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Aim: This study was designed for the 1st time to describe the normal head structures of one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) using both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) as well as cross-sectional anatomy. Materials and Methods: Five fresh cadaver heads were collected from clinically normal camels and then subjected to T1-weighted MR and CT imaging. Afterward, these examined heads were transversely sliced to obtain seven crossing levels. Results: The obtained structures per each crossing level were matched with their relevant sorted images of T1-weighted MRI and CT, then identified and labeled accordingly. Conclusion: The data shown herein expand our knowledge of the normal head structures of the camel and could be used as a reference for ultimate diagnosis of the surgical affections of head using MRI and/or CT.

The purpose of this study was to describe normal magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomographic anatomy of pastern and coffin joints in Egyptian buffalo using cadaveric distal limbs. This study was achieved using twelve fresh cadaveric distal limbs from adult healthy buffaloes of both sexes. These cadaveric limbs were scanned using a 1 Tesla MRI scanner and CT scanner, injected with red latex, frozen at -20°C for 1 week, and then sectioned into sagittal, dorsal and transverse slices. The obtained MR and CT images were selected to be matched with their corresponding anatomical cross-sections for identification and evaluation of the clinically correlated anatomical structures of the pastern and coffin joints. The difference in signal intensities on CT and MRI scans amongst the tissues allowed clear differentiation of major bone and soft tissue structures of the pastern and coffin joints. CT provided a high spatial resolution of bone and soft tissue structures, however, MRI allowed a better and higher resolution and definition between soft tissues. The current study provided a normal CT and MRI anatomic reference which could help veterinary clinicians for interpretation and diagnosis of the clinically affected pastern and coffin joints in buffalo.

The images in this chapter are serial axial slices of the cervical region from the base of the posterior cranial fossa to the C5 vertebral body. The slices are 3 mm in thickness and are those of a 75-year-old at death male of a voluntary body donor.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine morphological variations and normal parameters of the cross-sectional tibiofibular syndesmotic anatomy. Methods: Configurations of syndesmosis, anterior syndesmotic width (ASW), posterior syndesmotic width (PSW), and overlap distance, defined as the overlap of medial fibula with a drawn line from tip of anterior tubercle of incisura fibularis to the posterior tip, were measured on normal computed tomography (CT) scans of 110 cases. Results: Seventy seven male (70%) and 33 female (30%) (left: 50 and right: 60) were assessed. Mean age of the cases was 33 ± 13 (range: 15-80) years. Three different syndesmotic configurations were crescent (55.5%), rectangular (39.1 %), and semicircle (5.4 %). Overall, mean ASW, PSW, and overlap distance were 2.72, 3.98, and 1.02 mm, respectively. Upper limit of normal ASW in crescent, rectangular, and semicircle was 4.80, 4.85, and 3.89 mm, respectively. The maximum of PSW in crescent, rectangular, and semicircle was 6.25, 6.50, and 4.97 mm, respectively. There was not significant difference between syndesmotic configurations based on age (P = .69) and sex (P = .16). Conclusions: During interpreting axial CT scan to diagnose syndesmotic injuries, the normal range of parameters according to the different configurations of the tibiofibular syndesmosis should be carefully considered. Level of Evidence: Level 4

Purpose Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a complex malformation affecting not merely the aortic valve. However, little is known regarding the dynamic physiology of the aortic annulus in these patients and whether it is similar to tricuspid aortic valves (TAV). Determining the BAV annular plane is more challenging than for TAV. Our aim was to present a standardized methodology to determine BAV annulus and investigate its changes in shape and dimensions during the cardiac cycle. Methods BAV patients were prospectively included and underwent an ECG-gated cardiac CTA. The annulus plane was manually identified on reconstructions at 5% intervals of the cardiac cycle with a new standardized method for different BAV types. Based on semi-automatically defined contours, maximum and minimum diameter, area, area-derived diameter, perimeter, asymmetry ratio (AR), and relative area were calculated. Differences of dynamic annular parameters were assessed also per BAV type. Results Of the 55 patients included (38.4 ± 13.3 years; 58% males), 38 had BAV Sievers type 1, 10 type 0, and 7 type 2. The minimum diameter, perimeter, area, and area-derived diameter were significantly higher in systole than in diastole with a relative change of 13.7%, 4.8%, 13.7%, and 7.2% respectively (all p < 0.001). The AR was ≥ 1.1 in all phases, indicating an elliptic shape, with more pronounced flattening in diastole (p < 0.001). Different BAV types showed comparable dynamic changes. Conclusions BAV annulus undergo significant changes in shape during the cardiac cycle with a wider area in systole and a more elliptic conformation in diastole regardless of valve type. Key Points • A refined method for the identification of the annulus plane on CT scans of patients with bicuspid aortic valves, tailored for the specific anatomy of each valve type, is proposed. • The annulus of patients with bicuspid aortic valves undergoes significant changes during the cardiac cycle with a wider area and more circular shape in systole regardless of valve type. • As compared to previously published data, the bicuspid aortic valve annulus has physiological dynamics similar to that encountered in tricuspid valves but with overall larger dimensions.

