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Background Unintentional carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning poses a public health challenge. The UK National Poisons Information Service (NPIS) provides advice to healthcare professionals via the online database, TOXBASE®, and a 24-hour telephone line. Our aim was to analyse all CO-related enquiries to the NPIS. Methods We analysed enquiries regarding unintentional CO exposure (1st July 2015-30th June 2019). Information on patient demographics, CO source and location, clinical features and poisoning severity was collected from telephone enquiries and TOXBASE accesses. Results 2970 unintentional non-fire-related CO exposures were reported. Exposures occurred commonly in the home (60%) with faulty boilers frequently implicated (27.4%). Although five fatalities were reported, 68.7% of patients experienced no or minor symptoms only (headache most frequently reported). Despite being the gold standard measurement, blood carboxyhaemoglobin concentration was only recorded in 25.6% patients, with no statistically significant correlation with severity. Conclusions Unintentional CO exposures in the UK commonly occur in domestic settings and although are generally of low severity, fatalities continue to occur. Carboxyhaemoglobin measurement is important to confirm exposure but further work is required to assess its validity as a prognostic indicator in CO exposure. Public health policy should continue to focus on raising awareness of the dangers of CO.

Obesity is a growing worldwide health problem, with an alarming increasing prevalence in developed countries, caused by a dysregulation of energy balance. Currently, no wholly successful pharmacological treatments are available for obesity and related adverse consequences. In recent years, hints obtained from several experimental animal models support the notion that purinergic signalling, acting through ATP-gated ion channels (P2X), G protein-coupled receptors (P2Y) and adenosine receptors (P1), is involved in obesity, both at peripheral and central levels. This review has drawn together, for the first time, the evidence for a promising, much needed novel therapeutic purinergic signalling approach for the treatment of obesity with a 'proof of concept' that hopefully could lead to further investigations and clinical trials for the management of obesity.

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is the most aggressive form of thyroid cancer, and novel therapies are urgently needed to prolong patient survival and improve clinical outcomes. Very few scientific reviews have examined the literature on combination therapies with the goal of describing the available preclinical and clinical data and suggesting future clinical combination treatment schedules. The present review focuses on preclinical and clinical studies of drug combination therapies in ATC. The relevant literature from PubMed and Scopus was reviewed in this article; the ClinicalTrials.gov database was searched for clinical trials not yet published. Recent data from preclinical models strongly support the idea that combination treatments that utilize drugs from different antineoplastic classes have synergistic antitumour activity in ATC. However, rapid translation of these therapies into the clinic is impeded by the difficulty in recruiting enough patients for randomized clinical trials. Although promising results have been obtained in preclinical studies, additional clinical research is required to elucidate the efficacy of combination treatments for clinical practice.

The aim of this study was to investigate possible synergistic effects in vitro of trifluridine/tipiracil (TAS-102) and 5-fluoruracil (5-FU) on fluoropyrimidine-sensitive colon cancer cell lines of different mutational status in order to build a rational basis for the future use of this combination therapy in adjuvant settings or as a first-line treatment for metastatic disease. Proliferation assays were performed on HT-29 (B-raf mutated), SW-620 (ras mutated), and Caco-2 (wild type) colon cancer cell lines exposed to 120-h treatments of 5-FU, TAS-102 and their different combination schedules (simultaneous, sequential and reverse) at equimolar and non-equimolar ratios. The synergistic, additive and antagonistic effects of 5-FU and TAS-102 were determined by the combination index (CI) and dose reduction index (DRI). Our preclinical in vitro results may suggest an apparently counterintuitive but strongly synergistic combination of 5-FU and TAS-102 in fluoropyrimidine-sensitive colon cancer cells allowing a marked theoretical reduction in the administered doses of both drugs. In particular, this association seems to be highly effective in wild-type colon cancer cells, both in sequential and simultaneous schedules. Together, these data may build a rational basis for the future use of TAS-102 combined with 5-FU in adjuvant settings, or as a first-line treatment for metastatic disease.

