Search

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the variables that may affect treatment continuation in children aged 6 to 12 years who were newly diagnosed with ADHD. Methods: A total of 132 children diagnosed with ADHD and their parents participated in the study. Sociodemographic and clinical risk factors affecting continuation of treatment were examined using logistic regression analysis. Results: Multiple model examination revealed that greater age increased the risk of treatment discontinuation 1.824 times (p = 0.003) while a lower total length of paternal education increased the risk of discontinuation (1/0.835) 1.198 times (p = 0.022). Other variables emerging as significant in the univariate model lost that significance in the multiple model. Conclusions: Understanding the variables associated with medication discontinuation in ADHD in different populations and taking these variables into account in the development of health policies, will be useful in improving the long-term devastating effects of the disorder.

Sequential explanatory mixed method design is the most frequently applied in both health and social sciences literature. It is denoted by 'QUAN [right arrow] qual' which represents the quantitative study occurs first and has greater weight in addressing the study's aims, and the qualitative study follows to explain quantitative results. Despite the extensive use of sequential explanatory design, there are limited references to this design. Therefore, this methodological paper attempts to fill the gap by providing an illustration in developing a sequential explanatory interview schedule based on complementary-alternative medicine (CAM) study among clinical psychologists in Indonesia. The most important step to develop sequential explanatory interview schedule was the construction of aspects and questions that were immensely grounded on the most notable quantitative results. In this study, eight aspects of interview schedule were constructed after analyses of the nationwide survey. The interview schedule then piloted among participants with fairly similar characteristics to the participants in the main interviews. This process enhanced the quality of questions through feedback from participants and improved the interviewer's skills through familiarization with questions. It is expected that this reflection report could be adopted as a practical guideline in developing interview schedule for sequential explanatory mixed method design, particularly in the field of psychology.

Single-case designs are a class of research methods for evaluating treatment effects by measuring outcomes repeatedly over time while systematically introducing different condition (e.g., treatment and control) to the same individual. The designs are used across fields such as behavior analysis, clinical psychology, special education, and medicine. Emerging standards for single-case designs have focused attention on methods for summarizing and meta-analyzing findings and on the need for effect sizes indices that are comparable to those used in between-subjects designs. In the previous work, we discussed how to define and estimate an effect size that is directly comparable to the standardized mean difference often used in between-subjects research based on the data from a particular type of single-case design, the treatment reversal or (AB)[superscript k] design. This paper extends the effect size measure to another type of single-case study, the multiple baseline design. We propose estimation methods for the effect size and its variance, study the estimators using simulation, and demonstrate the approach in two applications.

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has experienced a dramatic growth in use and acceptability over the last 20 years. CAM is a diverse collection of medical and healthcare systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered a component of conventional medicine. CAM traditionally has been practiced by informally educated healers, dietitians, yoga instructors, and others not trained in medicine. Once considered a fringe aspect of medical practice, CAM is now taught or introduced to medical students at nearly every major medical school in the U.S. CAM is also widely used to address school and developmental issues. Although school and developmental issues have long been targets of CAM, the evidence of effectiveness of CAM is mixed at best. School psychologists may be dismissive of CAM therapies due to the lack of quality empirical support. However, many parents and teachers strongly believe in such methods. There are few cases where CAM therapies have repeatedly shown significant positive effects. Most often, there are no studies or no studies of sufficient quality to support CAM therapies. School psychologists can best serve parents and teachers considering CAM therapies by helping to develop a program evaluation framework. Although not the same as a placebo-controlled double blind study, a single-participant empirical approach to intervention effectiveness presents a scientific and empirical approach to the use of CAM therapies. (Contains 4 online resources.)

This article offers a reflective view of five articles published in this Special Issue of the "International Journal of Disability, Development and Education." The 5 articles address various aspects of indigenous healing practices in different cultures. In distilling a number of pertinent themes, the author presents the view that indigenous healing practices can no longer be ignored by conventional medicine. These practices are potentially an invaluable resource available in addressing the ongoing global health crisis. However, in order to ethically address the role of indigenous healing practices within a westernised worldview, certain policy, methodological, and conceptual changes will be necessary.

