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Introducción: la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) es un problema de salud pública en el Perú. El sistema de salud peruano invierte alrededor del 4% de su presupuesto total en financiar solo terapias de hemodiálisis. Objetivo: determinar la comparación de los costos directos entre las terapias de reemplazo renal (TRR). Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo de análisis de costos. Se evaluaron los costos de los pacientes en las tres diferentes TRR: trasplante renal, hemodiálisis, diálisis peritoneal de la Red Asistencial Junín del Seguro Social EsSalud. Se analizaron los datos de 213 pacientes. Se calcularon los costos medios. Los datos fueron tomados de la Unidad de Adquisiciones y Costos de la Red Asistencial Junín (RAJ) EsSalud desde el año 2016 al año 2021. Resultados: el trasplante renal en el primer año acarrea un costo de 70 680 soles (US$ 18 123,07), el cual disminuye con el paso de los años. Luego, a partir del segundo año de trasplante el costo anual medio es de US$ 6 000. La hemodiálisis conlleva un costo de 39 000 soles anuales (US$ 10 000) y la diálisis peritoneal 49 680 soles (US$ 12 738). A los cinco años, la diálisis peritoneal es más costosa, seguida de la hemodiálisis y, finalmente, el trasplante renal. Conclusiones: la diálisis peritoneal es la terapia más costosa, seguida de la hemodiálisis y luego el trasplante renal.

Background: mortality in patients with acute kidney injury is high and sometimes low- and medium-income health systems lack tools capable of predicting the prognosis of these patients. Objective: to estimate the prognostic value of short-term mortality of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with acute kidney injury in an intensive unit care. Methods: a retrospective cohort analytical study was conducted in 124 patients with acute kidney injury from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022. A k-means cluster analysis was performed, requesting the creation of three clusters according to values of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. Survival curves were constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method and the survival means were compared using the Log-Rank test. The optimal cut-off point of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was established for the prediction of mortality and the discriminatory capacity was evaluated through the area under the curve of the C statistic. Results: mortality was higher in the third tercil (76.74 %). The deceased patients had a significantly higher median index than the survivors (6.73 vs. 4.55; p

Background: chronic kidney disease is a public health problem worldwide. It is important to educate patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment so that they develop the ability to face the disease and improve their quality of life. Objective: to determine the level of resilience in patients treated in the hemodialysis unit of the General Teaching Hospital "Dr. Ernesto Guevara de la Serna”, in Las Tunas. Methods: an observational, prospective and cross-sectional study was carried out in 95 patients with terminal chronic renal failure, in the hemodialysis unit declared in the objective, during September-December 2019. The variables: level of resilience, age, state marital status, educational level, religion, length of stay in the hemodialysis unit, were evaluated. The resilience scale developed and validated by Wagnild & Young and the perceived social support scale were used. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results: the age group corresponding to early adulthood predominated (between 31 and 45 years with 48.4 %) and those who had been on hemodialysis for more than 24 months (64.2 %). The highest percentage of patients presented a low level of resilience (55.8 %). Almost half had higher education (48.4 %). They showed statistical significance with the level of resilience: the level of education, religiosity, time in the hemodialysis unit and social support; not so marital status and age. Conclusions: the level of resilience in patients with terminal chronic renal failure on hemodialysis was characterized.

Introducción: la enfermedad renal crónica afecta a gran parte de la población mundial. Su diagnóstico en las fases iniciales permite mejor manejo de la enfermedad, mejor pronóstico y mejor calidad de vida. Objetivo: comparar el estado de salud de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en el momento de inicio de hemodiálisis según la influencia de la remisión precoz o la tardía al Especialista en Nefrología. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo y transversal a una población constituida por los 348 pacientes que comenzaron el tratamiento sustitutivo renal en hemodiálisis en el Hospital “Arnaldo Milián Castro” en el período de estudio; se utilizó la distribución Chi cuadrado para el análisis estadístico. Resultados: predominaron los pacientes masculinos, mayores de 60 años, con una referencia tardía a hemodiálisis. En el 40,8% de los casos la causa fue la diabetes y el 65,56% de los que acudieron tardíamente necesitaron diálisis de urgencia. En ambos grupos de estudio se presentaron alteraciones en los valores de la hemoquímica y fueron el filtrado glomerular y la albúmina los de más variabilidad. Los pacientes con referencia tardía fueron los que más presentaron comorbilidades y el 51,5% no se encontraban dispensarizados. Conclusiones: los pacientes con una remisión tardía al Especialista en Nefrología son los que más necesitan hemodiálisis de urgencia y acceso vascular temporal de urgencia, así como son los que más debutan con hipertensión arterial asociada a su enfermedad de base, y la mayoría no se encuentran dispensarizados por su médico de familia.

Objetivo: Describir las características y permanencia de los catéteres venosos centrales temporales (CVCT) para en hemodiálisis en el servicio de Nefrología de un hospital público en el periodo del 2015 al 2019. Métodos: Estudio analítico longitudinal de cohorte retrospectiva. Se incluyeron 2156 registros de procedimientos de colocación de CVCT para hemodiálisis en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica estadio 5 (ERC-5), se registró la condición final de los catéteres durante el periodo de seguimiento. Se excluyeron los pacientes que se perdieron en el seguimiento. Resultados: Se evaluaron 2156 procedimientos en 1650 pacientes. La localización del catéter fue: Yugular 1019 (51,9 %), Subclavia 198 (9,2 %), Femoral 129(5,9%). Las principales causas de retiro fueron por: disfunción de catéter 730 (33,9 %) e infección 410 (19,1 %). En el curso de 5 años se observaron variaciones en la proporción pacientes que inician hemodiálisis con Fístulas Arteriovenosa (FAV) de 9,6 % a 17,1 % (p=0,042) y en la colocación de Catéteres Venoso Central (CVC) tunelizados al año de inicio de 8 % a 23,03 % (p 60 años) y la etiología diabética. En el periodo de estudio las variaciones en la proporción de pacientes que inician terapia de hemodiálisis crónica con FAV son muy bajas.

