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ÍSince the introduction of new generation pertussis vaccines, resurgence of pertussis has been observed in many developed countries. Former whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines are able to protect against disease and transmission but have been replaced in several industrialized countries because of their reactogenicity and adverse effects. Current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines, made of purified proteins of Bordetella pertussis, are efficient at preventing disease but fail to induce long-term protection from infection. While the systemic and mucosal T cell immunity induced by the 2 types of vaccines has been well described, much less is known concerning B cell responses. Taking advantage of an inducible activation-induced cytidine deaminase fate-mapping mouse model, we compared effector and memory B cells induced by the 2 classes of vaccines and showed that a stronger and broader memory B cell and plasma cell response was achieved by a wP prime. We also observed that homologous or heterologous vaccine combinations that include at least 1 wP administration, even as a booster dose, were sufficient to induce this broad effector response, thus highlighting its dominant imprint on the B cell profile. Finally, we describe the settlement of memory B cell populations in the lung following subcutaneous wP prime vaccination.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157822.].

This article presents the knowledge and research issues that arose from the observation of differences in France in the evolution, by gender, of several occupational health claim indicators. The strong hypothesis developed and tested by the Agence Nationale pour l'Amélioration des Conditions de Travail (National Agency for the Improvement of Working Conditions) is that certain occupational health problems resulting in absenteeism, employee turnover, stress, and occupational wear are dealt with more appropriately when the ergonomic intervention takes into consideration differentiated work situations for men and women based on four factors namely: gender-based work distribution, lack of visible risks or strenuousness, career path, and work time. Despite strong, lingering resistance to “gender,” these elements are now helping to advance regulations and practices in France regarding occupational health and safety and gender equality.

Some health problems at work, increased by ever more intense work demands, result in absenteeism, turnover, stress, work exhaustion, and MSDs. These problems are treated with more appropriate preventive measures when ergonomic interventions take into account the differences between the work situations of women and men. It is through data analysis (population, health, human resources) and work analysis that the intervention can objectify these differences and encourage their discussion in the company. Four causal factors have been identified : the sexual division of labor, the invisibility of risks and of work strenuousness in female-dominated sectors, differences in occupational paths, and differing exposures to time constraints in occupational and domestic work. This type of interpretation makes it easier for changes to occur in companies. That being said, interventions in companies encounter resistance insofar as these differences reflect gender inequalities between women and men resulting from social dynamics that are still difficult to address.

Natural regulatory T (Treg) cells interfere with multiple functions, which are crucial for the development of strong anti-tumour responses. In a model of 4T1 mammary carcinoma, depletion of CD25+Tregs results in tumour regression in Balb/c mice, but the mechanisms underlying this process are not fully understood. Here, we show that partial Treg depletion leads to the generation of a particular effector CD8 T cell subset expressing CD11c and low level of PD-1 in tumour draining lymph nodes. These cells have the capacity to migrate into the tumour, to kill DCs, and to locally regulate the anti-tumour response. These events are concordant with a substantial increase in CD11b+ resident dendritic cells (DCs) subsets in draining lymph nodes followed by CD8+ DCs. These results indicate that Treg depletion leads to tumour regression by unmasking an increase of DC subsets as a part of a program that optimizes the microenvironment by orchestrating the activation, amplification, and migration of high numbers of fully differentiated CD8+CD11c+PD1lo effector T cells to the tumour sites. They also indicate that a critical pattern of DC subsets correlates with the evolution of the anti-tumour response and provide a template for Treg depletion and DC-based therapy.