The purpose of this study was to examine pazopanib/topotecan combination activity vs. pazopanib monotherapy on anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cells. Proliferation analyses were performed on ATC cell lines administered for 72 h with pazopanib and topotecan alone and to their simultaneous combination. Pazopanib and topotecan produced a strong synergism on ATC cells, calculated by the combination index, increasing the intracellular concentrations of topotecan lactone measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Furthermore, a significantly decrease of the gene expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) was presented in combination-treated ATC cells by real time PCR tests. In summary, the simultaneous association of pazopanib and topotecan established a highly synergistic ATC antiproliferative effect, suggesting a new possibility to translate this schedule into clinical trials.

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare neoplasia with a poor prognosis. Proliferation and apoptosis assays were performed on ATC cell lines (8305C, 8505C) exposed to vinorelbine, lenvatinib, as well as to concomitant combinations. ABCB1, ABCG2 and CSF-1 mRNA expression was evaluated by real time PCR. The relative levels of pospho Akt were investigated as part of a human phospho-kinase array analysis, and CSF-1 and VEGFR-2 protein levels were measured by ELISA. The intracellular concentration of lenvatinib in ATC cells was measured by combined reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. An ATC subcutaneous xenograft tumor model in nude mice was treated with vinorelbine, lenvatinib, or vinorelbine plus lenvatinib. After treatment with vinorelbine, lenvatinib, a significant antiproliferative effect in ATC cell lines was observed. The concomitant treatment of vinorelbine and lenvatinib revealed synergism for all the fractions of affected cells. A decrease in ABCB1 expression was reported in both ATC cell lines treated with the lenvatinib plus vinorelbine combination, as was an increase in the intracellular concentration of lenvatinib. The combination caused a decrease in Akt, GSK3α/β, PRAS40 and Src phosphorylation, and in both CSF-1 mRNA and protein levels. In the subcutaneous tumor model, the combination reduced the tumor volume during the treatment period. Our results establish the synergistic ATC antitumor activity of a vinorelbine and lenvatinib combination.

Objectives Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can exert detrimental effects in the lower digestive tract. The aim of this study was to examine the protective effects of a combination of the probiotic Bifidobacterium longum BB536 (Bifidobacterium) with the prebiotic lactoferrin in a rat model of diclofenac-induced enteropathy. Methods Enteropathy was induced in 40-wk-old male rats by intragastric diclofenac (4 mg/kg twice daily for 14 d). Lactoferrin (100 mg/kg twice daily), Bifidobacterium (2.5 × 106 CFU/rat twice daily) or their combination were administered 1 h before diclofenac. At the end of treatments, the ileum was processed for the evaluation of histologic damage, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as well as the expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR-2/-4) and the activation of downstream signaling molecules (MyD88 and nuclear factor [NF]-κB p65). Blood hemoglobin and fecal calprotectin were also assessed. Results Diclofenac induced intestinal damage, along with increments of MPO and MDA, overexpression of TLR-2, TLR-4, MyD88, and NF-κB p65, increased fecal calprotectin and decreased blood hemoglobin levels. Lactoferrin or Bifidobacterium alone prevented diclofenac-induced enteric damage, and the changes in blood hemoglobin, MPO, MDA, fecal calprotectin, and NF-κB p65. Bifidobacterium, but not lactoferrin, decreased TLR-4 expression, although none of them affected MyD88 overexpression. TLR-2 expression was slightly enhanced by all treatments. The combined administration of lactoferrin and Bifidobacterium reduced further the intestinal damage, and restored MPO and blood hemoglobin levels. Conclusions Diclofenac induced ileal mucosal lesions by activation of inflammatory and pro-oxidant mechanisms. These detrimental actions were prevented by the combination of lactoferrin with Bifidobacterium likely through the modulation of TLR-2/-4/NF-κB proinflammatory pathways.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can damage the small intestine, mainly through an involvement of enteric bacteria. This study examined the pathophysiology of NSAID-associated intestinal lesions in a rat model of diclofenac-enteropathy and evaluated the effect of rifaximin on small bowel damage. Enteropathy was induced in 40-week old male rats by intragastric diclofenac (4 mg/kg BID, 14 days). Rifaximin (delayed release formulation) was administered (50 mg/kg BID) 1 h before the NSAID. At the end of treatments, parameters dealing with ileal damage, inflammation, barrier integrity, microbiota composition, and TLR-NF-κB-inflammasome pathway were evaluated. In addition, the modulating effect of rifaximin on NLRP3 inflammasome was tested in an in vitro cell system. Diclofenac induced intestinal damage and inflammation, triggering an increase in tissue concentrations of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1β, higher expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4, MyD88, NF-κB and activation of caspase-1. In addition, the NSAID decreased ileal occludin expression and provoked a shift of bacterial phyla toward an increase in Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes abundance. All these changes were counterbalanced by rifaximin co-administration. This drug was also capable of increasing the proportion of Lactobacilli, a genus depleted by the NSAID. In LPS-primed THP-1 cells stimulated by nigericin (a model to study the NLRP3 inflammasome), rifaximin reduced IL-1β production in a concentration-dependent fashion, this effect being associated with inhibition of the up-stream caspase-1 activation. In conclusion, diclofenac induced ileal mucosal lesions, driving inflammatory pathways and microbiota changes. In conclusion, rifaximin prevents diclofenac-induced enteropathy through both anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities.