The knee joint is not only the most important and complex structure to present during anatomy lectures, but also a significant region for radiologists and orthopedicians. The objectives of this paper are: 1) to evaluate the efficacy of plastinated specimens by measuring colorimetric differentiation and 2) to compare the anatomical structures of the images obtained from computed tomography (CT) and silicone plastination cross-sections and perform three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed models of the specimens. A total of 16 knee joints selected from the 10% formalin fixed/dissected group (n=6), non-fixed/dissected group (n=6) and non-dissected whole knee joint group (n=4) were scanned by CT and plastinated by using the S10B silicone technique. The color changes of the structures were quantitatively determined with the colorimeter device. Plastinated whole knee joints were cut transversally with a band saw and compared with CT images. Finally, 3D reconstruction of the knee joints was performed from CT images with the 3D reconstruction program. There were statistically significant differences between the fixed and non-fixed groups in terms of color changes (p

The present study aimed to describe the normal cross sectional anatomy and magnetic resonance imaging of pastern and coffin joints in dromedary camel. This study was conducted on twelve distal limbs (fore and hind) of fresh cadavers from three adult camels of both sexes. The specimens appeared normal without orthopedic disorders. Twelve distal limbs were scanned using a 1 Tesla MRI scanner and then injected with colored latex to be sectioned into sagittal, dorsal and transverse slices. Cross anatomical sections were matched with their corresponding MR images for identification and evaluation of the clinically relevant anatomical structures that appeared with different signal intensities on MRI scans. The present study showed that all major soft tissues in pastern and coffin joints of camel were clearly depicted on MR images, however, the palmar/plantar ligaments of pastern joint and ligaments of navicular cartilage could not be identified on MR images. The annotated cross anatomical sections with the corresponding MR images could be used as a normal reference for interpretation of some clinical diseases in pastern and coffin joints of camel.

The sectioned images of a male’s whole body were used for making the four learning tools: the first tool to show the sectioned and color-filled images; the second tool to show surface models of individual structures; the third tool to show a volume model that was continuously peeled; the fourth tool to show a volume model that was freely sectioned. This study was intended to propose the possible learning effects of the four tools. The fourth tool that was recently developed to facilitate oblique sectioning and rotation of the volume model in real time. The four learning tools had their own characteristics, so that they could be separately used for specific achievements. Further, the combination of the tools based on the same raw data may result in a synergic effect. All the tools can be downloaded from the Visible Korean homepage (anatomy.co.kr) gratis. With the four learning tools, students may experience virtual dissection simulation regardless of the place, time, or economic status. Such free learning tools and commercial learning tools need to be improved to compensate and compete with each other.

When performing deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus, practitioners should interpret the magnetic resonance images (MRI) correctly so they can place the DBS electrode accurately at the target without damaging the other structures. The aim of this study is to provide a real color volume model of a cadaver head that would help medical students and practitioners to better understand the sectional anatomy of DBS surgery. Sectioned images of a cadaver head were reconstructed into a real color volume model with a voxel size of 0.5 mm × 0.5 mm × 0.5 mm. According to preoperative MRIs and postoperative computed tomographys (CT) of 31 patients, a virtual DBS electrode was rendered on the volume model of a cadaver. The volume model was sectioned at the classical and oblique planes to produce real color images. In addition, segmented images of a cadaver head were formed into volume models. On the classical and oblique planes, the anatomical structures around the course of the DBS electrode were identified. The entry point, waypoint, target point, and nearby structures where the DBS electrode could be misplaced were also elucidated. The oblique planes could be understood concretely by comparing the volume model of the sectioned images with that of the segmented images. The real color and high resolution of the volume model enabled observations of minute structures even on the oblique planes. The volume models can be downloaded by users to be correlated with other patients’ data for grasping the anatomical orientation.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:54:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 The aim of this study was to identify the anatomical structures in the head region of the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) using computed tomography. For this, three giant anteater corpses, adult and female, were used. The tomographic analysis was performed in sequential order in rostrocaudal direction. Subsequently, the heads of these animals were sectioned in cross sections of approximately 1.5 cm each. Tomographic images were compared with anatomical sections. The association between computed tomography and anatomical sections allowed the visualization of anatomical structures found in the nasal, oral, cranial, pharyngeal and ear cavities. An elongated oral cavity delimited by the elongated mandible was observed. The oral cavity was mainly occupied by a thin and elongated tongue formed mainly by the union of the sternoglossal muscles. The nasopharynx and oropharynx extended up to the neck at the level of the fifth cervical vertebra. The findings of this study suggest that the giant anteater has a head with structures morphologically adapted to its feeding habits, such as an elongated skull, tongue, styloid bones and mandible. In addition, based on the results of this study, it is possible to suggest that computed tomography is a pivotal tool for the veterinary routine of wild animals, since it allowed the identification of anatomical structures found in the head of the giant anteater. School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Graduate Program in Wild Animals São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology São Paulo State University (UNESP) Laboratory of Wildlife Anatomy São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Graduate Program in Wild Animals São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology São Paulo State University (UNESP) Laboratory of Wildlife Anatomy São Paulo State University (UNESP)

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Virtual navigator incorporates both cross sectional anatomy from CT and real time ultrasound guidance in nephrostomy puncture. We aim to report the application of Virtual...

Study design A cross-sectional design. Purpose To determine the characteristics of lumbar extensor muscle (LEM) size and isometric muscle strength and examine their correlations in women with lumbar degenerative diseases (LDDs). Overview of literature Many studies have evaluated the relationship between muscle size and strength, but the results have been controversial. Methods Seventy-four female patients (mean age, 66 years) who consecutively underwent posterior lumbar interbody fusion (L1-S1) were recruited. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the back extensor muscles was measured between L1-2 to L5-S1, and the total sum of the CSAs at each disc level was calculated. Back extensor muscle strength was evaluated using a MedX lumbar extension machine. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI, 0-100) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS, 0-10) of lower back pain were determined. Results The mean CSAs of the LEM at each level (L1/2-L5/S1) and the total sum were 34.3, 36.3, 35.1, 31.4, 21.9, and 156.2 cm2, respectively. The mean isometric strength at each angle (range, 0°-72°) was 32.5, 50.1, 72.0, 88.7, 100.7, 112.2, and 126.2 ft-lb, respectively. The mean ODI and VAS scores were 54.6 and 6.6, and the mean body weight and body mass index (BMI) were 59.9 kg and 24.9 kg/m2, respectively. The CSAs of the upper lumbar level (L1-4) and the total sum of the CSAs were associated with isometric strength, which was negatively correlated with patients' age and ODI and positively associated with body weight and BMI, mainly at higher lumbar flexion angles (48°-72°). Conclusions In women with LDD, LEM sizes of the upper lumbar levels (L1-4) were larger than those of the lower levels (L4-S1) and were positively associated with muscle strength. The upper lumbar levels in patients with LDDs appear to play a compensatory role when degenerative lesions are present in the lower lumbar levels.