Comments on the report by the APA Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice (see record 2006-05893-001) entitled Evidence-based practice in psychology. The Task Force is to be commended for their report valuing evidence from "clinical expertise" on a par with "research data" (p. 272) in guiding psychological practices. The current author suggests that the APA not only should make a place at psychology's policymaking table for "clinical expertise" but should prioritize clinical and subjective sources of data--the essence of the psychological--and set policies to ensure that objective data, such as behaviors and DSM diagnoses, are considered in their subjective context. The APA should also encourage researchers to devise ways to preserve as much as possible the personal "feel" of the clinical encounter in their data analysis and published conclusions. The APA also needs to assign priority to subjective emotional and relational skills on a par with academic and analytic skills in the selection and training of clinical psychology students. Reconnecting clinical psychology with its subjective evidentiary roots in ways such as these should help to bring us out from under the dominance of medicine, to the benefit of our profession and our clients.

The purpose of the work was to analyze a clinical case of the course of war trauma and presents the experience of providing comprehensive medical and psychological clinical rehabilitation to a patient who suffered as a result of a terrorist attack. Patient D., 65 years old, sustained a mine-blast injury (MBI) to the right upper limb extremity during shelling. The optimal restoration of the functions of the upper injured limb and the patient's health (physical, somatic, mental) was carried out according to the algorithm of comprehensive medical and psychological clinical rehabilitation. As a result of the course of comprehensive medical and psychological clinical rehabilitation, significant positive dynamics was observed, including a decrease in edematous, painful, and inflammatory syndromes. The range of motion in the right upper limb and cervical-thoracic spine increased. Supination and pronation of the right hand became clearer and less painful (from 8 to 2 points), movement in the fingers of the right hand increased and became more steady, a clear pulsation appeared in the area of the skin defect on the right forearm, regression of pain in the elbow and shoulder joints on the right was noted, and the patient began to walk without a mobilization bandage. The course helped to reduce anxiety (from -1.82 to 0.85), asthenic symptoms (from 0.48 to 3.71), obsessive-phobic symptoms (from -1.96 to 1.74), and autonomic disorders (from -0.83 to 2.03). Low cortisol levels (61 nmol/l) in against acute stress indicated the development of post-traumatic stress disorder. Upon completion of the rehabilitation course, cortisol levels rose to a healthy level (246 nmol/l), indicating the effectiveness of the process of restoring the psychophysiological state and adapting to a stressful situation. War trauma is a complex and severe condition that requires an integrated approach to treatment and rehabilitation, covering not only physical but also psychological and social aspects of patients' health.

The self-awareness technique is instrumental in increasing the efficacy of the brain's innate ability to adapt to change via neuroplasticity and self-directing clarity while improving neuro-network paths. The human brain is plastic and capable of modifiability and change, enabling pathway connectivity. This adaptability is affected by both DNA polymorphic antecedents and positive or negative environmental-induced epigenetic-induced alteration of protein transcription. The peripheral part of the brain, capable of neuroplasticity, enables the brain to change and adapt itself to new situations and novel ideas. The brain's neuroplasticity, a capability of the nervous system to change and adapt to external and internal stimuli, can reach a higher efficacy level by applying the awareness integration therapeutical theory. Awareness Integration Theory (AIT) is an evidence-based technique that guides and directs the process of examining thoughts, emotions, behaviors, obstacles, and resistance to plasticity while providing pathways to clarity and self-directed neuroplasticity. By restructuring cognitive/emotional schemas and linking to behavioral pathways, AIT-based therapy expectedly helps create new neural network paths, leading to a renewed functional neural connectivity. As a trauma-releasing approach, AIT revolves around core beliefs, emotions, and bodily attributes to access original memories and moves toward the integration of functional neural networks.

Introduction. The number of bone marrow transplantations is increasing worldwide. However, the issue of cognitive impairments following this procedure in hematologic malignancies remains poorly investigated.Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the level and dynamics of memory and attention parameters in oncological patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Material and methods. The study was conducted in three stages: pre-operation and two post-operation stages, on days 21 and 60, with control points corresponding to medical protocol milestones. The study involved 43 patients aged 18 to 62, including 22 males and 21 females.Results. The study revealed that most memory-related parameters were at low levels, which may be attributed to preoperative chemotherapy, and further decreased cognitive functions throughout the study (p=0.014, p=0.082, statistically significant in both cases). Attention assessment results indicated predominantly normal levels, while attention-switching parameters decreased from the second to the third stage of the study (p=0.33). The affective sphere before bone marrow transplantation was characterized by depressive symptoms at the sub-depressive level and upper bounds of situational anxiety. By the third stage of the study, these variables gradually decreased to normal values (p=0.03, p=0.07).Conclusions. In the context of this study, a decline in cognitive functions, including mediated, short-term, long-term, and mechanical memory, was observed. A similar trend was noted in attention concentration and attention-switching capabilities.