Background: chronic renal failure is a health problem that increases on a worldwide scale. Population aging is involved in this and it has brought about the progressive inclusion of elderly patients in the programs of chronic hemodialysis. Objective: to describe clinical and nephrology variables in senior citizens undergoing hemodialysis due to terminal chronic renal failure, at the "Manuel Ascunce Domenech" Provincial Clinico-surgical Teaching Hospital of Camagüey, from January 2015 through November 2020. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out to characterize the elderly population undergoing hemodialysis due to terminal chronic renal failure, at the aforementioned hospital provincial. The sample was made up of 228 patients between 60 and 89 years old, with at least three months in the hemodialysis program. Descriptive statistics was used for data treatment. Results: there was predominance of patients between 60 and 64 years old (40 %), male sex (59 %) and white skin (68,9 %), half of them normoweight. The use of the intravascular catheter was more frequent (57,9 %) and the predominant causes of chronic renal failure were nephroangiosclerosis (30,7 %) and diabetic nephropathy (28,5 %). The main intradialytic complications were hypotension (29,4 %) and angor (16,2 %). Most of the patients experienced anxious-depressive symptoms (86,8 %). Cardiovascular events were the leading causes of death (18 %). Conclusions: clinical and nephrology variables of senior citizens on hemodialysis included in the study were described.

A finales del 2019 se inició en Wuhan, China, el brote de un nuevo coronavirus que se dispersó por todo el mundo infectando y cobrando miles de vidas. Se ha encontrado que ciertas comorbilidades constituyen factores de riesgo para resultados poco satisfactorios de la enfermedad, pero es poco lo que se ha descrito sobre pacientes en hemodiálisis, a pesar de tratarse de una población de alto riesgo de infección, complicaciones y muerte. En este artículo se describe el curso clínico, las manifestaciones clínicas y las complicaciones de la COVID-19 en siete pacientes en hemodiálisis permanente y se hacen recomendaciones para el manejo de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica.

La enfermedad renal crónica tiene una prevalencia estimada de 6,5% a 8% en los adultos mayores de 18 años en Uruguay. A pesar de los esfuerzos por realizar un diagnóstico temprano y retrasar su progresión un porcentaje de pacientes requiere terapia de reemplazo renal (TRR) mediante diálisis, con una tasa de incidencia anual de 166 pacientes/millón de población. A pesar de las mejoras en el cuidado nefrológico y en las técnicas de hemodiálisis, la mortalidad anual de los pacientes en esta técnica es elevada en nuestro país (16,5%) y en todo el mundo. Con el objetivo de mejorar estos aspectos se han ensayado técnicas dialíticas que asocian la convección como estrategia para depurar moléculas de mayor tamaño que habitualmente no se depuran en la hemodiálisis convencional. La hemodiafiltración en línea (HDF-OL) es una técnica convectiva. Cuando se utiliza como TRR crónica se asocia a una reducción de la mortalidad de 30%-35% comparada con la hemodiálisis convencional. En el año 2014 se instrumentó esta técnica en el Hospital de Clínicas, siendo el centro pionero en el país en contar con ella como TRR crónico. El proceso de implementación implicó cambios de la infraestructura (monitores de diálisis, centro de tratamiento del agua), formación de recursos humanos, cambios en el funcionamiento y controles microbiológicos programados. El control de calidad sistemático y los diferentes estudios realizados en este período de cinco años han mostrado que es una técnica segura, capaz de remover solutos de tamaño medio y de disminuir los requerimientos de eritropoyetina. No se encuentra aún financiada por el sistema de salud, lo que puede constituir una barrera en su difusión a nivel nacional. En el presente trabajo se revisan las características fundamentales de la hemodiafiltración, su beneficio comparado con la hemodiálisis convencional, y el proceso de implementación de la técnica junto con algunos resultados iniciales en el Hospital de Clínicas.

El objetivo de este estudio es reconocer las incertidumbres más comunes que presentan los pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad renal crónica. Se realizó revisión sistemática de la literatura científica de artículos publicados entre 2012 a 2018, en idioma español, portugués e inglés, y accesibles a texto completo. Búsqueda exhaustiva y reproducible de trabajos originales en las bases de datos Scielo, PubMed, Ebschost, Dialnet, Redalyc, con los descriptores (DeCS) "Renal Insufficiency Chronic", "Theory of uncertainty", "Renal Dialysis" y sus equivalentes en español, inglés y portugués, con valoración crítica de la calidad científica de los estudios aplicando lista de chequeo PRISMA (2009). Las incertidumbres fueron analizadas desde la teoría de enfermería de MIshel Merle. Los hallazgos muestran que las más comunes están relacionadas con la ambigüedad y falta de información; en la valoración del proceso se presenta mayormente la inferencia y el enfrentamiento de la enfermedad es visto como un peligro, manifestado con sentimientos de ansiedad y depresión.

Introducción: La insuficiencia renal es una de las complicaciones extrapulmonares más frecuente en pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 condicionando peores desenlaces que podría afectar al sistema de salud en Perú. Sin embargo, estudios comparan pacientes con insuficiencia renal aguda (IRA) o crónica (ERC) con pacientes sanos. Objetivo: Determinar características clínicas de pacientes con COVID-19 e insuficiencia renal hospitalizados y evaluar el efecto del tipo de insuficiencia renal y el recibir hemodiálisis en los desenlaces clínicos negativos. Métodos:Cohorte descriptiva incluyó pacientes con algún tipo de insuficiencia renal y COVID-19 hospitalizados durante marzo y julio del 2020, que tuvieron una interconsulta con nefrología. La insuficiencia renal se clasificó como aguda, crónica, y crónica en estadio V con hemodiálisis crónica. Se recolectó información sobre mortalidad, uso de inotrópicos, ventilación mecánica y recibir hemodiálisis aguda. Resultados: Se analizó a 279 pacientes, 22.6% tenían IRA, 33.3% tenían ERC, y 44.1% tenían ERC V. Se describe una mortalidad general de 32.9%, y 27% usaron inotrópicos y recibieron ventilación mecánica. Entre los pacientes con IRA y ERC el 12.9% recibió hemodiálisis por primera vez. Los adultos con ERC y ERC V en HD estudiados tienen menor prevalencia de diabetes mellitus (23.7.3% y 43.9%, respectivamente) e hipertensión arterial (31.2% y 59.4%, respectivamente) en comparación con los adultos que desarrollan IRA (81.0% y 73%, respectivamente) (valor p