SUMMARY: The sectional anatomy of a cat head is essential when interpreting CTs and MRIs of the region. In learning the sectional anatomy, sectioned images of a cat could be quite effective data. The main objective was to assist veterinary physicians who learn the sectional anatomy of a cat head by presenting high-quality sectioned images. A short-haired female cat was frozen and sectioned frontally using a cryomacrotome. Every sectioned surface in real body color was photographed with a digital camera. The frontal planes were stacked to produce dorsal and sagittal planes. High-quality sectioned images of a cat head allowed the identification of small, complicated structures. The notable structures were as follows: each bone of the cranium, structures of the brain, tympanic cavity (larger than human), oval window (larger than human), vestibular nerve, cochlear nerve, ear ossicles, six extraocular muscles, pupil (larger than human), retractor bulbi muscle (not found in human), optic nerve, olfactory bulb (considerably large), vomeronasal organ duct (not found in human), infraorbital gland (not found in human), masticatory muscles (larger than human), maxillary nerve (larger than human), and mandibular nerve. This pacesetting report describes the detailed head structures of a cat from the viewpoint of sectional anatomy. The sectioned images will be given to other interested researchers free of charge.

Cross sectional anatomy had enjoyed wide popularity during 19th century, but its application declined during 20th century. With the advent of radiologic techniques like computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, cross sectional anatomy regains its importance. However, there were differences in the ways anatomists and radiologists approach cross sectional anatomy. This manuscript tries to point out the differences and the steps taken by anatomists to integrate teaching of Anatomy with clinical teaching. Keywords: Cross-sectional anatomy, CT, MRI.

Background: The injury of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) is a common cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain. The aim of this study was to investigate if the high-resolution 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could demonstrate the detailed complex anatomy of TFCC in Chinese. Methods: Fourteen Chinese cadaveric wrists (from four men and three women; age range at death from 30 to 60 years; mean age at 46 years) and forty healthy Chinese wrists (from 20 healthy volunteers, male/female: 10/10; age range from 21 to 53 years with a mean age of 32 years) in Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from March 2014 to March 2016 were included in this study. All cadavers and volunteers had magnetic resonance (MR) examination of the wrist with coronal T1-weighted and proton density-weighted imaging with fat suppression in three planes, respectively. MR arthrography (MRAr) was performed on one of the cadaveric wrists. Subsequently, all 14 cadaveric wrists were sliced into 2 mm thick slab with band saw (six in coronal plane, four in sagittal plane, and four in axial plane). The MRI features of normal TFCC were analyzed in these specimens and forty healthy wrists. Results: Triangular fibrocartilage, the ulnar collateral ligament, and the meniscal homolog could be best observed on images in coronal plane. The palmar and dorsal radioulnar ligaments were best evaluated in transverse plane. The ulnotriquetral and ulnolunate ligaments were best visualized in sagittal plane. The latter two structures and the volar and dorsal capsules were better demonstrated on MRAr. Conclusion: High-resolution 3T MRI is capable to show the detailed complex anatomy of the TFCC and can provide valuable information for the clinical diagnosis in Chinese.

The visceral organs of the male pelvis have complex anatomic relationships with the surrounding extraperitoneal spaces, supplying arteries and adjacent pelvic musculature. Since various neoplastic, vascular, and traumatic pathologies can often involve multiple organs and spread into adjacent pelvic spaces, a keen understanding of this intricate anatomy can help radiologists to accurately characterize findings and improve recognition of the routes in which these conditions can spread. The purpose of this review is to examine the relationships between the anatomic compartments of the pelvic extraperitoneal space, summarize the pelvic arterial anatomy, and identify the pelvic muscles that support normal genitourinary function.

The presentation of pre-sliced specimens is a frequently used method in the laboratory teaching of cross-sectional anatomy. In the present study, a new teaching method based on a hands-on slicing activity was introduced into the teaching of brain, heart, and liver cross-sectional anatomy. A randomized, controlled trial was performed. A total of 182 third-year medical students were randomized into a control group taught with the prosection mode (pre-sliced organ viewing) and an experimental group taught with the dissection mode (hands-on organ slicing). These teaching methods were assessed by testing the students' knowledge of cross-sectional specimens and cross-sectional radiological images, and analyzing students' feedback. Using a specimen test on three organs (brain, heart, and liver), significant differences were observed in the mean scores of the control and experimental groups: for brain 59.6% (±14.2) vs. 70.1% (±15.5), (P < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.17); for heart: 57.6% (±12.5) vs. 75.6% (±15.3), (P < 0.001, d = 0.30); and for liver: 60.4% (±14.5) vs. 81.7% (±14.2), (P < 0.001, d = 0.46). In a cross-sectional radiological image test, better performance was also found in the experimental group (P < 0.001). The mean scores of the control vs. experimental groups were as follows: for brain imaging 63.9% (±15.1) vs. 71.1% (±16.1); for heart imaging 64.7% (±14.5) vs. 75.2% (±15.5); and for liver imaging 61.1% (±15.5) vs. 81.2% (±14.6), respectively. The effect sizes (Cohen's d) were 0.05, 0.23, and 0.52, respectively. Students in the lower tertile benefited the most from the slicing experiences. Students' feedback was generally positive. Hands-on slicing activity can increase the effectiveness of anatomy teaching and increase students' ability to interpret radiological images.