Background: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are linked to the development of anxiety in adolescence. According to recent studies, the COVID-19 pandemic represents a novel ACE that is associated with anxiety among adolescents. This study investigates the relationship between ACEs, COVID-19, and anxiety in adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a community sample of 248 boys and girls ages 12 to 15 years (mean = 13.50 years) from five high schools in Eastern Attica. A total of four questionnaires were used: (1) Demographic Questionnaire, (2) State–Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children—STAIC, (3) Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale, and (4) COVID-19 Impact Scale. Results: The results demonstrated a moderate association between the total number of ACEs and anxiety (trait and state) in adolescence (trait anxiety: ρ = 0.37, p < 0.001; state anxiety: ρ = 0.29, p < 0.001). Girls scored significantly higher than boys on both trait anxiety (U = 4353, p < 0.001; mean difference = 5.5) and state anxiety (U = 5822.5, p = 0.014; mean difference = 2). The number of ACEs was found to be significantly related to the impact of COVID-19 (β = 0.025, p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study highlights the significant link between ACEs and increased anxiety in adolescents, which is further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings indicate that girls are more affected than boys. These results emphasize the need for targeted mental health interventions to enhance coping mechanisms, reduce stress, and address anxiety in adolescents, particularly during global crises like the pandemic. Developing such programs is essential for supporting the mental well-being of youth facing multiple stressors.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) represents a complex pathology affecting a large number of people. Research suggests that psychological factors influence coping with T1DM. This study aimed to investigate the presence and role of psychopathology, alexithymia and uncertainty in people affected by T1DM. The sample consisted of 137 patients (88 females, 49 males) affected by T1DM aged from 11 to 19 years old (Mean: 13.87; SD: 2.40). The diagnostic protocol consisted of a sociodemographic questionnaire, Self-administration Psychiatric Scales for Children and Adolescents (SAFA), Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20) and Intolerance to Uncertainty Scale-12 (IUS-12). Descriptive, differential, correlational and regression analyses were performed in order to examine the relationships between these variables. The results suggested the sample had high levels of psychopathological indexes, alexithymia and intolerance of uncertainty. Also, there were significant differences between TAS-20 and IUS-12 distributions with respect to psychopathology. Correlations and multivariate linear regressions indicated age, gender and education significantly predicted alexithymia and intolerance of uncertainty. This data suggest the presence of elevated psychopathology, alexithymia and uncertainty in people with diabetes.

The article is devoted to the traditional conference on clinical psychology held on November 25-26, 2021 in Moscow for the third time. The Conference was dedicated in the memory of Susanna Yakovlevna Rubinstein. A hybrid format of the conference is described, a wide geography of participants from Russia and abroad is shown, detailed topics of the plenary and breakout sessions, as well as workshops are presented.

Introduction: The Biopsychosocial model (BPS) represents a comprehensive paradigm of consolidated practices. Although it has been outlined as the gold standard in sexology, its implementation is often challenging. The sex-positive approach is a ground-breaking movement that is gaining popularity all over and is focused on the recognition of different sexual expressions as valid, consensual, healthy, and meaningful. However, a pragmatic implementation of this approach is still missing. Methods: A critical review was conducted based on bibliographic research on Medline, PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Web of Science on relevant articles published from January 2011 to July 2021. Results: A total of 116 papers were included in the following review, indicating an increasing body of research about BPS and sex-positive frameworks during the last 10 years. One of the main limitations in the BPS is the scarce attention paid to socio-cultural factors involved in sexual expressions, such as the role of negative attitudes towards sexuality that may affect health care professionals' work. An application of the sex-positive approach to the BPS model may bring greater attention to the needs, values and desires of the individual, as well as allow a new knowledge and understanding of sexuality within a broader spectrum, including diversities and pleasures. Conclusions: The sex-positive approach represents a viable path that entails the willingness of health care professionals to get involved actively; criticize their personal attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge about sex and work hard to improve their practice in sexology. Policy Implications: A discussion of the possible fruitful integration between the BPS and the sex-positive approach is presented, highlighting practical applications in research, clinical practice, training and sex education and giving possible directions for future studies and policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Statistical methods are a cornerstone of research in clinical psychology and are used in clinical trials and reviews to determine the best available evidence. The most widespread statistical framework, frequentist statistics, is often misunderstood and misused. Even when properly applied, this framework can lead to erroneous conclusions and unnecessarily prolonged trials. The implications for clinical psychology are difficulties in interpreting best available evidence and unnecessarily costly and burdensome research. An alternative framework, Bayesian statistics, is proposed as a solution to several issues with current practice. Methods: Statistical tests of primary outcome measures were extracted from 272 studies, which were cited in 11 recent reviews in the Evidence-based updates series in the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. The extracted tests were examined regarding relevant features and re-analyzed using Bayes Factors. Results: When statistical tests were significant, the majority (98%) of re-analyzed tests agreed with such claims. When statistical tests were nonsignificant almost half (43%) of re-analyzed tests disagreed with such claims. Equally important for clinical research, an average of 13% fewer participants per study would have been required if the studies had used Bayes Factors. Conclusions: Bayes Factors offer benefits for research in clinical psychology through intuitive interpretations, and less costly trials.