Chyloperitoneum is a rare condition associated with peritoneal dialysis. In most cases it is misdiagnosed as bacterial peritonitis, but it can also be a consequence of this infection. We present the spontaneous development of chyloperitoneum in a 54 year old patient with chronic kidney disease secondary to diabetic nephropathy, in manual peritoneal dialysis for 5 years. The treatment consisted of temporary suspension of peritoneal dialysis, bowel rest, supply of a diet with a high content of medium chain fatty acids and infusion of octreotide. After 10 days the patient showed improvement, and peritoneal dialysis was restarted. A systematic search of the literature found 16 published cases (11 women), ranging in age from newborn to 88 years.

En el año 2012 la Asociación Argentina para el Estudio de las Enfermedades del Hígado presentó las primeras guías de práctica clínicas referidas al tratamiento de la hepatitis crónica por virus C (HCV). En 2014 se publicó un Consenso Argentino de Hepatitis C, en el que se revisaron todos los temas concernientes a esta enfermedad. Los sucesivos avances en el tratamiento de la hepatitis C crónica nos llevan a actualizar estas guías en forma periódica. Las sociedades científicas dedicadas al estudio de las enfermedades hepáticas: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), Asociación Latinoamericana para el Estudio del Hígado (ALEH), Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y Asian-Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL), han actualizado sus guías en base a los ultimos tratamientos aprobados por la FDA (Food and Drug Administration) en Estados Unidos y por la EMA (European Medicines Agency) para la hepatitis C. Dado el rápido avance en las investigaciones y desarrollo de nuevos tratamientos, la guía de la AASLD se actualiza periódicamente y sólo se publica online. El manejo de los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica avanzada, en hemodiálisis y los pacientes con trasplante renal implica un desafío particular. Si bien los lineamientos para el tratamiento de estos pacientes se encuentran en las recomendaciones presentadas por la AAEEH, esta población requiere algunas consideraciones especiales. Es por ello que el Comité de expertos en hepatitis virales de la AAEEH ha decidido realizar las "Recomendaciones para el Tratamiento de la Hepatitis Crónica por Virus C en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica, en diálisis (hemodiálisis y diálisis peritoneal) o trasplantados renales" en conjunto con la Sociedad Argentina de Nefrología (SAN), la Asociación Nefrológica de Buenos Aires (ANBA) y la Sociedad Argentina de Trasplantes (SAT). En estas recomendaciones se incluyen los últimos tratamientos recomendados, empleando los antivirales aprobados o en vías finales de aprobación por las autoridades regulatorias en nuestro país. Estas recomendaciones están basadas en el análisis sistemático de la información relevante recientemente publicada. Las referencias se obtuvieron a través de una búsqueda informática en MEDLINE hasta agosto de 2018, de la revisión de las guías de práctica clínica de la AASLD, la EASL, la ALEH, la APASL y la OMS, de la revisión de las presentaciones en congresos internacionales, y de la experiencia publicada de líderes de opinión y expertos en el tratamiento de la hepatitis C. Para caracterizar la evidencia que sustenta cada afirmación, se le asignó a cada recomendación la Clase (reflejando beneficio versus riesgo) y el Nivel de Evidencia (evaluando potencia o certeza), según ha sido recomendado. Se recomendarán los esquemas de tratamiento que se apliquen a la mayoría de los pacientes. Asumimos que el tratamiento de la hepatitis C con estas drogas debe ser indicado y monitoreado por profesionales altamente entrenados en este campo y que cuenten con el soporte tecnológico y multidisciplinario adecuados, en caso contrario, corremos el riesgo de desaprovechar las oportunidades terapéuticas y de no utilizar adecuadamente un recurso caro y limitado.

In Mexico, chronic kidney disease is a major public health problem in pediatric patients. The therapeutic options for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children are dialysis and kidney transplant (KT); the latter constitutes the current treatment of choice for children suffering from end-stage renal disease. The aim of this study was to describe our experience of perioperative treatment of pediatric patients undergoing en bloc kidney transplant. Female patient, 12 years old, from Veracruz, Mexico, suffering from stage 4 CKD according to KDOQI criteria, secondary to glomerulonephritis. An en bloc kidney transplantarion from a pediatric deceased donor was performed; balanced general anesthesia with mechanical ventilation was used. Cold ischemia time was 17 hours and warm ischemia time was 30 minutes. The surgery lasted 5 hours and 10 minutes and the total anesthesia time was 6 hours. The patient was taken to the pediatric intensive care unit and showed an adequate renal graft acceptance. During the following seven months the clinical course was satisfactory and kidney echotomography showed normal results. Glomerulonephritis made this patient undergo hemodialysis replacement therapy due to CKD at a very early age. The en bloc kidney transplantation performed was successful thanks to the multidisciplinary management involved in the Kidney Transplant Program.

A case of right acute hydrotorax is reported in a 13 years old boy with terminal chronic renal failure in CPD (chronic peritoneal diálysis); it is a rare complication and in our experience in the chronic peritoneal dialysis program in Hospital del niño Jesus, Tucuman, in 12 years of duration is the first case. We inform the evolution, diagnosis and resolution.

Este documento de recomendaciones tiene como objetivo orientar a médicos nefrólogos y no nefrólogos que asisten a pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en todas las etapas de la misma, en el proceso de vacunación contra el SARS-CoV-2. Como consecuencia de la situación epidemiológica y de los tiempos del proceso de elaboración de las vacunas disponibles, no se ha generado evidencia lo suficientemente potente, por lo que las recomendaciones no se acompañan del nivel de evidencia. Se fundamenta la necesidad de priorizar la vacunación en este grupo de pacientes en el mayor riesgo de adquirir la infección por SARS-CoV-2, desarrollar la enfermedad COVID-19 con mayor gravedad y presentar una mortalidad más elevada que la población general. Las recomendaciones se organizan por grupos de pacientes considerando pacientes con ERC no dialítica, diálisis y trasplante renal, y pacientes bajo tratamiento inmunosupresor.

