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The value of the herbal medicine market size was USD 71.19 billion globally in 2016 and is expected to grow even more in the near future. The main obstacle to the growth of herbal medicine is its quality control. The scientific validation by standardization, evaluation of purity, and demonstration of its efficacy in animal models and in humans will increase the trust of users and increase its acceptability. There are various guidelines available for standardization of herbal medicines. Globally each country has its own rules and regulations. In the USA, guidelines for botanical drugs have been revised in 2016. The phytopharma guidelines also came in existence in India in 2015. The scientific validation of herbal drugs requires information regarding pharmacognostic description like taxonomic classification and quality specifications in which heavy metals, ash, and impurity data are important. The herbal medicines which are already used in human do not require any animal studies but if there are any changes in method of extraction and formulation then animal safety data is essential. The toxicity studies in two species are minimally required. The clinical trials are necessary to demonstrate its efficacy for newer drugs. The phase I clinical studies are conducted to assess the maximum tolerated dose of medicine and its safety. The proof of concept and confirmatory clinical trials should be conducted as randomized placebo control trials and as per good clinical practice norms. The regulatory requirements of herbal drugs for clinical trials and marketing permission may be abbreviated, modified or relaxed based on adequate evidence from market or research published in peer-reviewed journals. The current book chapter will discuss the requirements of herbal drugs and practical issue in scientific validation of herbal medicines.

Cathepsin S (CatS) is one of the cysteinyl cathepsins widely studied for its clinical significance and found to be a promising therapeutic target for several diseases; to name a few is arthritis, allergic inflammation, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and cystic fibrosis. Elevated CatS level is a contributing factor for related disorders, and therefore among different strategies to regulate the activity of CatS, one is to design a quality inhibitor. Earlier, we have demonstrated a highly selective CatS inhibitor, RO5444101 interacts primarily with the S2 pocket of the protein which is structurally unique in contrast to other variants of cathepsin. However, the molecular properties of RO5444101 can question its efficacy at the clinical level. In the present study, we have implemented a series of molecular modeling methods to screen the Maybridge library considering the pharmacophoric features of RO5444101 and other relevant inhibitors of CatS. Based on the priority list, eight hits were subjected to biological evaluation. Subsequently, KM07987 was found to be most potent, with the IC50 of

Fungal infections are one of the most common infections in humans and other animals. Fungal diseases are more common in tropical and subtropical countries. Worldwide more than a billion people suffer from fungal infections annually. Fungal pathogens (yeasts and molds) are diverse in their pathogenesis and they can cause mild infections to life-threatening fungal diseases. For the treatment of fungal infections, only a few classes of antifungal drugs are available because there are many similarities between fungal and human cells. Treatment of fungal infections is becoming more challenging because of the emergence of resistance to currently available drugs. Azole drug is the most common class of antifungal drug which is widely used for the treatment of superficial to systemic infections but unfortunately, many fungal pathogens (e.g., Candida, Aspergillus, Histoplasma, and Paracoccidioides etc.) have developed resistance. Most of the azole resistant fungi also develop resistance against the echinocandin class of drugs. The most common drug-resistance mechanisms include hyphal switching, alteration of drug targets, increased drug efflux by transporter proteins (ABC transporters or Facilitated diffusion superfamily transporter), and permeability barriers associated with biofilms. Thus, this area is in need of some outstanding work to control drug resistant fungal infections. Recently some new therapeutic approaches such as new formulations for antifungal agents, nanoparticle based drugs and immunotherapy (such as vaccines) are under trial to prevent and treat fungal diseases and inducing the production of host antimicrobial molecules. In this book chapter, we describe common fungal diseases, fungal pathogens, disease-causing factors, drug resistant fungal pathogens, mechanisms involved in the emergence of drug resistance, epidemiology of fungal diseases, advanced diagnostic techniques, current and future treatment plans and discuss new approaches for the management of fungal diseases.