Asylum-seeking migrants represent a vulnerable segment of the population, and among them, women constitute an even more vulnerable group. Most of these women and girls have been exposed to threats, coercion, and violence of many kinds, including rape, forced prostitution, harassment, sexual slavery, forced marriage and pregnancy, female genital mutilation/excision, and/or other violations of their rights (e.g., deprivation of education, prohibition to work, etc.). The perpetrators of the violence from which they flee are often their own families, partners, and even institutional figures who should be in charge of their protection (such as police officers). In the process for the acceptance/rejection of an asylum application, the forensic and psychological certification can make the difference between successful and unsuccessful applications, as it can support the credibility of the asylum seeker through an assessment of the degree of compatibility between the story told and the diagnostic and forensic evidence. This is why constant and renewed reflection on the ethical, forensic, and methodological issues surrounding medico-legal and psychological certification is essential. This article aims to propose some reflections on these issues, starting from the experience of the inward healthcare service dedicated to Migrant Victims of Maltreatment, Torture, and Female Genital Mutilation operating since 2018 at the Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University Hospital of Palermo.

Introduction: Today, is the era of knowledge, data, and different sciences relying on knowledge and research have continued their growth. This way, research and the method of research reading and application in clinical setting have been particular importance. This study endeavored to provide a useful and interactive way to hold meetings in addition to reviewing studies related to the Journal Club focusing on science dealing with the patient's bedside such as medical sciences and psychology. Methods: In this narrative review study the keyword journal club in conjunction with history, presentation, psychology, clinical psychology, and clinical research have been searched in Google scholar, Pubmed, SID, Ensani, Irandoc, Civilica, Magiran, Noormagz data bases in the years 2000-2019. Results: The preliminary search resulted in 284 articles. After removing repetitive articles, we reached 143 articles and after reading title and abstract and considering the including and excluding criteria, 29 articles were included in the study. The results were obtained in three main themes which are necessity, goals, and presentation. Goals as the major theme included five subthemes and presentation theme included two subthemes. Conclusion: According to the results of the reviewed studies for holding journal club, which could be the turning point of knowledge and experience, principles and rules need to be followed. According to these principles this study presented a five-step model including Preliminary, Exploration, Validation, Selection, Presentation and Supplementary steps for journal club meetings.