Background Volume models made from magnetic resonance images on computed tomographs can produce horizontal, coronal, sagittal, and oblique planes that are used widely in clinics, although detailed structures cannot be identified. Existing real color volume models are mostly commercial and their production methods have not been released. The aim of this study was to distribute free of charge, real-color volume models produced from sectioned images with the production method. Methods The original voxel size of sectioned images was increased appropriately so that the volume model could be handled by typical personal computers. By using Dicom Browser and MRIcroGL, the sectioned images were processed to become the volume models. Results On the MRIcroGL, the resultant volume model with the voxel size of 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 mm3 could be displayed and freely rotated. By adjusting variables of the software, desired oblique planes could be produced instantly. With overlay function, a model of segmented structure can be overlapped to the entire volume models. The sectioned images with high quality and the segmentation data of Visible Korean enabled the identification of detailed anatomical structures on the planes. Conclusion The volume models can be used by medical students and doctors for learning sectional anatomy. Other researchers can utilize the method of this study to produce volume models from their own sectioned images., Graphical Abstract

Background The curved sectional planes of the human body can provide a new approach of surface anatomy that the classical horizontal, coronal, and sagittal planes cannot do. The purpose of this study was to verify whether the curved sectional planes contribute to the morphological comprehension of anatomical structures. Methods By stacking the sectioned images of a male cadaver, a volume model of the right half body was produced (voxel size 1 mm). The sectioned images with the segmentation data were also used to build another volume model. The volume models were peeled and rotated to be screen captured. The captured images were loaded on user-friendly browsing software that had been made in the laboratory. Results The browsing software was downloadable from the authors' homepage (anatomy.co.kr). On the software, the volume model was peeled at 1 mm thicknesses and rotated at 30 degrees. Since the volume models were made from the cadaveric images, actual colors of the structures were displayed in high resolution. Thanks to the segmentation data, the structures on the volume model could be automatically annotated. Using the software, the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the internal jugular vein in the neck region, the cubital fossa in the upper limb region, and the femoral triangle in the lower limb region were observed to be described. Conclusion For the students learning various medical procedures, the software presents the needed graphic information of the human body. The curved sectional planes are expected to be a tool for disciplinary convergence of the sectional anatomy and surface anatomy., Graphical Abstract

Contains fulltext : 219124.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Neuroanatomy education is a challenging field which could benefit from modern innovations, such as augmented reality (AR) applications. This study investigates the differences on test scores, cognitive load and motivation after neuroanatomy learning by using AR applications or by using cross-sections of the brain. Prior to two practical assignments, a pre-test (extended matching questions, double-choice questions and a test on cross-sectional anatomy) and a mental rotation test (MRT) were completed. Sex and MRT scores were used to stratify students over the two groups. The two practical assignments were designed to study (1) general brain anatomy and (2) subcortical structures. Subsequently, participants completed a post-test similar to the pre-test and a motivational questionnaire. Finally, a focus group interview was conducted to appraise participants' perceptions. Medical and biomedical students (n = 31); 19 males (61.3%) and 12 females (38.7%), mean age 19.2 ±1.7 years participated in this experiment. Students who worked with cross-sections (n = 16) showed significantly more improvement on test scores than students who worked with GreyMapp-AR (P = 0.035) (n = 15). Further analysis showed that this difference was primarily caused by significant improvement on the cross-sectional questions. Students in the cross-section group, moreover, experienced a significantly higher germane (P = 0.009) and extraneous cognitive load (P = 0.016) than students in the GreyMapp-AR group. No significant differences were found in motivational scores. To conclude, this study suggests that AR applications can play a role in future anatomy education as an add-on educational tool, especially in learning three-dimensional relations of anatomical structures. 13 p.

SUMMARY: The liver dimensional (3D) models, consists of eight segments including portal triad (portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct), are necessary because it is difficult to dissect a liver and its inner structures. But it is difficult to produce 3D models from high resolution and color sectioned-images. This study presents automatic and accurate methods for producing liver 3D models from the sectionedimages. Based on the sectioned-images and color-filled-images of the liver, a 3D model including both the portal triad and hepatic vein was made. Referring to the 3D model, 3D models of liver’s eight segments including the segmental branches of the portal triad and hepatic vein were completed and saved as STL format. All STL files were combined and saved as Liver-3D in PDF format for the common user. By functional subdivision of liver, the Liver-3D was divided into left (segments II, III, and, IV) and right (segments V, VI, VII, and VIII) liver in bookmark window of the PDF file. In addition, in Liver-3D, the primary to tertiary segmental branches of the portal triad could be shown in different colors. Owing to the difficulty of 3D modeling of liver including eight segments and segmental branches of the portal triad and hepatic, we started this research to find automatic methods for producing 3D models. The methods for producing liver 3D models will assist in 2D selection and 3D modeling of other complicated structures.

Two-dimensional (2D) transthoracic echocardiography is one of the most used diagnostic tools in clinical cardiology. Similarly, 2D transesophageal echocardiography is considered an indispensable tool for cardiologists and cardiac anesthesiologists worldwide. However, because of their tomographic nature, both techniques display only thin cut planes of a given area of the heart, which are far from representing the “anatomic reality.” It is widely accepted that experienced echocardiographers are able to reconstruct mentally a three-dimensional image of any cardiac structure on the basis of their interpretation of multiple tomographic slices. However, this may not be the case with less experienced echocardiographers. In particular, the authors noticed that less experienced echocardiographers are almost totally unaware of which structures lie “nearby” a given 2D tomographic plane, that is, what is adjacent in the elevation plane. In this article, the authors report the use of three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic images to discover which structures are located nearby (i.e., “behind” and “in front”) the corresponding 2D cross-sections. The authors believe that this novel use of three-dimensional echocardiography is a unique aid to disclose what cannot be seen in a given 2D cross-section, thereby expanding our understanding of 2D echocardiographic anatomy. This may be an effective method to encourage all to “think” in three dimensions, even when they use 2D echocardiography.