Lysosome has been long understood as a vital digestive organelle. Increasing reports indicate that the lysosome also plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Abnormal protein degradation and deposition stimulated by lysosomal dysfunction may cause age-related neurodegeneration. Enormous efforts have been devoted to the development of effective therapeutics against Alzheimer's disease, the most debilitating neurodegenerative disease. Endopeptidase activity of the Cathepsin-B is associated with the pathological processes. Work presented here focuses on identification of new inhibitors against Cathepsin-B protein using diverse computational approaches together. The inhibitors identified were further tested for in-vitro activity using enzyme based assay method. The identified inhibitors provided interesting understanding on how the water thermodynamic properties along with hydrophobic, steric, electronic, and structural requirements contribute to cathepsin-B inhibitory activity. These water thermodynamic studies, may further be used in computer aided drug discovery pipeline to design and predict more potent derivatives of various scaffolds as cathepsin-B inhibitors.

There has been an increasing prevalence of dermatophytosis among the females in India, over the last 5-6 years. Similarly an increase in the occurrence of vulvovaginal infections has also been observed. The recommendations from existing guidelines do not focus on these infections in females and provide optimal outcomes in real world setting. Hence, the aim of the present consensus was to formulate recommendations based on current clinical experience to address these infections. A multispecialty panel of 12 members consisting of 7 gynecologists and 5 dermatologists participated in the pursuit of obtaining consensus by modified Delphi process. All the panelists formulated questionnaire after critical review of literature. Four rounds of questionnaires containing a total of 63 questions were floated through Google docs survey and responses were marked by all the panelists. Agreement for a given question/statement as ≥75% was set to achieve consensus. Out of the 63 questions/statements, consensus was obtained on diagnosis and treatment of dermatophytosis and VVI in non-pregnant and pregnant females, in 61 statements. The panel also formulated treatment algorithm for dermatophytosis and VVI. The present consensus will provide a guidance to the clinicians in India regarding management of dermatophytosis and VVI in pregnant and non-pregnant females in the current scenario of therapeutic challenges in both the infections.

A series of cationic lipo-benzamide compounds with varying lengths of hydrocarbon chains (C2M–C18M) were evaluated for anti-Candida activity. Four compounds harbouring 8–11 hydrocarbon chains demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of fungal cell growth with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ≤6.2 µg ml−1. The most active compound (C9M) inhibited growth of both Candida albicans and non-albicans strains and is equally active against pairs of azole sensitive and resistant clinical isolates of C. albicans. Compound C9M also inhibited different stages of Candida biofilms. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of Candida cells after C9M treatment was also done and no significant cell lysis was observed. Hemolysis assay was performed and only 2.5% haemolysis was observed at MIC concentration.

Probiotics are live microorganisms like bacteria and yeast that are consumed along with food for various health benefits. These microorganisms play a very important role not only in intestinal microbial balance but also in maintaining health protection of the host organism against harmful microbiota. Probiotic term means “for life.” The sale of these products has increased worldwide, and sale figures are estimated to cross $45B by the year 2018 due to its wide range of health profits. Humans have used probiotics for decades and centuries involuntarily. Food additives like fermented milk and yogurt have been a major part in regular meals and diet in several parts of the world. Nowadays, probiotics are the most important prescription by gastrointestinal physicians’ because of its potential role in curing certain diseases for which treatment options are limited. The use of probiotics that were initially restricted for antibiotic-associated diarrhea now extends as powerful anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory factors. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are the most important probiotic groups; however, the probiotic potential of Pediococcus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, and yeast is also well known. Probiotics are not only used as food to enhance health but also to cure specific gastrointestinal conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and infectious diarrhea (caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites). They also play an important role in improving skin conditions like eczema. Urinary and vaginal health, allergy prevention, colds, and oral health can be treated with probiotics. This chapter throws light on different probiotics, their health benefits, and regulatory or safety issues linked with their usage.