Актуальность.В 2012 г. Россииская Федерация ратифицировала международную конвенцию о правах инвалидов. Важнеишими принципами конвенции являются полное и эффективное вовлечение и включение лиц с инвалидностью в общество, их принятие в качестве компонента людского многообразия, равенство возможностеи. В связи с задачеи реформирования психоневралогических интернатов (ПНИ), особую актуальность приобретают научные исследования психологических методов социализации пациентов, проживающих в ПНИ через активизацию и развитие их психологических ресурсов и социальных компетенции. Материалы и методы.В 20182019 гг. на базе ГБУ ПНИ No 18, 22, 30 г. Москвы были проведены занятия пяти групп мотивационного тренинга, направленного на активизацию и развитие ресурсов социальнои адаптации больных шизофрениеи, проживающих в ПНИ. Общее количество участников в каждои группе от 6 до 10. Длительность занятии однои группы 8 недель. В исследовании эффективности мотивационного тренинга участвовали 25 пациентов, возраст 2070 лет 13 женщин и 12 мужчин, образование среднее и высшее, длительность заболевания более 5 лет, с диагнозами шизофрения , шизотипические и бредовые расстроиства , психопатоподобная шизофрения (f20f29, f21.4 по мКБ-10). Исследование проводилось до и после тренинга с использованием самооценочных методик: шкалы социального избегания и дистресса SADS (Уотсон Д., Фрэнд Р., адаптация В.В. Красновои, А.Б. Холмогоровои, 2011), методики Диагностика самоэффек- тивности (Маддукс Дж. и Шеер М., адаптация А.В. Бояринцевои, 2011), методики индикатор копинг-стратегии (амихран Д., адаптация Н.А. Сироты, В.М. Ялтонского, 1995), методики Комплаентность (Холмогорова А.Б., Рычкова О.В., 2013), анкеты обратнои связи от участников тренинга ведущим. Результаты.Проведенное исследование эффективности мотивационного тренинга, показало, что предлагаемая программа способствует позитивным изменениям в мотивационнои сфере больных: возрастает самооценка эффективности в межличностнои сфере, чаще используются важная конструктивная стратегия (поиск социальнои поддержки), возрастает готовность к сотрудничеству со специалистами и желание продолжать психологическую работу, направленную на реинтеграцию в общество. Вывод.Предварительно можно сделать вывод об эффективности предлагаемого оригинального варианта мотивационного тренинга для решения задачи повышения ресурсов социализации больных шизофрениеи, проживающих в ПНИ. Перспективы исследовательскои работы состоят в расширении выборки, сопоставлении ее результатов с контрольными группами пациентов, не получающими данного вида помощи, а также получении данных об отсроченных результатах и наличии реальных сдвигов в социальнои адаптации пациентов в течение года и более.

The case study presented in this publication was one of the components of an oral examination in the field of clinical psychology, more precisely, mental disorders of an adult, which took place in December 2018. The work was positively evaluated by the Examination Committee, and both written and oral exams were passed. The purpose of this publication was to present an exam case study, which may prove helpful for those preparing for a specialisation exam. As in accordance with the guidelines of the journal, the case study does not constitute the full version presented to the Examination Committee, but contains only the most important information. The authors hope that this case study will contribute to improving the comfort of work on case studies among future specialists. Regardless of the content included in the publication, the most important exam guidelines are available on the website http://psychologia-konsultanci.pl.

Since South Africa became a democracy in 1994, there have been concerted efforts to change health care in a range of ways, making health care more accessible to a diverse population in a very unequal country. Part of these efforts involves changing the demographics of the healthcare workforce which in fields like psychology and medicine was predominantly white. We report here on the experiences of two authors of their work as clinical psychologists in a large urban general hospital in South Africa catering for Black South Africans most of whom speak isiXhosa as a first language. The first author is white and does not speak isiXhosa, and has been the only psychologist at the hospital for some time. The second author, a Black, first language isiXhosa speaker, joined the clinical team amid expectations that she would provide more culturally appropriate care. We draw on extensive reflections from these authors about their experiences, which demonstrate numerous obstacles to this care, and even resistance by Black patients to receiving treatment from a Black psychologist. We use decolonial theory to understand these experiences, and we conclude that health systems and the practice of clinical psychology in South Africa cannot transform fully without substantial social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Psychogenic movement disorders present a diagnostically challenging entity that is often frightening for patients. Differentiating movement disorders, providing clear explanations, and addressing underlying conditions with a multidisciplinary approach are essential to successful treatment.

Background: Although the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the general population, health care workers (HCWs) constituted one of the groups that were most adversely affected by the associated risks, owing to the significant consequences on their mental health. This study examined these psychological effects on HCWs who cared for COVID-19 patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit in an Italian hospital. Methods: Subjects were administered several self-reported questionnaires: Kessler 10 Psychological Distress Scale (K10), Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS), Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R), and Post-traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), as well as two open-ended questions oriented toward understanding their positive and negative emotional experience and differentiating between two phases of the emergency. Results: Overall, 45% of HCWs showed medium-to-high anxiety/depressive symptoms, whereas 60% presented with medium-to-high levels of perceived stress. In addition, 37% of subjects developed symptoms of PTSD and 50% showed post-traumatic growth in the “appreciation of life” and “new possibilities” dimensions. With regard to the open-ended questions, three themes were identified: quality of workplace relationships, sense of emotional-relational competence, and sense of clinical-technical competence. In addition, two macrocategories of responses were identified in the answers: growth and block. Conclusions: The mental health of HCWs who are involved in the front line of COVID-19 was significantly impacted by this experience, showing high levels of post-traumatic stress and anxiety and depressive symptoms more than 1 year after the emergency began. A qualitative analysis of staff experiences can be a useful guide for structuring interventions and prevention.