Objetivo: describir las características demográficas y clínicas de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en estadio 3-5 y la asociación de variables con mortalidad. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, con enfoque analítico; Realizado en Florencia Caquetá, en una IPS privada en el servicio de nefrología, se analizaron las variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, a través de análisis univariado y bivariado, aplicando prueba de asociación con mortalidad mediante chi cuadrado y regresión logística simple para calcular razones de prevalencia (PR). Resultados: se evaluaron a 213 pacientes, con un promedio de edad de 60,0 ±1,4 años; y un 48,3% de mujeres, con una mortalidad registrada de 29,5%. Se hallaron como factores asociados a mortalidad: LDL < 70 mg/dL (PR 0,45; IC95%: 0,24-0,84), y Albumina < 3,5 mg/dL (PR 12,65; IC95%: 5,85-27,3). Conclusión: la hipoalbuminemia y los niveles bajos de LDL se presentan como factores asociados a la mortalidad en pacientes con ERC en estado 3-5 de Florencia-Caquetá. En el caso de la hipoalbuminemia, ésta se presenta como un factor de riesgo, mientras que los valores de LDL menores a 70 mg/dL, son un factor protector.

Objetivos: estimar el riesgo de tuberculosis (TB) en pacientes en terapia de reemplazo renal diálisis (TRR) y analizar la variación de la incidencia, su presentación clínica y pronóstico. Método: estudio retrospectivo desde 1995 a 2013. Los datos fueron extraídos del Registro Uruguayo de Diálisis y de la Comisión Honoraria para la Lucha Antituberculosa y Enfermedades Prevalentes (CHLA-EP). Se analizó la forma de diagnóstico, presentación clínica, prueba de tuberculina, evolución y mortalidad. Asimismo, se estudiaron variaciones de incidencia, riesgo y relación temporal con la terapia de reemplazo. Resultados: en 18 años, 10.516 pacientes recibieron diálisis crónica en Uruguay, y 13.083 casos de TB fueron diagnosticados. El 1,4% (n= 119) de todos los casos de TB en ese período fueron pacientes en TRR. La incidencia de TB en la población general en el período estudiado fue de 21 casos cada 100.000 pacientes/año (cp105) vs 212 cp105 en TRR. El riesgo de TB fue ocho veces mayor en TRR (SIR: 8, IC95% [6,5-9,3]). El tiempo medio de TRR al momento del diagnóstico fue de cuatro años (0 a 20), el 37,8% de los casos sucedieron en los dos primeros años de TRR; sin embargo, la incidencia se incrementó significativamente luego de los nueve años de TRR. La letalidad en la población general relacionada TB fue de 10,3%, siendo esta cifra duplicada en la población en TRR (23,5%). Conclusiones: el riesgo de TB en TRR es mayor y su mortalidad duplica la de la población general.

Introduction: chronic kidney disease is considered a growing socio-economic and public health problem for all systems worldwide. Objective: characterize hemodialysis older adults at “Abel Santamaria Cuadrado” General Teaching Hospital during 2016-2017. Method: an observational, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted, the target group was made up of the 139 patients suffering from chronic kidney disease who underwent hemodialysis treatment in the period study, the sample included 53 older adult patients, the data obtained was stored in a database for further analysis and processing, using descriptive statistics to present the results obtained. Results: male sex predominated (66 %), the age group from 65 to 69 (37,7 %). Hypertension was the cause of the utmost prevalence (41,5 %), the type vascular access for hemodialysis most applied in patients was the central venous catheter (60 %), and cardiovascular disease was the clinical characteristic associated with a morbidity and mortality rate of higher incidence (50,9 %). Cardiovascular diseases prevailed as the main causes of death (17 %). Conclusions: older adults with hemodialysis treatment suffered from diabetes mellitus and/or hypertension as the principal comorbidities, which constitute at the same time, the triggering causes of the disease. The use of central venous catheter was common as a venous access. Cardiovascular diseases constituted the principal causes of mortality.

Introduction: Malnutrition, being a condition with a multifactorial etiology, is very frequent in dialysis patients. Objective: To make a diagnosis of the situation and the evolution of parameters following nutrition intervention. Expected goals after six months: nutritional assessment of 100% of patients; 70% with type A subjective global assessment (SGA); 80% with ≥3.5 g/dL albumin levels, and 70% with >0.8 g/kg/day protein intake (nPNA). Methods: Patients undergoing dialysis for more than 90 days were evaluated during March and April (diagnostic stage) and November and December 2016 (evolution of parameters), recording personal, anthropometric and laboratory data, food history and SGA. The nutritional actions were: interviews to patients and relatives, education through group talks and indication of hyperproteic supplements to patients selected according to appetite, weight loss and albumin. Results: In the diagnostic stage, 35 patients were evaluated; 18 (51%) had BMI > 23 and < 35; 9 (26%) with nPNA > 0.8 g/kg/day. Albumin was ≥3.5 g/dL in 24 patients (69%). Type A SGA in 16 patients(46%); type B in 12 of them (34%) and type C in 7 (20%). Five patients received supplements (14%). In a later stage, 28 patients were evaluated; 11 (39%) with BMI > 23 and < 35. nPNA; > 0.8 g/kg/day in 27 patients (96%). Albumin was ≥3.5 g/dL in 23 patients (82%). Type A SGA in 18 patients (64%); type B in 9 of them (32%) and type C in 1 (4%). 100% of the supplemented subjects achieved the expected goals. Conclusion: Periodic nutritional assessment, interventions and supplementation improve the short-term nutritional goals of the dialysis population.