Human Flap endonuclease1 (FEN1) is an enzyme that is indispensable for DNA replication and repair processes and inhibition of its Flap cleavage activity results in increased cellular sensitivity to DNA damaging agents (cisplatin, temozolomide, MMS, etc.), with the potential to improve cancer prognosis. Reports of the high expression levels of FEN1 in several cancer cells support the idea that FEN1 inhibitors may target cancer cells with minimum side effects to normal cells. In this study, we used large publicly available, high-throughput screening data of small molecule compounds targeted against FEN1. Two machine learning algorithms, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF), were utilized to generate four classification models from huge PubChem bioassay data containing probable FEN1 inhibitors and non-inhibitors. We also investigated the influence of randomly selected Zinc-database compounds as negative data on the outcome of classification modelling. The results show that the SVM model with inactive compounds was superior to RF with Matthews's correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.67 for the test set. A Maybridge database containing approximately 53 000 compounds was screened and top ranking 5 compounds were selected for enzyme and cell-based in vitro screening. The compound JFD00950 was identified as a novel FEN1 inhibitor with in vitro inhibition of flap cleavage activity as well as cytotoxic activity against a colon cancer cell line, DLD-1.

The bioassay guided fractionation of methanolic extract of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. leaves resulted in the isolation of seven pyranocarbazoles. These were evaluated against four bacterial strains and ten Candida sp. including two matched pair of fluconazole sensitive/resistant clinical isolates. Out of seven, three i.e. Koenine (mk279), Koenigine (mk309) and Mahanine (mk347) exhibited significant antibacterial activity MIC90 3.12–12.5 μg/mL against bacterial strains Streptococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia compared with standard drug Kanamycin MIC90 12.5 μg/mL. However, only mk309 was found active against variety of Candida species MIC90 12.5–100 μg/mL. It was observed that hydroxylation at C-6 and C-7 positions in the studied pyranocarbazoles activate the bioactivity. Simultaneously, decrease in Log P value compares with −H and −O−CH3 substituted derivatives. The study is focused on selective antifungal and antibacterial activity of pyranocarbazoles on bacterial strains S. aureus, K. pneumonia and variety of Candida species with structure activity relationship observations.

A series of multifunctional directed 3-arylcoumarin-tetracyclic tacrine derivatives was designed and synthesized for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). A number of derivatives (18, 19, 20, 21, and 24) demonstrated significant reduction of aggregation of "human" alpha-synuclein (α-synuclein) protein, expressing on transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model NL5901. Moreover, compounds 16, 18, and 24 also exhibited good antioxidant properties and significantly increased the dopamine (DA) content in N2 and NL5901 strains of C. elegans. Interestingly, the protective efficacy of these hybrids seems to be mediated via activation of longevity promoting transcription factor DAF-16. In addition, molecular modeling studies have evidenced the exquisite interaction of most active compounds 18 and 24 with α-synuclein protein. Taken together, the data indicate that the derivatives may be useful leads against aging and age associated PD.

Background: Previous studies have provided evidence about chronic night noise exposure and sleep disturbance, which is indicator of more serious health conditions. Such studies have never been reported for the Indian population. This study aimed to further explore the association between nocturnal transportation noise exposure and self-reported sleep disturbances in an adult Indian population. Methods: The cross-sectional study used results from a pilot study, from a large scale social survey in the urban municipality of Asansol, an industrial city, situated in western India. The survey included responses from 221 adults (19–59 year old) residing within 100 meters buffer of the major and arterial roadways, with criteria of minimum 10 years stay in the study area. Association of self-reported sleep disturbance was studied by multiple logistic regression analysis with adjusting for age, gender and period of residence. Results: Sleep disturbance was more marked at levels of 61–65 dB(A) night noise exposure, OR (95% CI) 2.36 (1.13–4.94. For a 5dB(A) increase in night noise exposure, the OR (95% CI) was 1.30 (1.04–1.64). For every 10 years addition to age of the respondents, odds of sleep disturbance was estimated to increase by 1.17 over non-exposure individuals. Women reported higher sleep disturbance, OR (95% CI) 1.23 (0.65–1.92) in comparison to men A period of residence of 10 years in study area showed an OR (95% CI) of 1.33 (0.86–2.06) for sleep disturbance among exposed respondents. Further it was estimated with 95% confidence that the attributable fraction for sleep disturbance among those noise exposed within the population was 16% to 80%. Conclusions: The study results support an association between higher nocturnal road traffic noise and self-reported sleep disturbance in comparison to areas with quieter nights. Further sleep disturbance among women was significantly associated with higher night noise exposure.