The goals of this study were (1) to provide accessible and instructive browsing software for sectioned images and a portable document format (PDF) file that includes three-dimensional (3D) models of an entire dog body and (2) to develop techniques for segmentation and 3D modeling that would enable an investigator to perform these tasks without the aid of a computer engineer. To achieve these goals, relatively important or large structures in the sectioned images were outlined to generate segmented images. The sectioned and segmented images were then packaged into browsing software. In this software, structures in the sectioned images are shown in detail and in real color. After 3D models were made from the segmented images, the 3D models were exported into a PDF file. In this format, the 3D models could be manipulated freely. The browsing software and PDF file are available for study by students, for lecture for teachers, and for training for clinicians. These files will be helpful for anatomical study by and clinical training of veterinary students and clinicians. Furthermore, these techniques will be useful for researchers who study two-dimensional images and 3D models.

In this regards first of all cross sectional anatomy of salivary glands and different diagnostic modalities such as ultrasound, CAT scan, conventional MRI and nuclear studies will be discussed. Advanced MRI modality such as DCE (dynamic susceptibility enhanced) imaging will be introduced. Then various pathologies of salivary glands including infectious, benign and malignant neoplastic processes and their different imaging characteristics will be mentioned in detail along with high quality images. At the end a diagnostic algorithm for appropriate management of patients with salivary gland lesion will be presented which is very helpful for both clinicians and radiologists especially for residents.

Purpose Narrow pelvis has been considered an adverse factor for postoperative and oncologic outcomes after rectal cancer surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate the validity of using only axial CT scan images to calculate the pelvic cross-sectional area for the prediction of adverse outcomes after rectal cancer surgery. Methods The medical records of patients who underwent rectal cancer surgery were reviewed and analyzed retrospectively. Axial images of CT scan were used to measure the pelvic cross-sectional area. Pelvic surgical site infection (SSI), positive resection margin, and early local recurrence were adopted as end-points to analyze the impact of pelvimetry on surgical outcome. Results The mean pelvic cross-sectional area was 84.3 ± 10.9 cm2. Males had significantly smaller pelvic areas than females (P < 0.001). Comparing pelvic cross-sectional areas according to the surgical outcomes, the results indicated that patients with pelvic SSI and local failure (positive resection margin or local recurrence within 1 year) have significantly smaller cross-sectional-area than SSI and local failure-free patients (P = 0.013 and P = 0.031). A calculated cross-sectional area of 88.8 cm2 was determined as the cutoff value for the prediction of pelvic SSI and/or local failure, which was significant in a validating analysis. Conclusion The pelvic cross-sectional area obtained from a routine axial CT scan image was associated with pelvic SSI, positive resection margin, and early local recurrence. It might be an intuitive, feasible, and easily adoptable method for predicting surgical outcomes.

Two heads of adult goats of native breed and of both sexes (one horned male and one unhorned female) clinically healthy goats, aging one and three years, were used for the present study. The appropriate samples were frozen then cut by an electric saw to cross-sections at the same distance 2cm thick slabs and were perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of preserved specimens. Cross-sectional anatomy and computed tomography of the head of goat were prepared, photographed, and compared with each other. Both shape and topography of the respiratory organs were demonstrated. This work included several successive images with their declaration of the upper respiratory system of nostrils, nasal cavity and their contents. The anatomical features of the respiratory organs were identified by both CT and cross-section images and denoted with the aid of anatomical texts. The obtained results explained that, both the cross sections and the CT images provided a good anatomical view and recent educational tool for study the respiratory organs of the goat.

Pulmonary disease is one of the leading causes of cetacean morbidity and mortality in the wild and in managed collections. The purpose of this study was to present the computed tomographic (CT) appearance of the thorax of the live bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) out-of-water and to describe the technical and logistical parameters involved in CT image acquisition in this species. Six thoracic CT evaluations of four conscious adult bottlenose dolphins were performed between April 2007 and May 2012. Animals were trained to slide out of the water onto foam pads and were transported in covered trucks to a human CT facility. Under light sedation, animals were secured in sternal recumbency for acquisition of CT data. Non-contrast helical images were obtained during an end-inspiratory breath hold. Diagnostic, high quality images were obtained in all cases. Respiratory motion was largely insignificant due to the species' apneustic respiratory pattern. CT findings characteristic of this species include the presence of a bronchus trachealis, absence of lung lobation, cranial cervical extension of the lung, lack of conspicuity of intrathoracic lymph nodes, and presence of retia mirabilia. Dorsoventral narrowing of the heart relative to the thorax was seen in all animals and is suspected to be an artifact of gravity loading. Diagnostic thoracic computed tomography of live cetaceans is feasible and likely to prove clinically valuable. A detailed series of cross-sectional reference images is provided.

Introduction Residency programs are demanding an increased understanding of cross-sectional anatomy from entering students. In response to a decrease in the curriculum hours being devoted to the study of anatomy and an increase in self-directed, computer-based learning, a Web-based cross-sectional learning tool (3D-X) was developed. The effectiveness of 3D-X was assessed.