Obesity represents one of major health problems strongly linked to other co-morbidities, such as type 2 diabetes, CVD, gastrointestinal disorders and cognitive impairment. In this context, nutritional stress, such as an excess of fat intake, promotes a systemic oxidative stress, characterised by hyperproduction of reactive oxygen species, leading to cellular alterations that include impaired energy metabolism, altered cell signalling and cell cycle control, impaired cell transport mechanisms and overall dysfunctional biological activity. Flavonoids, dietary components of plant foods, are endowed with a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant activity, and have been proposed to reduce the risk of major chronic diseases. The present review intends to highlight and critically discuss the current scientific evidence on the possible effects of flavonoids in counteracting obesity and related co-morbidities (i.e. type 2 diabetes mellitus, CVD, gastrointestinal disorders and cognitive impairment) through a decrease in oxidative stress and related inflammatory conditions.

Background and purpose Apigenin can exert beneficial actions in the prevention of obesity. However, its putative action on obesity-associated bowel motor dysfunctions is unknown. This study examined the effects of apigenin on colonic inflammatory and motor abnormalities in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Experimental approach Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with standard diet (SD) or high-fat diet (HFD). SD or HFD mice were treated with apigenin (10 mg/Kg/day). After 8 weeks, body and epididymal fat weight, as well as cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose levels were evaluated. Malondialdehyde (MDA), IL-1β and IL-6 levels, and let-7f expression were also examined. Colonic infiltration by eosinophils, as well as substance P (SP) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressions were evaluated. Motor responses elicited under blockade of NOS and tachykininergic contractions were recorded in vitro from colonic longitudinal muscle preparations. Key results When compared to SD mice, HFD animals displayed increased body weight, epididymal fat weight and metabolic indexes. HFD mice showed increments in colonic MDA, IL-1β and IL-6 levels, as well as a decrease in let-7f expression in both colonic and epididymal tissues. HFD mice displayed an increase in colonic eosinophil infiltration. Immunohistochemistry revealed an increase in SP and iNOS expression in myenteric ganglia of HFD mice. In preparations from HFD mice, electrically evoked contractions upon NOS blockade or mediated by tachykininergic stimulation were enhanced. In HFD mice, Apigenin counteracted the increase in body and epididymal fat weight, as well as the alterations of metabolic indexes. Apigenin reduced also MDA, IL-1β and IL-6 colonic levels as well as eosinophil infiltration, SP and iNOS expression, along with a normalization of electrically evoked tachykininergic and nitrergic contractions. In addition, apigenin normalized let-7f expression in epididymal fat tissues, but not in colonic specimens. Conclusions and implications Apigenin prevents systemic metabolic alterations, counteracts enteric inflammation and normalizes colonic dysmotility associated with obesity.