Existing cancer therapies are often associated with drug resistance and toxicity, which results in poor prognosis and recurrence of cancer. This necessitates the identification and development of novel therapeutics against existing as well as novel cellular targets. In this study, a novel class of Benzocoumarin-Stilbene hybrid molecules were synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against various cancer cell lines followed by in vivo antitumor activity in a mouse model of cancer. The most promising molecule among the series, i.e. compound (E)-4-(3,5-dimethoxystyryl)-2H-benzo[h]chromen-2-one (19) showed maximum antiproliferative activity in breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and 4T1) and decreased the tumor size in the in-vivo 4T1 cell-induced orthotopic syngeneic mouse breast cancer model. The mechanistic studies of compound 19 by various biochemical, cell biology and biophysical approaches suggest that the compound binds to and inhibits the human DNA ligase I enzyme activity that might be the cause for significant reduction in tumor growth and may constitute a promising next-generation therapy against breast cancers.

Background and Aims: A febrile response is a common phenomenon in the ICU (Intensive Care Unit), often with complex and unknown origins. Fever is only one component of a febrile response and may or may not be an indication of severe infection. Subjects and Methods: A febrile response caused by severe infection/s is often accompanied by neutropenia where the absolute neutrophil count goes below 500/mm3, or is predicted to go below 500/mm3 over the next 48 hours. Febrile neutropenia is generally an indication for an infection requiring the commencing of empirical antibiotics after taking appropriate cultures. However, severe infections may also occur in the absence of fever or neutropenia. Conclusion: In cases of new fever, or fever of unknown origin, it is highly recommended that the latest IDSA (Infectious Disease Society of America) or SCCM (Society of Critical Care Medicine) guidelines be followed. Some recently launched antimicrobials not yet covered by the IDSA are discussed and maybe useful for treatment of drug resistant cases. It may also be useful to remember that fever is more often a friend than a foe.

Background: A 45 year old male was admitted with jaundice, abdominal pain and respiratory distress. He had history of chronic alcoholism. Materials and Methods: Blood tests revealed a raised leucocyte count of 19000/microlitre, high levels of bilirubin, amylase and lipase. Radiological investigations including chest x-ray, USG, CECT, and MRI gave findings of cholelithiasis, pancreatic pseudocyst, left sided pleural effusion and left lower lobe collapse. MRCP diagnosed choledocholithiasis. Pseudocyst fluid was aspirated and sent for culture and sensitivity. Results: Culture yielded pure growth of capsulated gram positive diplococci resembling Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, it was bile-insoluble and hence pure colonies were sent for confirmation by Vitek-2. Vitek-2 confirmed it to Streptococcus mitis sensitive to erythromycin, levofloxacin, linezolid and vancomycin. The patient responded to the antibiotics after surgery and was discharged. Conclusion: Streptococcus mitis is considered to be an oral commensal, sometimes causing infective endocarditis. However, as it contains almost all the virulence factors carried by it's close relative S. pneumoniae, and also can masquerade itself to the latter morphologically and biochemically to a great extent, it seems to walk a thin line between being a harmless commensal and a virulent pathogen. This incidence of infecting a pancreatic pseudocyst should make a microbiologist alert of considering a probability of it's increasing pathogenicity range.

The response of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to human steroid hormone progesterone was studied by genomic expression profiling. The transcription profile data revealed that steroid response was a global phenomenon wherein a host of genes were affected. For example, 163 genes were upregulated and 40 genes were downregulated, by at least more than twofold. The major categories of upregulated genes included protein destination (15%), metabolism (14%), transport facilitation (12%), cell growth, cell division, and DNA synthesis (8%), and transcription (7%), while metabolism (22%), transcription (11%), intracellular transport (10%), cell growth, cell division, and DNA synthesis (10%), energy (8%), cell rescue, defense, and cell death (6%), and protein synthesis (6%) encoding genes were downregulated. Notwithstanding the fact that yeast cells do not possess commonly occurring steroid response cascade similar to higher eukaryotes, our results demonstrate that a short-term exposure to progesterone results in differential regulation of predominantly stress responsive genes.

