chickens and quail. During the pre- and post-maturity periods of turkeys, blue light was preferred in the pre-maturity period, whereas the red or white light was better for the post-maturity period. Any noticeable change has not been observed within the body weight gain among the geese under different coloured light; whereas white-coloured light has played an important role in their egg production and semen quality. Positive results have been seen for body weight gain by exposure to red and white light in ducks. The available literature shows that different wavelengths can have positive or negative effects on welfare, body weight gain and egg production of the poultry.

Pure breeds are important due to the fact that they adapt well to poor husbandry conditions. However, gene expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters of pure breeds and layer hybrids have not been studied yet. Therefore, this study was directed to detect the gene expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters in the yolk sac membrane and small intestine of the embryos in layer hybrid and pure breeds. A total of 354 hatching eggs were collected from 29 wk old Denizli, Gerze and Lohman White (LW) breeder flocks. Twelve eggs from each genotype were selected at embryonic day 19 (E19) and day 21 (E21). APN, SI, PepT1, EAAT3, CAT1, B0AT, SGLT1 and GLUT5 mRNA expressions were evaluated in the yolk sac membrane (YSM) and small intestine of the embryos from different genotypes. Expressions of APN and EAAT3 in the small intestine of Denizli embryo were upregulated from E19 to E21. B0AT, PepT1 and SGLT1 expressions were upregulated in the small intestine of pure breed and layer hybrid embryos with increasing embryonic age. SI expression in the small intestine of the LW embryos was upregulated from E19 to E21. APN, B0AT and EAAT3 expressions in the YSM of Denizli embryos were dowregulated from E19 to E21. EAAT3 and SGLT1 expressions in the YSM of Gerze embryos were upregulated at E21 and compared to E19. Taken together, our results indicate that genotype and embryonic age influenced the expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporter genes in the small intestine and YSM of embryos.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the comparison of different brown and white layers in embryonic development and uptake of nutrients in the egg. A total of 360 fertilized eggs obtained from two brown (Atak-S and Brown Nick) and two white (Atabey and Nick) layer breeders at 28 wk old. Hatching eggs from each genotype were examined on the day of setting for fresh egg analysis and then at the beginning of the embryonic day (E19) and embryonic day (E21) for egg, embryo and villus analysis. Differences in egg weight, shell percentages, relative weight of yolk and albumen, relative weight and length of embryo, villus height, some values of shell, yolk and albumen and relative chick weight in examined hybrids were significant. Yolk sac utilization of embryos during the incubation in the white layer hybrids was greater than that in the brown layer hybrids. Villus heights in the duodenum, jejenum and ileum of embryos in the brown layer hybrids was greater than that in the white layer hybrids. Genotype is important parameter to determine the egg composition at the same age and in animals being fed the same diet. It was observed that the consumption of yolk and shell nutrients from the embryos during the incubation was not related to whether embryos were from the brown or white layer hybrids. Only uptake of the yolk sac and villus height in the embryo among examined variables varied depending on whether the embryos were from the brown or white layer hybrids.

WOS: 000334045600027, PubMed: 24570471, The current study was carried out to investigate the effects of breeder age on egg composition, changes of embryo, yolk sac, and yolk minerals during incubation and hatchability in Pekin ducks. A total of 495 freshly laid eggs were obtained from the same flock of Pekin ducks, aged 28, 34, and 40 wk, and were reared in accordance with the management guide of the duck breeders (Star 53-Grimaud Freres). At each breeder age, egg measurements were made on a random subsample of unincubated eggs. Embryo and yolk sac measurements were made on embryonic day (E) 12, E16, E20, and E25. On d 28 of incubation, the healthy ducklings were removed and sex of chicks was determined. All chicks were weighed and hatching results were determined. Egg weight and yolk percentages increased; however, albumen percentages, shell thickness, and yolk index decreased as the flock aged. Shell percentages, shell breaking strength, albumen index, and haugh units were not affected by breeder age. Also, breeder age affected the Mg, P, K, Ca, Cu, and Zn levels in the yolk, except for Na level on day of setting, and breeder age affected the mineral consumed by embryo during incubation. However, on E25, the levels of examined minerals, except for P level in the yolk sac, were not statistically different in duck breeder age groups. Relative yolk sac and embryo weights of eggs obtained from different breeder ages varied from E16 to E25; however, embryo length was different in breeder age groups from E12 to E20. Hatching weight was affected by breeder age and sex. Hatching results were not different among breeder age groups. This study indicates that breeder age is important for some egg characteristics, relative yolk sac weight, some contents of minerals in the yolk, embryonic growth during incubation, and duckling weight.