In our previous research, we created state-of-the-art sectioned images, color-coded images, and surface models of the human ear. Our ear data would be more beneficial and informative if they were more easily accessible. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to distribute the browsing software and the PDF file in which ear images are to be readily obtainable and freely explored. Another goal was to inform other researchers of our methods for establishing the browsing software and the PDF file. To achieve this, sectioned images and color-coded images of ear were prepared (voxel size 0.1 mm). In the color-coded images, structures related to hearing, equilibrium, and structures originated from the first and second pharyngeal arches were segmented supplementarily. The sectioned and color-coded images of right ear were added to the browsing software, which displayed the images serially along with structure names. The surface models were reconstructed to be combined into the PDF file where they could be freely manipulated. Using the browsing software and PDF file, sectional and three-dimensional shapes of ear structures could be comprehended in detail. Furthermore, using the PDF file, clinical knowledge could be identified through virtual otoscopy. Therefore, the presented educational tools will be helpful to medical students and otologists by improving their knowledge of ear anatomy. The browsing software and PDF file can be downloaded without charge and registration at our homepage (http://anatomy.dongguk.ac.kr/ear/).

Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been increasingly used as a diagnostic tool for cervical spine injuries in canines, a comprehensive normal MRI anatomy of the canine cervical spine muscles is lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to build a magnetic resonance imaging atlas of the normal cross sectional anatomy of the muscles of the canine cervical spine. MRI scans were performed on a canine cadaver using a combination of T1 and T2-weighted images in the transverse, sagittal and dorsal planes acquired at a slice thickness of 1 mm. Muscle contours were traced manually in each slice, using local osseous structures as reference points for muscle identification. Twenty-two muscles were traced in 401 slices in the cervical region. A three dimensional surface model of all the contoured muscles was created to illustrate the complex geometrical arrangement of canine neck muscles. The cross-sectional area of the muscles was measured at the mid-level of each vertebra. The accuracy of the location of the mapped muscles was verified by comparing the sagittal view of the 3D model of muscles with still photographs obtained from anatomic canine cadaver dissection. We believe that this information will provide a unique and valuable resource for veterinary researchers, clinicians and surgeons who wish to evaluate MRI images of the cervical spine. It will also serve as the foundation for ongoing work to develop a computational model of the canine cervical spine in which anatomical information is combined with electromyographic, kinematic and kinetic data.

Computed tomography of the brain is necessary as part of the diagnosis of lesions of the central nervous system. In this study we used six domestic cats, male or female, aged between one and five years, evaluated by Computed Tomography (CT) examination without clinical signs of central nervous system disorders. Two euthanized animals stating a condition unrelated to the nervous system were incorporated into this study. The proposal consisted in establishing detailed anatomical description of tomographic images of normal brain of cats, using as reference anatomical images of cross sections of the stained brain and cranial part, with thicknesses similar to the planes of the CT images. CT examinations were performed with and without intravenous iodinated contrast media for live animals. With one euthanized animal, the brain was removed and immediately preserved in 10% formalin for later achievement in cross-sectional thickness of approximately 4mm and staining technique of Barnard, and Robert Brown. The head of another animal was disarticulated in the Atlanto-occipital region and frozen at -20ºC then sliced to a thickness of about 5mm. The description of visualized anatomical structures using tomography is useful as a guide and allows transcribing with relative accuracy the brain region affected by an injury, and thus correlating it with the clinical symptoms of the patient, providing additional information and consequent improvement to veterinarians during the course of surgical clinic in this species. RESUMO A tomografia computadorizada do cérebro é de suma importância como parte do diagnóstico de lesões do sistema nervoso central. Neste estudo, foram utilizados seis felinos domésticos, machos ou fêmeas, com idade entre um e cinco anos, avaliados pela tomografia computadorizada (TC), sem sinais clínicos de distúrbios do sistema nervoso central. Dois cadáveres indicando a condição relacionada com o sistema nervoso foram incorporados ao presente estudo. A proposta consistiu na criação da descrição anatômica detalhada das imagens tomográficas de cérebro normal de gatos, usando como referência a imagens anatômicas de secções transversais do cérebro coradas, realizadas com espessuras similares aos planos das imagens tomográficas. Exames de TC foram realizados com e sem contraste iodado intravenoso para os animais vivos. Em um dos cadáveres, o cérebro foi removido e imediatamente preservado em formalina a 10% para a realização posterior da técnica de coloração de Barnard e Robert Brown, além de cortes transversais com espessura de, aproximadamente, 4mm. O crânio do outro cadáver foi desarticulado na região atlanto-occipital e congelado a -20ºC. Em seguida, foi realizado corte com espessura de cerca de 5mm. A descrição das estruturas anatômicas visualizadas foi útil e serve como guia, permitindo descrever com relativa precisão a estrutura cerebral normal ou lesionada, e, portanto, correlacionando-a com os sintomas clínicos de um paciente, o que fornece informações adicionais e consequente aprimoramento de veterinários no curso de clínica cirúrgica para essa espécie.

The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed computed tomographic (CT) anatomic reference for the dromedary camel tarsus. Six cadaver pelvic limbs, obtained from three clinically and radiographically sound dromedary camels, were scanned in both soft tissue and bone windows starting from the calcaneal tuber towards the proximal metatarsus. Limbs were frozen at -20°C and sectioned transversely via an electric bone saw. The CT images were evaluated and correlated with their corresponding cryosections. The resulting images provided detailed anatomic features for bones, joints and soft tissue components of the tarsus and are intended to serve as a basic reference for the CT scanning of the dromedary camel tarsal pathology.