There is an established evidence that exposure to high levels of road traffic noise is associated with elevated risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). The results however have been heterogeneous and mostly inconclusive. The present investigation aimed to examine this association in adult subjects, with a secondary aim of identifying potentially vulnerable sub-populations. Similar studies have never been reported from Indian population. For exposure assessment, the time-weighted road traffic noise indicator, L den, was used as a continuous and categorical predictor. A cross-sectional study was designed, and sociodemographic and lifestyle- and health-related characteristics were recorded for 909 (533 females and 376 males) subjects aged 18–80 years. The respondents living in areas with L den 65 dB(A) may be associated with occurrence of CHD in adult subjects. A trend was observed indicating increasing risk with higher exposure levels. The study results are also suggestive of higher risk of outcome among those with other chronic ailments (diabetes, pulmonary, or renal issues) and residing in the same location in excess of 15 years. Orientation of bedroom windows was identified as a significant effect modifier.

Context: Acinetobacter baumannii, a non-fermenter, is fast coming up the list of pathogens causing nosocomial infections. Earlier considered to be a harmless colonizer, or at the most, a pathogen causing mostly respiratory tract infections, it has slowly but successfully emerged as a ubiquitous pathogen causing both community as well as health care associated infections. It has acquired multidrug resistance, and seems to be no more selective in mainly attacking any one or two body systems. According to recent reports, a shy selective bacterium has turned into a dangerous pathogen, capable of causing infections anywhere in the body, thereby adding extra furrows on the forehead of medical community worldwide. AIMS: To determine the range of infections caused by A. baumannii, and the frequencies thereof, in our tertiary care hospital; and to study their resistance patterns. Materials and Methods: A total of 88 isolates of A. baumannii were found from a variety of clinical samples, from hospitalized patients as well as patients attending the outpatient departments. The isolates were subjected to disc-diffusion method for antibiotic sensitivity testing. Results: Acinetobacter was mostly recovered from samples of pus, followed by endotracheal tube, urine, sputum samples, etc., Imipenem showed highest sensitivity, while other drugs with good sensitivity patterns were aminoglycosides and piperacillin-tazobactum. Conclusions: In this tertiary care institution of ours, A. baumannii isolates have shown a high frequency of drug resistance, with imipenem being the best sensitive drug. This non-fermenter is the cause of a variety of infections, irrespective of whether the individuals are hospitalized or are outdoor patients.

Background: One of the most dangerous carbapenemase is Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase or KPC, possessing the ability to hydrolyze the Carbapenems, and other beta-lactams as well like Penecillins, Cephalosporins, and aztreonam. Many members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and few other non-fermenters contain the gene blaKPC, which codes for the enzyme KPC, and hence this is transferrable. Although the reports of KPC producers are scanty from India, it is still a dark cloud on the horizon, with the ability to overcast the sky. Our main aim was to identify KPC producing isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in our Tertiary care Medical Institution. Materials and Methods: Over a 3 months period, we collected 54 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae from different samples. We performed sensitivity against a variety of antibiotics including 3 Carbapenems , 3 extended spectrum Cephalosporins, and co-amoxyclav, both by disc diffusion and E-test against Ertapenem. Results: Out of 54 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae , 38 (70.37%) showed resistance towards Ertapenem. Among these 38 isolates, 8 (14.81%) were found to be KPC producers. They were ESBL producers also. Conclusions: Ertapenem resistance is the most sensitive phenotypic marker for detecting KPC. Also, KPC shows resistance to the extended spectrum Cephalosporins. We found 38 isolates showing reduced susceptibility to Ertapenem (by MIC) - thus raising the chance of harbouring the enzyme. Truly, 8 among were confirmed as KPC and ESBL producers. All the microbiology laboratories should routinely search for KPC producers, using Ertapenem as a marker followed by confirmation with the three extended spectrum Cephalosporins.