Introducción: la fístula arteriovenosa autóloga es el acceso vascular óptimo para los pacientes que se realizan hemodiálisis, desde su confección, maduración y utilización esta puede presentar varias complicaciones, siendo los pseudoaneurisma sobre las fístulas arteriovenosas autólogas una de las complicaciones infrecuentes. Presentación del caso: se presenta el caso de un paciente de 40 años, masculino con antecedente de hipertensión arterial, aneurisma cerebral, insuficiencia renal crónica en hemodiálisis utilizando como vía de acceso fístula arteriovenosa autóloga que desarrolló un pseudoaneurisma trombosado. Se exponen aspectos clínicos y quirúrgicos relacionados con este. Conclusiones: se reportó el caso de un paciente con pseudoaneurisma trombosado desarrollado sobre fístula arteriovenosa autóloga, una complicación infrecuente pero que su resolución quirúrgica permitió prolongar la vida útil del acceso vascular.

Introducción: La intoxicación por metanol constituye una entidad clínica que puede cursar con mal pronóstico neurológico, cardiaco, renal, metabólico e incluso letalidad. Actualmente, la frecuencia de aparición es baja o subestimada, obedeciendo sobre todo a intentos autolíticos o intoxicaciones accidentales. El diagnóstico precoz y la instauración temprana del tratamiento adecuado es vital para evitar la morbimortalidad. Descripción del caso: Presentamos el caso de una intoxicación aguda por metanol manifestada por acidosis metabólica severa, compromiso del estado de conciencia y secuelas neurológicas; luego de la instauración del tratamiento, con resultados favorables gracias al inicio temprano con terapia de reemplazo renal. Conclusiones: La importancia de este caso es resaltar la necesidad temprana de terapia de reemplazo renal ante la sospecha de acidosis metabolica en el contexto de alcoholes.

Reports of pregnant patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis (CKDHD) with successful births are becoming more frequent. In the Ministry of Health there are no publications of official records of patients on dialysis and, therefore, data about pregnant women on dialysis are unknown. A retrospective and multicenter study was conducted on patients with CKDHD who had successful births in the public hospitals of Lima. Only 4 were found to have enough data for the report. The patients had an average age of 29 years (SD: 4.8), with an average gestation time at the end of pregnancy of 30.5 weeks (SD: 3.69). Preeclampsia was the most common complication in 2 out of 4 patients and all patients had less than 20 hours of treatment per week. The Ministry of Health should propose contingency measures for the management of these cases, which will be more and more frequent.

Introduction: There is a great incidence of fractures in patients suffering from end-stage chronic disease. This is partly caused by chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder and partly by the high prevalence of muscle weakness in these patients. Objective: Our objective was to identify the determining factors of muscle strength measured by means of handgrip strength (HGS) in chronic hemodialysis patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on adult patients in a hemodialysis center. Handgrip strength (HGS) and lean mass index (LMI) were measured, as well as albumin and magnesium values and other serological parameters. Multiple linear regression was used to assess HGS predictors. Results: We analyzed 139 patients (88 men and 51 women; age: 60.7 ± 16); 18 subjects were excluded. Mean albumin values: 3.8 +/- 0.47 mg/dL; median hemodialysis time: 37 months (15-83). From the total number of patients, 25% (n=35) were found to be sarcopenic and 21.5% (n=30) had a history of diabetes. The univariate analysis showed a positive correlation between magnesium and HGS (ß 0.19 p 0.02). According to the multivariate analysis, all the following showed a correlation with HGS and were statistically significant: (R2 0.61 p

Perforating dermatoses (PD) represent a heterogeneous group of inherited or acquired diseases characterized by transepidermal migration of dermis extracellular matrix components (collagen, elastic tissue or necrotic connective tissue) following an inflammatory and/or degenerative process. The etiopathogenesis of acquired perforating dermatosis (APD) is unknown. However, it is strongly associated with minor trauma, chronic renal failure and diabetes mellitus and, less frequently, with endocrinological diseases, infectious diseases, neoplastic growth, among others. Acquired perforating dermatoses are diagnosed in 10-12 % of patients undergoing hemodialysis. Itching constitutes the main symptom of this disorder. In some cases, it may be incapacitating and secondary excoriation due to scratching may cause extensive lesions altering the skin barrier function. We report the cases of two patients undergoing hemodialysis three times a week, both with a history of diabetes mellitus and end-stage chronic renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT). These patients presented with generalized itching dermatosis which had been going on for months. Upon physical examination, raised, hyperpigmented lesions with an umbilicated center and surrounded by an erythematous halo were observed on the face, trunk and limbs. Histopathological examination revealed APD.

Introduction: Bone and mineral metabolism disorder is a serious complication of Chronic Kidney Disease. Concerning phosphorus, the new KDIGO Guidelines suggest a reduction of hyperphosphatemia, but they do not recommend a specific value. However, in Argentina, a phosphorus value of 5 mg/dL or less is used as a dialysis quality indicator (DiaQualInd). Our objective was to evaluate whether this goal is currently valid as a DiaQualInd. Methods: A multicentric, crosssectional study was conducted. Patients older than 18 were included, with more than 90 days undergoing hemodialysis. Demographic and laboratory data were tabulated, comparing normophosphatemic with hyperphosphatemic values. According to this method, in 3 centers the upper reference limit was 4.5 mg/dL and in 4 centers it was 5.6 mg/dL. The latter were analyzed as a separate group (F 5.6). Results: There were 333 patients included in this study. Age, sex, AVF percentage, diabetes, time on dialysis, Kt/V, hemoglobin and albumin were similar to the registry data. The median phosphatemia was 5.2 mg/dL, (range: 2.3 to 10.6). The hyperphosphatemic patients were the youngest, spent less time on dialysis and showed higher hemoglobin and albumin values. In group F 5.6 (n = 203), according to KDIGO only 33.7% would need treatment. If this DiaQualInd were to be applied (phosphorus lower than 5 mg/dL), the percentage would be 55%, that is, 21.3% of normophosphatemic patients should be treated. Conclusions: Phosphatemia determination should be standardized before using a fixed value such as DiaQualInd.