El uso de imagenes avanzadas en las evaluaciones diagnosticas del paciente es cada vez mayor, asi como la disponibilidad de maquinas para la practica veterinaria. El proposito de este estudio fue proporcionar un atlas de anatomia por tomografia computarizada sincronizada normal y seccion transveral del metacarpo y los dedos en el camello de una joroba y bufalos de agua Egipcios para proporcionar una base para el diagnostico de sus enfermedades con la ayuda de TC. Fueron obtenidas y fotografiadas imagenes anatomicas de TC transversales de 1 cm contiguas y de seccion transversal. Las estructuras anatomicas de aplicacion clinica fueron identificadas y etiquetadas en cada nivel. En ambos animales, la cavidad medular de los huesos metacarpianos tercero y cuarto fusionados se dividio internamente por un septo vertical de hueso, el cual era un septo completo en el camello y completo en los extremos proximal y distal en los bufalos, y pequenos e incompletos en la parte principal de eje de fusion de los huesos metacarpianos en los bufalos. La TC mostro tanto en camellos como en bufalos a los tendones extensores adyacentes como una correa transversal estrecha con los contornos indiferenciados en la cara dorsal de los metacarpianos fusionados, falanges proximales y falanges media y, los tendones flexores adyacentes como una masa mas o menos redondeada con contornos no diferenciados en la cara palmar de la fusion de los huesos metacarpianos, falanges proximales y falanges medias. Las lineas diferenciadas de los tendones extensores o flexores adyacentes en las imagenes de TC fue equivalente a la anatomia de seccion transversal sin diseccion de la fascia de intervencion, donde las lineas no aparece en el ultimo. Por lo tanto, la anatomia de seccion transversal es superior a la TC solo cuando la intervencion diseca la fascia. Las imagenes de TC del presente estudio tienen el potencial para convertirse en parte de nuestra investigacion de diagnostico estandar para las regiones anatomicas previamente dificiles de evaluar en el camello y el bufalo.

The aim of the study was to describe the anatomy of the bovine tarsus using magnetic resonance imaging in a low-field scanner. T1-weighted transverse and sagittal images of five isolated hindlimbs were evaluated using a 0.5 Tesla magnet and a knee coil. The MR images were compared to corresponding frozen sections of cadaver limbs. Anatomical structures were labelled at each level. The resulting images provided excellent detail of the bovine tarsus. This study should serve as a basic reference for orthopaedic problems related to the tarsus in cattle.

Summary Reasons for performing study: Injuries of the equine stifle are frequent causes of hindlimb lameness. Ultrasonography is useful for the diagnosis of many soft tissue lesions but, until recently, its application to the equine stifle has been limited to a description of normal and abnormal structures. A comparative study using gross anatomical sections to identify all structures visible on ultrasonographic images of the equine stifle has not previously been reported. Objectives: To provide a comprehensive comparative cross-sectional atlas of the normal equine medial femorotibial (MFT) joint and its related structures using ultrasonography. Methods: The stifle joints of 15 cadaver limbs were examined ultrasonographically using a systematic approach. Ten different scanning planes were defined. The lateral and medial femorotibial and the femoropatellar joints were injected with pigments of different colours. Each leg was frozen (10 in extension and 5 in flexion) and cut into slices corresponding to the different scanning planes. According to the different ultrasonographic reference images, 10 representative anatomical images were selected and digitised. Results: All bony and soft tissue structures were identified on the anatomical sections and subsequently located on the corresponding ultrasonographic images, except the caudal meniscotibial ligaments. Visualisation of the cruciate ligaments was a challenge due to their position and oblique orientation. Conclusions: Ultrasonography is a very useful technique for imaging both soft tissue and bony structures of the MFT joint and its related structures, although a protocol is required to perform a systematic and standardised ultrasonographic examination. Good anatomical knowledge is mandatory for identification of the different structures. Potential relevance: This study should contribute to 1) knowledge of the ultrasonographic anatomy of the equine MFT joint and its related structures, 2) use of a protocol for a standardised ultrasonographic examination and 3) the ability to recognise abnormal structures.

Computed tomographic images of the neck, thorax and abdomen in four healthy adult rabbits were obtained with a conventional CT using a slice-thickness of 5mm. CT images were obtained with the animals positioned in sternal recumbency on a removable plastic support directly laying on the CT-table. At the end of the CT session, each rabbit was euthanized and, while carefully maintaining the same position on the plastic support, the animal was moved into a -20 degrees C freezer until completely frozen. Each cadaver was then sectioned at 10mm slices, with the first section starting at the tip of the nose, respecting the imaging protocol. The frozen sections were cleaned and then photographed on each side. Anatomic structures were identified and labeled first on each side of the frozen section and then on the corresponding CT image with the aid of the available literature. Results from our study provide an atlas of normal cross-sectional gross and CT anatomy of the rabbit neck, thorax and abdomen, useful in the interpretation of any cross-sectional imaging modality in this species.

Contains fulltext : 79673.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) The anatomy of the brachial plexus is complex. To facilitate the understanding of the ultrasound appearance of the brachial plexus, we present a review of important anatomic considerations. A detailed correlation of reconstructed, cross-sectional gross anatomy and histology with ultrasound sonoanatomy is provided.

Four adult baladi goats of both sexes (two males and two females) weighing about 25–35 kg and aging 1–1.5 years were used for the current study. Computed tomography (CT) scans and cross-sections of the thorax of goats were preformed, photographed, and compared with each other. The thorax was divided into three regions (cranial, middle, and caudal mediastinal regions). The shape and tomography of the thoracic organs were demonstrated. The anatomical features of soft and hard tissues of thorax were identified by both CT and cross-section images and denoted with the aid of anatomical texts. The purpose of this study was to produce an anatomic reference for computed tomography of the thorax of goat for use by radiologists, clinicians, and veterinary students.