WOS: 000411218900011, PubMed: 28938781, Because of consumers' preferences and also due to changes in production systems, the importance of pure breeds has increased again. There are a lot of differences among breeds which have been studied extensively, however, the differences during the incubation period are not yet fully known. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the composition of the egg parts, absorption of nutrients, and development of embryos from different genotypes. A total of 354 fresh hatching eggs were obtained from one hybrid (Lohman White, LW) and two pure breeds (Denizli and Gerze). Hatching eggs from each genotype were examined on the day of setting for egg analysis and then at the beginning of the embryonic d 19 (E19) and embryonic d 21 (E21) for egg, embryo, jejunum, and tibia analysis. On d 21 of incubation, the healthy chicks were removed and weighed. Egg weight, shell thickness, percentages of albumen, and some parameters of albumen composition (dry matter, water, ash, protein, energy, Na, Ca, K, and Mg) were higher in fresh eggs obtained from LW hens. Furthermore, the relative yolk sac and embryo weight, some yolk parameters (dry matter, water, protein, fat, and energy) and some shell parameters (dry matter, ash, Na, Ca, and K) were also higher in eggs obtained from LW hens during incubation. However, tibia deformation and villus width were lower in LW embryos than the other genotypes. Relative chick weights were 68.9, 72.0, and 68.0% in LW, Denizli, and Gerze genotypes, respectively. During incubation, differences in all examined parameters were significant except thickness and weight of shell, tibia deformation, and crypt depth. Yolk sac weight, some yolk composition parameters, K level in the shell, Cu level in the tibia, and villus height were also affected by genotype and period interaction. Based on these results, LW was found advantageous in terms of egg composition, however, regarding villus development and tibia deformation in embryos during incubation, pure breeds showed better results., TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [110O933], This study was supported by TUBITAK Fund (Project No: 110O933).

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of early feed restriction on performance, carcass characteristics, meat and liver composition, some blood parameters, H-L ratio, antibody titers against SRBC and tonic immobility duration in broilers. One hundred ninety male chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated into two treatment groups each of 95 chicks. Broilers in one treatment fed ad libitum until 42 day of age, however in other treatment, broilers were deprived of feed for 4 h per day from 7 to 21 day. Body weight, feed consumption, feed to gain ratio, carcass characteristics and the percentage of examined organs except heart were not statistically significant in groups. Percentage of heart was higher (p < 0.05) in broilers fed ad libitum. At 41 d of age, H-L ratio (p < 0.05) and TI duration (p = 0.001) were higher, serum glucose (p < 0.05) and triglyceride (p < 0.001) levels were lower in broilers fed ad libitum. Chemical composition of breast and thigh and also fat and ash of liver were not affected by early feed restriction. Moisture of liver (p = 0.001) was lower and protein of liver (p < 0.01) was higher in broilers fed ad libitum

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two lighting programs (continuous lighting (CL) 24L:0D and intermittent lighting (IL) 1L:3D) on the broiler performance, carcass traits, incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD), relative asymmetry (RA), duration of induced tonic immobility (TI), heterophils-lymphocytes ratio (H/L), serum glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The chicks were randomly divided into 2 treatment groups consisting of 100 chicks per treatment, continuous lighting (CL) 24L:0D or intermittent lighting (IL) 1L:3D. Each treatment consists of 5 replicates of 20 chicks. The experimental period was 6 weeks. Use of IL decreased feed to gain ratio, improved immune response and reduced fearful. Body weight, carcass traits, TD and stress parameters (organ weights, RA, H/L, glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels) were not significant in different lighting groups. As a result IL was beneficial for producers and chickens than CL.

The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effects of cage floor and cage density on stress parameters of laying hens. A total of 162 brown laying hens (Hyline Brown), aged 34 weeks, were used in the experiment. Compact-type battery cages, with three floors, were used. Hens were allocated as one, three or five hens in each of 18 cages to obtain three different cage density groups of 1968, 656 and 393.8 cm2 floor area per hen, respectively. The same number of cages with different cage density were allocated to three different battery floors (first floor=top, second=middle, third=bottom) systematically. Values for body weight, mortality rate, egg weight, egg production, egg quality characteristics, egg yolk cholesterol content, the levels of blood plasma corticosterone, serum glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides, the ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes (H–L ratio), antibody titers, claw length score, foot health score, plumage score and throat skin injuries were taken as indicators of stress. The values for egg weight (P