Objective: Our objective was to establish the frequency of early referral to the nephrologist for the initiation of hemodialysis (HD) and its associated epidemiological factors in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a public hospital in Peru. Material and methods: We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study in patients who started HD in a public hospital in Peru. Our main variable was early referral, defined as patients who received an indication of onset of HD after 180 days of the first appointment in the nephrology service. We collected epidemiological and laboratory variables. We used crude and adjusted generalized linear models (GLM) and we calculated the proportion ratio (PR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) as a measure of association. Results: We evaluated 148 patients; we found early referral in 17% of the population. In the adjusted GLM, participants older than 60 years had a higher proportion of early referral to the nephrologist, PR = 2.17; 95% CI (1.09-4.32); p = 0.03. We showed a lower frequency of early referral among participants with severe anemia, PR = 0.15; 95% CI (0.02-1.11); p = 0.06. Conclusions: The frequency of early referral is low and it should be considered a public health problem. We recommend improving the process of referral in our health care network. How to cite this article: Huauya-Leuyacc C, Palacios-Guillen AM, Benites-Zapata VA. [Epidemiological factors associated with early referral to a nephrologist to start chronic hemodialysis in patients at a Public Hospital in Peru]. Rev Nefrol Dial Traspl. 2018; 38(2):126-33.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the most common causes of mortality in chronic kidney disease. Smoking is a well defined risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) have found elevated in chronic inflammatory process. We aimed to evaluate if IL-6, TNF-alpha, hsCRP and ET-1 are increased in smoker hemodialysis (HD) patient compared to non-smoker HD individuals to potentially refer us cardiovascular diseases noninvasively. Material and methods: 80 smoker and 50 non-smoker maintenance hemodialysis male patients with similar demographic characters, dialysis and support treatment and metabolic profile. In addition to routine tests, we took samples for evaluating IL-6, TNF-alpha, hsCRP and endothelin-1. P values were measured. Results: In smoker HD patients, IL-6, TNF-alpha, hsCRP and endothelin-1 levels were found increased level statistically significant compared to non-smoker indiviuals. Conclusion: This study may refer us that smoking is an additional risk factor among HD individuals by increased levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, hsCRP and ET-1. How to cite this article: Hulya Ç, Şule C, Bahar E, Saliha A, Sibel E, Papatya D. Evaluation of Smoking as an additional risk factor for cardiovascular diseases among hemodialysis patients by increased levels of Il-6, TNF-Alpha, hs-CRP and Endothelin-1. Rev Nefrol Dial Traspl. 2018; 38(2):103-10.

Type 2 diabetes (DM2) is one of the greatest public health problems in the world and one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century. Glycemia is a laboratory parameter that is easy to evaluate and plays a fundamental role both in the diagnosis of DM and in its follow-up. The identification of glycated proteins, especially hemoglobin (HbA1c) and serum proteins (fructosamine), makes it possible to quantify their average over weeks or months, which complements glucose monitoring. The methods implemented to achieve glycemic control in chronic kidney disease (CKD) are extrapolated from studies on DM without CKD, due to the lack of evidence from high quality randomized studies in this population. It should be considered that in CKD there are metabolic changes determining that hemoglobin (Hb) shows variable behaviors; this is why it is discussed whether HbA1c constitutes a reliable marker to define glycemic control or whether it is useful to predict the development of complications in this subpopulation. A review of the role of HbA1c in DM patients without CKD is presented, showing also the difficulties that arise in the subpopulation with CKD, especially among patients undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease is a condition that affects both patients and their families in every aspect of life. One of them which has not been much explored and which bears a direct relation with life quality is sexuality in patients undergoing dialysis. Methods: A qualitative study within the post-positivist paradigm and from the perspective of a grounded theory was conducted. The in-depth interview was used as a data collection technique. Seven women on dialysis participated. Objective: The main aim of this research was to explore sexuality in female patients undergoing dialysis. Results: After examining the interviews, the following categories were identified: corporality, sexual practice limitations, sexual practice adaptations, risk of infections, self-esteem, kind of couple relationship and fear of the future. Conclusions: For women on dialysis, sexuality is a fundamental aspect of their lives, which should be considered in the training of healthcare staff working in the renal area. Further research is suggested regarding women on peritoneal dialysis and with a greater number of participants.

Introducción: la infección por el virus de hepatitis C es frecuente en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica con o sin tratamiento hemodialítico; en ellos este agente patógeno es la principal causa de enfermedad hepática. Objetivos: describir aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, endoscópicos e histológicos del hígado en un grupo de pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en régimen de hemodiálisis que padecen el virus de hepatitis C. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal entre abril de 2015 y marzo de 2016. El universo estuvo formado por todos los pacientes de 18 años y más, de ambos sexos, con insuficiencia renal crónica en régimen de hemodiálisis que padecen virus de hepatitis C, tratados en el Hospital “Arnaldo Milián Castro”; la muestra fue de 34 pacientes. Resultados: el mayor número de afectados correspondió al rango de 40 a 59 años de edad (61,8%) y predominó el sexo masculino (61,8%). Un total de 23 pacientes (67,6%) tenían más de seis años de evolución de la infección y la alaninoaminotransferasa estuvo elevada en 26 (76,5%). Fue la hepatomegalia el hallazgo clínico que predominó (20, 58,8%) y por examen laparoscópico (67,6%) e histológico (83,3%) destacó la hepatitis crónica. Conclusiones: la infección por el virus de hepatitis C fue más frecuente en el grupo de edades entre 40 y 59 años y predominó en hombres. El parámetro bioquímico de mayor relevancia fue la elevación de alaninoaminotransferasa y en la clínica predominó la hepatomegalia. A mayor tiempo de infección correspondió mayor afectación hepática, tanto endoscópica como histológicamente.

Introduction: During the last few years, physical activity has become a therapeutic tool and a protective mechanism for the elderly; it reduces cardiovascular risk in patients undergoing different types of dialysis and receiving palliative care. Objective: The aim of this study was to establish the inclusion criteria for a therapeutic physical activity program through the use of the PAR-Q & YOU Questionnaire with elderly patients treated with different types of hemodialysis, and to relate it with cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: Pearson's chi-squared test was used to determine the possible association among variables, considering the medical history and discomfort caused by physical activity against the results of PAR-Q & YOU. Binary logistic regression was used with the variables in the chi-squared test. Conclusions: Through logistic regression, we found that cardiovascular history was 10.44 times more significant to establish the relevance of the PAR-Q & YOU as a basic assessment instrument for the inclusion in a physical activity program which is part of a physiotherapy-led renal rehabilitation.

