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We present a novel metric for measuring relative connection between parts of a city using geotagged Twitter data as a proxy for co-occurrence of city residents. We find that socioeconomic similarity is a significant predictor of this connectivity metric, which we call "linkage strength": neighborhoods that are similar to one another in terms of residents' median income, education level, and (to a lesser extent) immigration history are more strongly connected in terms of the of people who spend time there, indicating some level of homophily in the way that individuals choose to move throughout a city's districts.

Abstract Social hierarchy is a potent modulator of behavior, that is typically established through overt agonistic interactions between individuals in the group. Once established, social ranks are maintained through subtler interactions allowing the redirection of energy away from agonistic interactions towards other needs. The available tasks for assessing social rank in rats allow the study of the mechanisms by which social hierarches are formed in early phases but fail to assess the maintenance of established hierarchies between stable pairs of animals, which might rely on distinct neurobiological mechanisms. Here we present and validate a novel trial-based dominancy assay, the modified Food Competition test, where established social hierarchies can be identified in the home cage of non-food deprived pairs of male rats. In this task, we introduce a small conflict in the home cage, where access to a new feeder containing palatable pellets can only be gained by one animal at a time. We found that this subtle conflict triggered asymmetric social interactions and resulted in higher consumption of food by one of the animals in the pair, which reliably predicted hierarchy in other tests. Our findings reveal stable dominance status in pair-housed rats and provide a novel tool for the evaluation of established social hierarchies, the modified Food Competition test, that is robust and easy to implement.

Laboratory behavioural tasks are an essential research tool. As questions asked of behaviour and brain activity become more sophisticated, the ability to specify and run richly structured tasks becomes more important. An increasing focus on reproducibility also necessitates accurate communication of task logic to other researchers. To these ends, we developed pyControl, a system of open-source hardware and software for controlling behavioural experiments comprising a simple yet flexible Python-based syntax for specifying tasks as extended state machines, hardware modules for building behavioural setups, and a graphical user interface designed for efficiently running high-throughput experiments on many setups in parallel, all with extensive online documentation. These tools make it quicker, easier, and cheaper to implement rich behavioural tasks at scale. As important, pyControl facilitates communication and reproducibility of behavioural experiments through a highly readable task definition syntax and self-documenting features. Here, we outline the system’s design and rationale, present validation experiments characterising system performance, and demonstrate example applications in freely moving and head-fixed mouse behaviour.

Objetivo. Conocer el impacto de los niveles de polen de gramíneas en la utilización de las consultas de atención primaria por episodios de rinitis alérgica y asma en Santiago de Compostela durante un año.Método. Se realizó un estudio ecológico descriptivo. Se comparó la variable dicotómica “sobreconsulta” (semanas con un número de consultas mayor al esperado) con los niveles de polen. Además, se correlacionaron los episodios de asma o rinitis alérgica con los recuentos de polen, los contaminantes atmosféricos y las condiciones atmosféricas. Las variables que mostraron asociación se analizaron mediante regresión logística.Resultados. Las sobreconsultas por rinitis alérgica se asocian significativamente con los niveles altos de gramíneas. Existe fuerte asociación directa del número de episodios de rinitis alérgica con el recuento de polen y con los niveles de ozono. Los niveles de polen influyen significativamente en la existencia de sobreconsultas pero no existe relación entre estas y los niveles de ozono. Existe un número significativamente mayor de consultas por asma cuando los niveles de polen de gramíneas son altos. Se observa fuerte asociación directa de los episodios de asma con el polen y con los niveles de ozono. Estos influyen significativamente en la existencia de sobreconsultas pero no existe relación entre estas y los niveles de gramíneas.Conclusiones. El nivel de polen de gramíneas parece aumentar la probabilidad de sobreconsultas en atención primaria por rinitis alérgica. No existe evidencia de que los niveles de polen de gramíneas aumenten el número de consultas en atención primaria por asma.Objective. To find out the impact of grass pollen levels on the use of primary care consultations for episodes of allergic rhinitis and asthma in Santiago de Compostela throughout a year.Method. A descriptive ecological study was carried out. The dichotomous variable “overconsultation” (weeks with a higher than expected number of consultations) was compared with pollen levels. In addition, episodes of asthma or allergic rhinitis were correlated with pollen counts, air pollutants and atmospheric conditions. The variables that were found to be associated were analysed by logistic regression.Results. “Overconsultation” caused by allergic rhinitis was significantly associated with high levels of grass pollen. A strong direct association was found between the number of episodes of allergic rhinitis and both pollen count and ozone levels. Pollen levels significantly influenced the existence of “overconsultation”, but no relationship was found between “overconsultation” and ozone levels. There was a significantly higher number of visits for asthma when grass pollen levels were high. A strong direct association was observed between episodes of asthma and both pollen count and ozone levels. These two factors significantly influenced the existence of “overconsultation”, but no relationship was found between “overconsultation” and grass pollen levels.Conclusions. The grass pollen level appears to increase the likelihood of primary care “overconsultation” for allergic rhinitis. However, no evidence was found that high grass pollen levels increase the number of primary care consultations caused by asthma.Objetivo: Conhecer o impacto dos níveis de pólen de gramíneas na utilização de consultas de cuidados primários de saúde por episódios de rinite alérgica e asma, em Santiago de Compostela durante um ano.Método: Foi realizado um estudo ecológico descritivo. Comparou-se a variável dicotómica sobreconsulta (semanas com um número de consultas superior ao esperado) com os níveis de pólen. Também, se correlacionaram os episódios de asma ou rinite alérgica com a contagem de pólen, os contaminantes atmosféricos e as condições atmosféricas. As variáveis que comprovaram associação foram analisadas por regressão logística.Resultados: As sobreconsultas por rinite alérgica estão significativamente associadas com os altos níveis de gramíneas. Existe uma forte associação direta do número de episódios de rinite alérgica com a contagem de pólen e os níveis de ozono. Os níveis de pólen influenciam significativamente a existência de sobreconsultas mas não existe relação entre estas e os níveis de ozono. Existe um número significativamente maior de consultas para a asma quando os níveis de pólen de gramíneas são elevados. Observa-se uma forte associação direta dos episódios de asma com os níveis de pólen e com os níveis de ozono. Estes influenciam significativamente a existência de sobreconsultas mas não existe nenhuma relação entre estas e os níveis e gramíneas.Conclusões: O nível de pólen de gramíneas parece aumentar a probabilidade de sobreconsultas por rinite alérgica, nos cuidados primários de saúde. Não existe evidência de que os níveis de pólen de gramíneas aumentem o número de consultas, por asma, nos cuidados primários de saúde.