To investigate the types of sural nerve formation through cadaver study, and to evaluate the relationship between anatomical variation and nerve conduction study (NCS).We examined the formation of the sural nerve in 26 legs from cadavers. Sural NCS was performed in 60 legs of healthy adults to evaluate the influence of anatomical variation on NCS.The sural nerve was formed by the anastomosis of the MSCN and LSCN in the calf in 20 out of 26 legs (76.9%). The sural nerve was a direct continuation of the MSCN in four (15.4%) cases, and there was no communication between the MSCN and LSCN in two cases (7.7%). The anastomoses were located in the middle and distal third of the leg in 9 and 11 out of 20 legs, respectively. Separate sensory nerve action potentials of the MSCN and LSCN were recorded in 4 out of 60 legs (6.7%) during NCS of the sural nerve, and a double peak was recorded in each of these legs.Because the sural nerve formation is highly variable, the possibility of anatomical variation should be considered when the sural sensory nerve action potential is of low amplitude and disproportionate to the neurologic evaluation.

Studienziel: Gute Kenntnisse in der komplexen topographischen Anatomie des weiblichen Beckens sind Voraussetzung fur eine hohe Qualitat der gynakologischen Sonographie. Bisher existieren keine exakten Empfehlungen fur ein standardisiertes systematisches Vorgehen. Ziel der Untersuchung war es, mittels anatomischer Schnittbilder Ultraschallebenen zu definieren und damit den Ablauf der Untersuchung fur die Sonographieausbildung zu standardisieren. Methode: Nach der Entwicklung eines Softwaretools fur die Erzeugung frei wahlbarer Schnitte im weiblichen Datensatz des Visible Human-Projekts ® wurden an die verschiedenen Methoden der gynakologischen Sonographie adaptierte, hoch aufgeloste anatomische Schnittbilder generiert. Die Strukturen des Beckens wurden entsprechend ihrer Darstellbarkeit im Ultraschall und ihrer Lage–, Form- und Strukturvarianz in Leit- und Zielstrukturen untergliedert. Der darauf basierende Untersuchungsablauf wurde an 65 Patientinnen uberpruft und der durchschnittliche Zeitbedarf bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Anhand der Leitstrukturen, die in der Studienpopulation immer in ausreichender Qualitat darstellbar waren, wurden 15 Einstellungsebenen definiert und der Untersuchungsablauf dargestellt. Die durchschnittliche Untersuchungsdauer betrug 4,5 Minuten. Schlussfolgerung: Die digital rekonstruierten anatomischen Abbildungen haben eine bisher nicht verfugbare Auflosung und Qualitat unabhangig von der Lage der

Background: The complicated anatomy of orbit and the wide spectrum of pathological conditions present a formidable challenge for early diagnosis, which is critical for management. Ultrasonography provides a detailed cross sectional anatomy of the entire globe with excellent topographic visualization and real time display of the moving organ. Objectives of the study: To evaluate the efficacy of high frequency Ultrasound in localization of orbital diseases and to characterize various orbital pathologies sonologically. Materials and Methods: Hundred eyes of 85 patients were examined with ultrasound using linear high frequency probe (5 to 17 MHz) of PHILPS IU22 ultrasound system. Sonological diagnosis was made based on location, acoustic characteristics, kinetic properties and Doppler flow dynamics. Final diagnosis was made based on clinical & laboratory findings/higher crosssectional imaging/surgery & histopathology (as applicable). Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography was evaluated and compared with final diagnosis. Results: The distinction between ocular and extraocular pathologies was made in 100% of cases. The overall sensitivity, specificity, NPV and accuracy of ultrasonography were 94.2%, 98.8%, 92.2% & 94.9% respectively for diagnosis of ocular pathologies and 94.2%, 99.2%, 95.9% & 95.2% respectively for extra ocular pathologies. Conclusion: Ultrasonography is a readily available, simple, cost effective, non ionizing and non invasive modality with overall high diagnostic accuracy in localising and characterising orbital pathologies. It has higher spatial and temporal resolution compared to CT/MRI. However, CT/MRI may be indicated in certain cases for the evaluation of calcifications, bony involvement, extension to adjacent structures and intracranial extension.

Introduction This module serves as a learning guide to normal cross-sectional anatomy of the head and neck for preclinical students enrolled in clinically-oriented human anatomy. The module was created from a series of digitized images of head and neck anatomical cross-sections available in the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center anatomy laboratory that were converted into interactive roll-over files using Adobe Flash. This self-directed learning module was designed for students in medical school or comparable curricula. Methods This learning module is best used in conjunction with a dissection-based anatomy course to reinforce the didactic and practical experiences. During orientation to gross anatomy, students are provided an in-person demonstration for how to access the online learning modules and use them to study and self-assess. Students also have access to the physical cross-sections and labeled keys in the laboratory. To properly access the module, the Head Scrolling HTML file folder content must remain together. There are nine cross sections and associated Flash files for sections of head and neck taken from superior to inferior. The same unlabeled images were also used on laboratory quizzes, practicals, and written examinations. Results Effectiveness was evaluated during the initial years of deployment. Students reported satisfaction with having well-defined study materials for learning cross-sectional anatomy. Some students felt the images were helpful in understanding the three dimensional relationships encountered during dissection. These qualitative observations were supported by improvements in average learner performance on anatomy exams during the first year of implementation, 75.62% (without cross-section learning modules) to 79.17% (with cross-section learning modules). These scores were significantly higher than those recorded prior to implementation of instructional technology into the curriculum. Discussion The assignment of the digitized Flash images for self-directed learning has optimized class time. The module promotes active self-directed learning by providing concise study materials to assess knowledge of locating and identifying structures in cross-section images with immediate feedback. Now students spend scheduled class time in active dissection. This approach also addressed the paucity of qualified teaching faculty in the dissection laboratory. Learning cross-sectional anatomy not only enhanced understanding of three dimensional relationships during dissection, but also prepares the students for using cross-sectional imaging modalities such as CT and MRI in their clinical years.