Introduction: in dialyzed patients, it has been observed a high incidence of hepatitis since the beginning of dialysis as a substitute treatment for renal function. In hemodialysis a prevalence of 13% is observed, with a high variability (from one to 70%). Objective: to determine the prevalence of hepatitis C and its associated factors in dialyzed patients. Method: a descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed; the universe of study consisted of the 169 patients who were under dialysis treatment. The variables studied were age, sex, time of dialysis, history of renal transplantation and dialysis method. Results: a prevalence of 36,7% was observed among the patients studied. As for sex the male (37,5%) was the most affected and by age group from 25 to 34 years (55,6%). Of 91,3% was the prevalence among patients with more than three years of dialysis treatment, of 78,6% among those who reported antecedents of renal transplantation and 38,7% in the case of patients receiving hemodialysis as treatment renal replacement. Conclusions: the time of treatment in hemodialysis was the factor of greatest association with hepatitis C infection in dialyzed patients.

Introduction: Peritonitis is the most common complication in peritoneal dialysis (PD), with an effect on morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to analyze epidemiology, risk factors, implementation of the BACTEC™ blood culture system and mortality of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis. Methods: In this retrospective, cohort study, all the patients who started PD between 1992 and 2017 at Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba (Córdoba Private Medical College Hospital) were included. Results: The total number of patients was 159, 63 (39.62%) of which had suffered from peritonitis at least once and 96 (60.38%) had never had it. The global peritonitis rate was 0.37 episodes per patient-year. The risk factors for peritonitis were the following: a history of hemodialysis before PD (OR=3.18; CI 95%=1.41-7.14; p=0.0051) and hypoalbuminemia (OR=3.10; CI 95%=1.36-7.06; p=0.0071). The implementation of the BACTEC™ system increased the percentage of positive blood cultures (from 73.55% to 96.55%; p=0.0076). The most frequent isolates were MSSA (23.66 %) and GNB (20.61 %). Differences were found between the 1992-2006 and 2006-2017 periods in the Candida isolates (1.49 % and 9.38 %; p=0.0448) and the “other bacteria” group (1.49 % and 9.38 %; p=0.0448). Although peritonitis patients showed a higher mortality rate (55.56 % versus 38.58 %; p=0.0480), the multivariate analysis revealed that this condition was not a mortality independent risk factor. Conclusion: The risk factors for peritonitis were hemodialysis prior to PD and hypoalbuminemia. The use of the BACTEC™ system increased the percentage of positive blood cultures. After 2006 the number of isolates from the Candida and the “other bacteria” groups was higher. Peritonitis was not a long-term mortality independent risk factor.

Introduction: This work’s objective is to compare third and second generation assays in patients with normal kidney function and in chronic hemodialysis patients, and the implications on the latter. Methods: 60 chronic hemodialysis patients and 40 patients with normal kidney function were studied and their PTH levels were measured for both assays. Results: In patients population with normal kidney function the average on PTH was 51.8 and 45.6 pg/ml with second and third generation assays respectively. In chronic hemodialysis patients the average PTH was 193.9 and 137.1 pg/ml with second and third generation assays respectively. The difference between assays was 11.3% and 29.3% in patients with normal kidney function and in hemodialysis patients respectively. Third generation assay caused a variation in the amount of patients that fall over seve ral PTH ranges according to KDIGO guidelines, for a lesser value of 2 times the reference upper limit: it changes from 20 to 25 patients, between 2 and 9 times: it changes from 31 to 32 patients, and more than 9 times: it changes from 9 to 3 patients. Conclusions: When PTH concentration increases the difference between both assays also increases, for this reason we cannot use them indiscriminately in a chronic hemodialysis patient population. With third generation assays 11 patients (18.3%) changed their classification according to KDIGO guidelines, which will result in a change of treatment.

Introduction: Dynamometry is a cheap, simple and easily reproduced method to assess muscle strength (MS), which, like other processes of obtaining measurements, displays high sensitivity and specificity for the early detection of any change in the nutritional status. Objectives: To evaluate factors concerning the reduction in MS in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Methods: A single center, crosssectional study was carried out. The following clinical variables were analyzed: sex, age, blood pressure, weight, significant weight loss within the last 36 months, body mass index (BMI), weight gain in between dialysis sessions, hemodialysis treatment time, diabetes, energy and protein intake. Other factors taken into account were: laboratory findings (hemoglobin, hepatogram, electrolyte panel, calcium test, phosphate test, lipid profile, protein analysis, transferrin saturation) and hand grip strength (before and after dialysis, on both arms) measured through dynamometry. The patients' muscle strength values were compared to those of healthy subjects. Values below the 10th percentile were regarded as abnormal. Mean, median, standard deviation as well as the X2 and the Student's t tests were considered where applicable. A p

Introduction: Peritoneal dialysis is under-used in many countries. Usually the admission of acute patients to renal replacement therapy are directed to HD. Urgent start of peritoneal dialysis offers a safe and efficient option to avoid the use of central venous catheters and to increase peritoneal dialysis use. Material and methods: It is a retrospective, observational study comparing patients who started urgent peritoneal dialysis with those that started dialysis in the conventional way, after 4 weeks. Results: 12 peritoneal dialysis patients were analyzed. Six of them under urgent start and the other six received the conventional procedure- Follow-up period was shorter for patients receiving urgent start. There were not significant differences between both groups concerning: age, sex, initial volume, KT/V, albumin, urea, calcium, phosphorus, ferritin, PCR and type of catheter. PTH was significantly lower in patients who received urgent start PD (P≤0.047). Regarding complications: two patients presented leakage of peritoneal fluid and one patient had wall bruising, in the urgent start group. Complications were solved with adequate treatments and did not cause change of methods. Discussion: Urgent start to peritoneal dialysis is a safe method and does not involve major complications. It is a strategy to decrease the use of hemodialysis catheters and to increase number of patients on dialysis peritoneal programs.