Objetivo. Conocer el impacto de los niveles de polen de gramíneas en la utilización de las consultas de atención primaria por episodios de rinitis alérgica y asma en Santiago de Compostela durante un año. Método. Se realizó un estudio ecológico descriptivo. Se comparó la variable dicotómica “sobreconsulta” (semanas con un número de consultas mayor al esperado) con los niveles de polen. Además, se correlacionaron los episodios de asma o rinitis alérgica con los recuentos de polen, los contaminantes atmosféricos y las condiciones atmosféricas. Las variables que mostraron asociación se analizaron mediante regresión logística. Resultados. Las sobreconsultas por rinitis alérgica se asocian significativamente con los niveles altos de gramíneas. Existe fuerte asociación directa del número de episodios de rinitis alérgica con el recuento de polen y con los niveles de ozono. Los niveles de polen influyen significativamente en la existencia de sobreconsultas pero no existe relación entre estas y los niveles de ozono. Existe un número significativamente mayor de consultas por asma cuando los niveles de polen de gramíneas son altos. Se observa fuerte asociación directa de los episodios de asma con el polen y con los niveles de ozono. Estos influyen significativamente en la existencia de sobreconsultas pero no existe relación entre estas y los niveles de gramíneas. Conclusiones. El nivel de polen de gramíneas parece aumentar la probabilidad de sobreconsultas en atención primaria por rinitis alérgica. No existe evidencia de que los niveles de polen de gramíneas aumenten el número de consultas en atención primaria por asma.

The stimulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis by antidepressants has been associated with multiple molecular pathways, but the potential influence exerted by other brain areas has received much less attention. The basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), a region involved in anxiety and a site of action of antidepressants, has been implicated in both basal and stress-induced changes in neural plasticity in the dentate gyrus. We investigated here whether the BLA modulates the effects of the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine on hippocampal cell proliferation and survival in relation to a behavioral index of depression-like behavior (forced swim test). We used a lesion approach targeting the BLA along with a chronic treatment with fluoxetine, and monitored basal anxiety levels given the important role of this behavioral trait in the progress of depression. Chronic fluoxetine treatment had a positive effect on hippocampal cell survival only when the BLA was lesioned. Anxiety was related to hippocampal cell survival in opposite ways in sham- and BLA-lesioned animals (i.e., negatively in sham- and positively in BLA-lesioned animals). Both BLA lesions and low anxiety were critical factors to enable a negative relationship between cell proliferation and depression-like behavior. Therefore, our study highlights a role for the amygdala on fluoxetine-stimulated cell survival and on the establishment of a link between cell proliferation and depression-like behavior. It also reveals an important modulatory role for anxiety on cell proliferation involving both BLA-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Our findings underscore the amygdala as a potential target to modulate antidepressants' action in hippocampal neurogenesis and in their link to depression-like behaviors.