International audience; Steroids are known to induce pleiotropic drug resistance states in hemiascomycetes, with tremendous potential consequences on human fungal infections. The proteins capable of binding to steroids such as progesterone binding protein (PBP), estradiol binding proteins (ESP) are found in yeasts, however, the well known receptor mediated signaling present in higher eukaryotic cells is absent in yeasts and fungi. Steroids are perceived as stress by yeast cells which triggers general stress response leading to activation of heat shock proteins, cell cycle regulators, MDR transporters, etc. In this article, we review the response of yeast to human steroid hormones which affects its cell growth, morphology and virulence. We discuss that a fairly conserved response to steroids at the level of transcription and translation exists between pathogenic and non-pathogenic yeasts. Article from a special issue on steroids and microorganisms. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Background: Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is a major public health problem. One of the major agents causing community acquired pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus. This study was aimed to correlate between socio-environmental parameters and incidence of LRTI (by s0 pneumoniae ) in rural parts of West Bengal. Materials and Methods: A house to house survey was made in a rural community and sputum samples were collected from persons having features of lower respiratory tract infection. The socio-environmental background of the patients were taken in detail. The pneumococci isolated from the samples were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Results: Out of 947 samples collected, 70 (4.77%) were positive for S pneumoniae. 15.71% were found to be resistant to penicillin. Highest incidence was found to occur in summer months, and in persons living in narrow spaces and in houses polluted with smoke. Conclusion: Although a low percentage of pneumococci were found among the community acquired pneumonia in rural parts of Bengal, many of the strains showed resistance to penicillin and erythromycin. That is a thing for concern in itself. Better living conditions regarding household with proper smoke outlet facility would have a good impact in bringing down the incidence in this area, where people are already burdened with lack of proper facilities for living.

Background: It is hypothesized that exposure to transportation noise is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease among adult population. The present study further explores this association in the light of new findings. The objective of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of studies reported during the last 3 decades on the association of transportation noise exposure with cardiovascular disease endpoints among adult population in cross-sectional studies. Materials and Methods: Relative risks were pooled from 12 studies by using an inverse-variance weighted fixed-effects model. The cardiovascular health outcomes included ischemic heart disease, myocardial infraction, angina pectoris, electrocardiogram-ischemia and cardiovascular medication. Results: The pooled risk estimate (95% confidence interval) of 1.04 (0.96-1.12), shows a positive but nonsignificant association. The sensitivity analysis, conducted by excluding studies one by one, resulted in a positive and significant risk estimate. Contrary to the earlier meta-analysis, this study observed heterogeneity among subgroups and produced significant positive results to show that there exists an association between air traffic noise exposure and cardiovascular disease. It was also observed that the risk of cardiovascular disease due to exposure to transportation noise has increase to significant levels over the last 30 years. Conclusion: It can be concluded that though the association between transportation noise exposure and cardiovascular disease is evident, but not at a significant level. This study although provides evidence that air traffic noise is a serious cause of concern.

Preceding research has linked noise exposure, road traffic bring the dominant community source, with annoyance, which is an indicator of more serious, chronic health conditions. This study aimed to explore the association between residential road traffic noise and self-reported annoyance from an adult Indian population, residing close to roadways. The cross-sectional study used a questionnaire survey in an urban Indian municipality along roadways, where faηade noise assessment was made manually. The survey included randomly selected subjects aged 19-59 years, residing minimum of 10 years in the area and residing within 50 m of the roadways. Association of self-reported annoyance and noise exposure was examined by binary and multiple logistic regressions. The noise exposure was classified in units of 5 dB (A) from

Context: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an obsessive invader in the hospitals worldwide. It has powerful antibiotic resistance mechanisms, one of such being metallo beta lactamase, which is taking away from our hands our last resort, carbapenem group of antibiotics, to fight them. Not only they possess this metallic gun, they are exceptionally good gun dealers also, as the genes producing this metallo beta lactamase resides on plasmids and hence, are easily and efficiently transferrable among other bacteria, Thus it becomes a present day concern to detect the presence of MBL positive Pseudomonas aeruginosa in every hospital to have a powerful and effective antibiotic regimen in the future also. Aims: To determine the presence and extent of MBL positive Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Midnapore Medical College, West Midnapore district, West Bengal, India. Materials and Methods: A total of 630 samples were processed, out of which 112 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found. Among these, 20, were found to be imipenem resistant and these were subjected to EDTA impregnated imipenem disc potentiation test. Discussion: Out of 112 P. aeruginosa , 8 isolates (7%) turned out to be MBL producers. Also, a high susceptibility pattern was found for aminoglycosides. Conclusion: Although we found a low prevalence of MBL producing P. aeruginosa , still it is worrisome. Constant vigilance and careful selection of antibiotics are necessary.