Introducción: el uso de simuladores en el aprendizaje de maniobras invasivas contribuye a la seguridad del paciente. Objetivos: diseñar y evaluar un curso para aprendizaje de la realización de vías venosas centrales con ecografía Doppler y uso de simuladores. Material y método:se definieron objetivos de aprendizaje, contenidos y metodología didáctica. Se realizaron pruebas de evaluación de destrezas, inicial y final, mediante una evaluación clínica objetiva estructurada (ECOE). Se evaluó la opinión de los estudiantes y el nivel de autoconfianza adquirido. El impacto en la práctica clínica se determinó a través del registro de las maniobras de colocación de vía venosa central (VVC) en el semestre siguiente. Resultados: el curso se realizó en el primer semestre 2015 para los siete estudiantes de posgrado de Nefrología de primer año y constó de cuatro instancias (tres horas), con introducción teórica y actividades prácticas con retroalimentación docente inmediata. La encuesta de satisfacción fue Muy Satisfactorio-Excelente en 7/7 y el nivel de autoconfianza aumentó en 4/7 participantes. Se observó una mejora significativa en los ECOE inicial vs final (test de t muestras pareadas p < 0,05). Se realizó una instancia de reparación. Se registraron las 64 VVC realizadas por los participantes, en el semestre siguiente al curso, y las complicaciones experimentadas: dos punciones arteriales, tres hematomas localizados, un aneurisma arterial y un neumotórax (10%), todos con buena evolución. Conclusiones: el uso de simuladores en el aprendizaje de maniobras invasivas logró un alto grado de satisfacción de los participantes, un aumento de su autoconfianza y una mejora significativa en el aspecto técnico.

Introduction: Health education search to influence on persons’ attitude for to improve your health by mean of healthy habits promotion. In patients with hemodialysis your functional capacity usually is diminished for physical inactivity. Objective: To evaluate the effect of a health education intervention for aerobic exercise’s promotion on the functional capacity in hemodialysis patients from Mexico. Methods: Quasi-experimental study beforeafter with control group in Hospital Medical Care Units of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, Jalisco’s Delegation, with a universe of 26 patients with hemodialysis purposively sampled, 14 in Group “A” (experimental) and 12 in Group “B” (control). It included variables: age, gender and functional capacity. The intervention consisted of directed dialogue on biopsychosocial factors of renal disease, functional capacity and nutrition, with accompaniment in aerobic exercises of 30 minutes/week for 20 weeks. It evaluated functional capacity with Delta Test and it compared means before and after with Student’s T (p ≤ 0,05). Results: There were no statistically significant differences between age and gender of patients in the “A” and “B” Groups. Mean functional capacity before and after: Group “A” 14 ± 5 vs 8 ± 4 (p < 0,001), Group “B” 16 ± 4 vs 17 ± 5 (p = 0,405). Conclusions: The health education influenced favorably on the physical activity of patients with hemodialysis and improved your functional capacity. To implement aerobic exercise programs during hemodialysis sessions it advisable.

The viral infections affect the morbidity and mortality of patients in substitute treatment of renal function; the infection for the virus of hepatitis C is a flagellum of public health in this century and a serious health problem in adult hemodialysis centers of Villa Clara. A descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study was realized in “Arnaldo Milián Castro” Hospital in the period between January 2012 and December 2014; only 41 patients constituted the hemodialysis population. It was aimed to characterize patients with hepatitis C and it was an updated review of the topic to show the progress made in prevention with the use of the new room of purifying methods. To compile information it was used a form of data collection and the hospitable records were consulted. In the study the male patients predominated aged between 50 and 69, with the highest incidence in 2012, the time between six months and one year was the period of greatest infestation and the route of infection most preponderant was for catheter of hemodialysis. In the prevention of viral infection is essential the fulfillment universal standards compliance of biosafety; the restructuring of the unit of purifying methods is a pioneer in this effort.

La diálisis peritoneal, como tratamiento sustitutivo de la función renal, se basa en la instilación dentro de la cavidad peritoneal de soluciones de diálisis con el objeto de aprovechar algunas de las propiedades del peritoneo como membrana biológica, con el fin de eliminar las sustancias de desecho generadas diariamente por nuestro organismo y contribuir entre otros con el control del balance hidrosalino alterado en la insuficiencia renal.

The occurrence of cardiovascular events is 10 to 30 times higher in hemodialysis patients than in the general population and these are the leading cause of death. Based on this problem an observational, descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study was conducted to describe the cardiovascular complications in patients with chronic kidney disease who initiated hemodialysis during the period from January to December 2014 in the Department of Nephrology of “Arnaldo Milián Castro” Hospital; the population consisted of 63 patients with chronic kidney disease, stage V. It was concluded with a predominance of male patients, white skin and aged between 50 and 69 years; diabetic nephropathy was the most common cause of chronic kidney disease; cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients prevailed and during the procedure the hypotension and left ventricular dysfunction were the most frequent and cardiovascular mortality was the most prevalent.

Chronic kidney disease is the slow and progressive loss of kidney function that are responsible for removing waste and excess water from the body; when they are not able to perform their functions properly it is necessary to make purifying methods to sick person. A patient of 17 years old is presented, with a diagnosis of severe mental retardation, who came to the nephrology department with a significant deterioration in his health and showing characteristic symptoms of chronic kidney disease. It was decided to prepare the patient for renal biopsy to then start the purifying methods. Emphasis was placed on the indication of the dialytic methods, therefore, practically, there is no contraindication to its completion and can offer a better quality of life for patients and families.

A descriptive cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study was made with 38 patients who were performing hemodialysis at “Arnaldo Milian Castro” University Provincial Hospital of Villa Clara Province, in the period between January 2014 and January 2015 those who performed bone densitometry. Chronic kidney disease predominated in patients included between 45 and 54 years old, white skin and male sex and hypertension was the disease most commonly associated. In bone densitometry values predominated moderate and severe osteopenia; patients who took steroid had more osteopenia and osteoporosis as well as those who practiced little physical activity; the values of calcium, phosphorus and albumin were not related to the results of bone densitometry; it was shown that with increasing time of hemodialysis the value of bone densitometry diminished and there is 80.4% of dependence on other variables not studied such as diet, the calcium value before and after hemodialysis and even proper genetics of the patient.