Bu çalışmanın amacı erkek ve dişi Pekin ördeklerinde ilk hafta ana makinesinde büyütmenin besi performansı, karkas özellikleri, et kalitesi ve bazı kan parametreleri üzerine etkilerini belirlemektir. Çalışmada toplam 120 adet (60 erkek ve 60 dişi) pekin ördeği palazı kullanılmıştır. Her cinsiyet grubu rastgele iki farklı yetiştirme grubuna ayrılmıştır. Birinci gruptaki (ana makinesi) palazlar besinin 1-7. günleri arasında ana makinesinde daha sonra altlıklı sistemde büyütülmüştür. İkinci gruptakiler (altlık/kontrol) ise besinin 1-42. günleri arasında altlıklı sistemde büyütülmüştür. Besinin 41. gününde her yetiştirme ve cinsiyet grubundan 5 ördek rastgele seçilerek kan örnekleri alınmıştır. Besinin 42. gününde ördekler özel bir kesimhanede kesilmiştir. Karkas randımanı, organ ağırlıkları ve karkas özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Göğüs ve but etlerinde pH, kül, yağ ve ham protein düzeyleri tespit edilmiştir. Altlıklı sistemde büyütülen ördeklerde toplam canlı ağırlık artışı, karkas randımanı ve göğüs eti yüzdesi ana makinesinde büyütülen ördeklere göre daha yüksek (P, The aim of this study is to determine effects of brooder machine rearing method in the first week on fattening performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and some blood parameters of male and female Pekin ducks. A total of 120 (60 male and 60 female) ducklings were used in the research. Each sex group was randomly allocated into two rearing methods. In the first group (brooder machine), ducklings were arranged in the brooder machine from 1 to 7 d then reared on the deep litter floor until day 42 . In the second group (litter/control), ducklings were reared on the deep litter floor from the day 1 to the day 42 of the fattening period. At the day 41 of the fattening period, 5 ducks from each sex and rearing groups were randomly selected and bled. At the day 42 of the fattening period all ducklings were slaughtered in a commercial slaughterhouse. Hot carcass yield, organ weights and carcass characteristics were determined. Also pH, ash, fat and crude protein were determined in the breast and thigh muscles. Total body weight gain, hot carcass yield and breast percentage of ducks reared on the litter group (control group) were significantly (P

WOS: 000296263900031, PubMed: 22010253, This study was conducted to determine the effect of hen production cycle (HPC) and the effect of egg weight (EW) at the same egg production level on egg quality, egg composition, hatchability, duckling quality, and first-week BW in Pekin ducks. For HPC, hatching eggs were obtained from different Pekin-duck breeder flocks, aged 31 wk for the first production cycle (HPC1) and 78 wk for the second production cycle (HPC2). For EW, there were 3 categories: heavy (H), medium (M), and light (L). Ten eggs from each HPC and EW group were analyzed for the determination of egg quality, and albumen and yolk compositions. Ninety eggs from each HPC and EW group were incubated for the determination of hatchability, and duckling weight and quality. After quality scoring, 20 ducklings (10 male and 10 female) from each group were weighed, and reared to 1 wk of age in a brooder machine to determine relative growth (RG). The results showed that the albumen index; Haugh unit; shell percentage; yolk moisture, ash, protein, lipids, and triglycerides; albumen moisture, ash, and protein; yolk fatty acid contents; hatching weight; duckling weights at 1 wk of age; and RG were significantly affected by HPC. Egg weight affected shell thickness, yolk and albumen indices, Haugh unit, yolk and albumen percentages, yolk to albumen ratio, shell percentage, yolk fatty acid content, hatching weight, duckling weight at 1 wk of age, and RG.

WOS:000252810900008 The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different molting methods on postmolt production, plasma corticosterone levels, and antibody production to SRBC for the welfare of laying hens. This experiment was conducted with 120 IGH-type Brown laying hens (70 wk of age), randomly divided into 3 experimental groups. The hens in one group were fed a whole-grain barley diet during the first 10 d (WB diet). On d 11, hens consumed 100 g of layer diet/d until d 28. In the second group, hens were fed a Zn diet containing 10,000 mg/kg of Zn as ZnO for 10 d (Zn diet). Hens were then provided 100 g of a layer diet from d 11 to 28. In the third group, feed was withdrawn for 10 d, and on d 11 hens were fed a cracked corn diet ad libitum until d 28 (California method; CAL diet). Hens in all groups were returned to the layer diet ad libitum on d 29. Egg weight was lower in the Zn treatment than in the other treatments. Feed intake and plasma corticosterone levels were higher and antibody production was lower in the CAL treatment than in the WB and Zn groups. The FCR was better in the WB than in the Zn group. Mortality, egg production, and egg quality were not significantly different among the molting methods. As a result, the WB molting program was the best method for postmolt production among the programs examined.