Purpose: Luteolin exerts beneficial effects against obesity-associated comorbidities, although its influence on vascular dysfunction remains undetermined. We examined the effects of luteolin on endothelial dysfunction in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Methods: Standard diet (SD) or high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice were treated daily with luteolin intragastrically. After 8 weeks, body and epididymal fat weight, as well as blood cholesterol, glucose, and triglycerides were evaluated. Endothelium-dependent relaxations of resistance mesenteric vessels was assessed by a concentration-response curve to acetylcholine, repeated upon Nw-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) or ascorbic acid infusion to investigate the influence of nitric oxide (NO) availability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) on endothelial function, respectively. Intravascular ROS production and TNF levels were measured by dihydroethidium dye and ELISA, respectively. Endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), as well as microRNA-214-3p expression were examined by Western blot and RT-PCR assays, respectively. Results: HFD animals displayed elevated body weight, epididymal fat weight and metabolic indexes. Endothelium-dependent relaxation was resistant to L-NAME and enhanced by ascorbic acid, which restored also the inhibitory effect of L-NAME, suggesting a ROS-dependent reduction of NO availability in HFD vessels. Moreover, media-lumen ratio, intravascular superoxide anion and TNF levels were increased, while vascular eNOS, SOD1, and microRNA-214-3p expression were decreased. In HFD mice, luteolin counteracted the increase in body and epididymal fat weight, and metabolic alterations. Luteolin restored vascular endothelial NO availability, normalized the media-lumen ratio, decreased ROS and TNF levels, and normalized eNOS, SOD1 and microRNA-214-3p expression. Conclusion: Luteolin prevents systemic metabolic alterations and vascular dysfunction associated with obesity, likely through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Objective Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are twice as likely to experience sudden cardiac death compared with individuals without RA. Although the underlying mechanisms of this have not been clarified, evidence points to the effects of systemic inflammation on ventricular repolarization. Accordingly, prolongation of the corrected QT (QTc) interval is more frequent in patients with RA compared with individuals without RA also correlating with C-reactive protein (CRP) and predicting all-cause mortality. Tocilizumab (TCZ) is an anti–interleukin-6 receptor antibody that potently inhibits inflammatory activation in RA, with rapid normalization of acute-phase reactant levels, including the CRP level. Therefore, we hypothesized that TCZ may normalize the QTc interval by dampening systemic inflammation, thus reducing the risk of arrhythmia in patients with RA. Methods Seventeen consecutive patients with active RA who were scheduled to receive TCZ once every 4 weeks underwent a clinical examination, electrocardiography, and blood sampling just before the first injection with TCZ and again after 3 months and 6 months of treatment. Results At baseline, 76% of patients displayed prolongation of the QTc interval (mean ± SD 452.3 ± 35.8 msec). TCZ treatment was associated with a rapid and significant reduction of the QTc interval to mean values

This study presents the revised version of the Collaborative Interactions Scale (CIS) [Colli, A.,Lingiardi, V. (2009). The Collaborative Interactions Scale: A new transcript-based method for the assessment of therapeutic alliance ruptures and resolutions in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 19(6), 718-734.], an observer-rated measure for the assessment of therapeutic-alliance ruptures and resolutions. Intensive use of the previous scale resulted in three criticisms: (i) excessive time required to perform evaluations, (ii) the low occurrence of some items, and (iii) the scale's low capacity to capture some patient-therapist interactions in fine detail. In this study, we aimed to describe the scale revision process and evaluate interrater reliability and scale validity by comparing sessions of patients with and without personality disorders (PDs).Three raters conducted a blind evaluation of a sample of 60 sessions (180 segments; 3607 narrative units) with 30 patients (15 had a PD diagnosis and 15 had a DSM-5 clinical syndrome diagnosis without a PD).Interrater reliability results ranged from acceptable to excellent and were comparable to those of the former version. Patients with PDs showed a greater number of alliance ruptures and a smaller number of collaborative processes than patients without PDs. Moreover, therapists presented more negative interventions with the PD sample than with the non-PD sample.The results indicate that the revised CIS is a reliable rating system that is useful for both empirical research and clinical assessments. Clinical or methodological significance of this article: The CIS-R is a reliable rating system that is suitable for both empirical research and clinical assessment. It is useful for recognizing rupture and resolution processes, both in clinical everyday practice and in psychotherapists' training. Application of the CIS-R promotes clinical reflection on the therapeutic action used to manage ruptures in a session.