The actual problem of implementation and use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICFDH) in the work of clinical psychologists taking into account Russian psychological tradition discussed. There is a necessity of operationalizing the ICFDH domains for specialists of the multidisciplinary rehabilitation team, which will facilitate the use of the ICFDH in rehabilitation work for diagnosis, planning and implementing the rehabilitation program and evaluating its effectiveness. The operationalization of the ICFDH domains based on clinical and psychological content is considered. The cultural-activity approach as a methodological basis of clinical and psychological rehabilitation is proposed and the relationship of the major components of the ICFDH with the psychological activity structure (according to A.N. Leontiev) discussed. The different levels of human functioning considered in the ICFDH (in particular, functions, activity, participation) are compared with the levels of activity (psychophysiological functions, operations, actions and activities) according to A.N. Leontiev. It is argued that the process of clinical and psychological rehabilitation can only take place at the level of concrete actions, and not at the level of activity or operations.

The article is devoted to the reflexive analysis of the achievements and difficulties that have occurred during the 15 years of training of clinical psychologists at the Faculty of Clinical and Special Psychology at the Moscow State University of Psychology & Education and dedicated to the 10th anniversary of the first graduation that took place in 2009. Article presents the main specializations implemented at the faculty during these years; the main dynamics of students 'enrollment to study, as well as the dynamics of graduates' employment are shown. A number of new areas of work and scientific achievements (research areas, joint projects with students) are described; ongoing training programs in clinical psychology and their features are named; information on scientific events, volunteering and other achievements has been given.

Актуальность. Проблема нарушений мотивации при расстройствах шизофренического спектра рассматривается в качестве одной из ключевых в процессе реабилитационной работы с пациентами. Необходимо повышение эффективности существующих мотивационных тренингов, направленных на укрепление комплаенса и стимуляцию активной позиции пациентов в решении задач социальной и психологической адаптации после перенесенного психоза. Предлагаемая оригинальная программа мотивационного тренинга объединяет наиболее значимые разработки организационной и клинической психологии в области психологии мотивации и ее нарушений. Материалы и методы. Исследование проведено на базе ПКБ No 4 им. П.Б. Ганнушкина. После длительного этапа разработки, апробации и совершенствования было проведено пилотное исследование эффективности интегративной программы мотивационного тренинга (ИПМТ). Общее количество участников тренинга, прошедших тестирование, – 33 пациента с диагнозами «шизофрения», «шизотипические и бредовые расстройства» (F20–F29 по МКБ-10). Общее количество участников в каждой группе – от 6 до 10. Исследование проводилось до и после тренинга с использованием самооценочных методик: шкалы социального избегания и дистресса SADS (Уотсон Д., Фрэнд Р., адаптация В.В. Красновой, А.Б. Холмогоровой, 2011), метода «Диагностика самоэффективности» (Маддукс Дж. и Шеер М., адаптация А.В. Бояринцевой, 2011), метода «Индикатор копинг

The aim of the article is to discuss the standards of clinical diagnosis in children and adolescents in the context of theoretical models and psychological practice. Contemporary clinical practice standards refer to evidence-based practice (including evidence-based psychological practice, EBPP). A correct interdisciplinary diagnosis, as in the global standards, is primarily required due to an observed increase in the prevalence of emotional problems, behavioural difficulties and mental disorders among younger and younger children. The clinical psychological diagnostic process plays a key role in this respect. It is a process that takes into account both the individual and developmental context as well as the biopsychosocial nature of difficulties experienced by the child. Inference based on the interview, observation and results of standardised psychological tools, referring to clinical research and scientific theories, is an essential part of this process. The paper discusses in detail the worldwide standards of a clinical psychological diagnostic process and the specificity of clinical diagnosis in children and adolescents. At the same time, guidelines for clinical psychological diagnosis in children and adolescents have been proposed in relation to the Polish realities of clinical practice. The authors prepared and shared a list of psychological tests for use in clinical assessment of children and adolescents. The list is divided based on the studied development period (early childhood, pre-school age, school age, adolescence) and the specificity of measuring psychological variables (diagnosis of development, intelligence, cognitive abilities, emotional and social competence and personality, language development, family context, symptoms of mental disorders). The proposed psychological test list corresponds to the contemporary approach to clinical diagnosis, taking into account both the psychological profile and the socio-cultural context of the examined person’s functioning (psychosocial diagnosis). The evidence-based practice and the proposed list of psychological tools assume that good clinical practice should be based not only on the clinician’s experience, but above all on verified, reliable data and available scientific research.