The murine model of high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity is characterized by an increment of intestinal permeability, secondary to an impairment of mucosal epithelial barrier and enteric inflammation, followed by morphofunctional rearrangement of the enteric nervous system. The present study investigated the involvement of abdominal macrophages in the mechanisms underlying the development of enteric dysmotility associated with obesity. Wild type C57BL/6J mice were fed with HFD (60% kcal from fat) or normocaloric diet (NCD, 18% kcal from fat) for 8 weeks. Groups of mice fed with NCD or HFD were treated with clodronate encapsulated into liposomes to deplete abdominal macrophages. Tachykininergic contractions, elicited by electrical stimulation or exogenous substance P (SP), were recorded in vitro from longitudinal muscle colonic preparations. Substance P distribution was examined by confocal immunohistochemistry. The density of macrophages in the colonic wall was examined by immunohistochemical analysis. Malondialdehyde (MDA, colorimetric assay) and IL-1β (ELISA assay) levels were also evaluated. MDA and IL-1β levels were increased in colonic tissues from HFD-treated animals. In colonic preparations, electrically evoked tachykininergic contractions were enhanced in HFD mice. Immunohistochemistry displayed an increase in substance P immunoreactivity in myenteric ganglia, as well as in the muscular layers of colonic cryosections from obese mice. Macrophage depletion in HFD mice was associated with a significant reduction of colonic inflammation. In addition, the decrease in macrophage density attenuated the morphofunctional alterations of tachykininergic pathways observed in obese mice. Obesity elicited by HFD determines a condition of colonic inflammation, followed by a marked rearrangement of motor excitatory tachykininergic enteric nerves. Macrophage depletion counteracted the morphofunctional changes of colonic neuromuscular compartment, suggesting a critical role for these immune cells in the onset of enteric dysmotility associated with obesity.

Objectives. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disorder presenting fibrosis of the skin and internal organs, for which no effective treatments are currently available. Increasing evidence indicates that the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), a nucleotide-gated ionotropic channel primarily involved in the inflammatory response, may also have a key role in the development of tissue fibrosis in different body districts. Aim of this study was aimed at investigating P2X7R expression and function in promoting a fibrogenic phenotype in dermal fibroblasts from SSc patients, also analyzing putative underlying mechanistic pathways. Methods. Fibroblasts were isolated by skin biopsy from 9 SSc patients and 8 healthy controls. P2X7R expression, and function (cytosolic free Ca2+ fluxes, alpha-smooth muscle actin [alpha-SMA] expression, cell migration and collagen release) were studied. Moreover, the role of cytokine (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6) and connective tissue growth factor production (CTGF), and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) activation in mediating P2X7R-dependent pro-fibrotic effects in SSc fibroblasts was evaluated. Results. P2X7R expression and Ca2+ permeability induced by the selective P2X7R agonist 2’-3’-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)ATP (BzATP) was markedly higher in SSc than control fibroblasts. Moreover, increased alpha-SMA expression, cell migration, CTGF and collagen release were observed in lipopolysaccharides-primed SSc fibroblasts after BzATP stimulation. While P2X7-induced cytokine changes did not affect collagen production, it was completely abrogated by inhibition of the ERK pathway. Conclusion. In SSc fibroblasts, P2X7R is overexpressed and its stimulation induces Ca2+-signaling activation and a fibrogenic phenotype characterized by increased migration and collagen production. These data point to the P2X7R as a potential, novel therapeutic target for controlling exaggerated collagen deposition and tissue fibrosis in patients with SSc.

Adenosine A2B receptors (A2BR) regulate several enteric functions. However, their implication in the pathophysiology of intestinal dysmotility associated with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity has not been elucidated. We investigated the expression of A2BR in mouse colon and their role in the mechanisms underlying the development of enteric dysmotility associated with obesity. Wild-type C57BL/6J mice were fed with HFD (60% kcal from fat) or normocaloric diet (NCD; 18% kcal from fat) for 8 weeks. Colonic A2BR localization was examined by immunofluorescence. The role of A2BR in the control of colonic motility was examined in functional experiments on longitudinal muscle preparations (LMPs). In NCD mice, A2BR were predominantly located in myenteric neurons; in HFD animals, their expression increased throughout the neuromuscular layer. Functionally, the A2BR antagonist MRS1754 enhanced electrically induced NK1-mediated tachykininergic contractions in LMPs from HFD mice, while it was less effective in tissues from NCD mice. The A2B receptor agonist BAY 60-6583 decreased colonic tachykininergic contractions in LMPs, with higher efficacy in preparations from obese mice. Both A2BR ligands did not affect contractions elicited by exogenous substance P. Obesity is related with a condition of colonic inflammation, leading to an increase of A2BR expression. A2BR, modulating the activity of excitatory tachykininergic nerves, participate to the enteric dysmotility associated with obesity.

Introduction The mainstay therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) relies on L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) plus a DOPA-decarboxylase inhibitor. However, their effects on colonic dysmotility and inflammation observed in PD are undetermined. This study examined the effects of L-DOPA plus benserazide (BE) on colonic motility and inflammation in rats with central nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation. Methods Neurodegeneration was induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injection into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). 6-OHDA animals were treated orally with L-DOPA/BE for 28 days, starting 28 days after 6-OHDA injection. At the end of treatment, in vivo colonic transit was evaluated by a radiologic assay. Electrically stimulated (ES) cholinergic contractions were recorded in vitro from colonic preparations, while acetylcholine release was measured in the incubation medium. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression as well as eosinophil and mast cell density were examined in the colonic wall by immunohistochemistry. Colonic TNF and IL-1β levels were also assayed. Results 6-OHDA animals displayed: 1) decrease in in vivo colonic transit; 2) impairment of ES-stimulated cholinergic contractions; 3) decreased acetylcholine release from myenteric nerves; 4) decrease in ChAT and increase in GFAP myenteric immunopositivity; 5) increase in eosinophil and mast cell density; 6) increase in TNF and IL-1β levels. Treatment with L-DOPA/BE elicited an improvement of in vivo and in vitro colonic motor activity, a normalization of acetylcholine release, ChAT immunopositivity, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine patterns, ganglionic GFAP levels, eosinophil and mast cell density. Conclusion Under dopaminergic nigrostriatal denervation, treatment with L-DOPA/BE ameliorated colonic motility through a normalization of myenteric cholinergic neurotransmission, along with an improvement of colonic inflammation.

This study used naturalistic data from psychodynamic (PD) and cognitive-behavioral (CB) clinicians in the community to offer a portrait of treatments for eating disorder (ED) patients as provided in everyday clinical practice. The research aims were (1) to examine the therapeutic interventions reported by PD and CB clinicians working with ED patients; and (2) to assess the impact of different variables (such as patient personality styles, ED symptomatology, and therapists' theoretical orientation and experience) on the technique use reported by clinicians. A national sample of PD and CB clinicians (N = 105) completed the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-200 (SWAP-200; Westen & Shedler, 1999a, 1999b) to assess personality disorders of a female patient with EDs in their care, as well as the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale-Bulimia Nervosa (CPPS-BN; Thompson-Brenner & Westen, 2005) to describe the characteristic interventions used in their treatments. Results showed that PD clinicians tended to use primarily PD interventions, while CB clinicians employed CB techniques supplementing them with a wider range of PD strategies. However, clinicians from both theoretical orientations used adjunctive treatment techniques for EDs at a similar level. In addition, use of PD interventions was strongly associated with the personality styles of ED patients regardless of therapists' orientation, primarily being used more often when patients exhibited dysregulated and impulsive styles. Conversely, use of CB interventions was primarily related to a clinicians' CB orientation, patients with more explicit symptoms of anorexia nervosa, and negatively related to clinicians' years of experience. The clinical implications of these findings were discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record

The aims of this study were to identify (a) patterns of clinicians' emotional responses to patients with eating disorders (ED); (b) patient, clinician, and treatment variables associated with therapist emotional responses; and (c) the influence of patient personality on therapist emotional responses. A random national sample of psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapists (N = 149) was asked to examine one patient (>18 years old) with an ED. Clinicians completed the SWAP-200, the Therapist Response Questionnaire, and the Clinical Questionnaire-Eating Disorder Form to provide general information about themselves, patients, and therapies. Results suggested a therapist pattern of emotional response in relation to different ED diagnosis and indicated meaningful influence of therapist experience and patient variables (such as sexual abuse, dissociative symptoms, and self-harm) on therapist emotional reactions. Finally, regression analysis suggested that therapist responses are more related to patient personality than ED symptoms. This study confirms the importance of patient personality in evoking specific therapists' reactions.

Many previous studies have demonstrated that P2X(7) receptors (P2X(7)Rs) have a pleiotropic function in different pathological conditions and could represent a novel target for the treatment of a range of diseases. In particular, recent studies have explored the role of P2X(7)R in fibrosis, the pathological outcome of most chronic inflammatory diseases. The aim of this review is to discuss the biological features of P2X(7)R and summarize the current knowledge about the putative role of the P2X(7)R in triggering fibrosis in a wide spectrum of organs such as the lung, kidney, liver, pancreas, and heart.