Search

Background Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is an emerging zoonotic disease of cattle associated with pathological prion protein (PrPsc) transmitted via meat and bone meal (MBM). Although Bangladesh did not experience a BSE outbreak but the country could not export animal products to developed countries as has not yet been declared BSE free country by OIE due to lack of scientific risk evaluation for BSE. The objectives were identification of hazard, release and exposure pathways of pathological prion protein through MBM and analysis of risk for the occurrence of BSE in Bangladesh. Methods The scientific data were reviewed, hazards were scheduled and surveys were conducted on livestock production system, import of MBM and its use to identify the hazards present in Bangladesh context. The analysis was done by the ‘OIE Risk Analysis Framework 2006 and European Union (EU) Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) 2003’. From the historical reviews, import of MBM and its use was identified, as external hazards. Results The analysis revealed that these hazards had negligible or moderate risk for the introduction of infectious PrPsc as Bangladeshi cattle are vegetarian cattle. No milk replacer was used and use of slaughtered waste in the animal feed industry is absent. Unconsumable bones are processed to produce bone chips, fertilizers and bone meal for poultry feeds. Scrapie was never prevalent in Bangladesh. Therefore, risk from the internal challenge was negligible in Bangladesh for the occurrence of classical BSE. These prevented the propagation of BSE infectivity and eliminated BSE infectivity from the system very fast, if that was present. Conclusions It was concluded that introduction of PrPsc into cattle population of Bangladesh through MBM was very negligible. Therefore, Bangladesh can be considered as BSE negligible risk country., Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is a zoonotic disease of cattle associated with infectious prion protein (PrPsc) transmitted via meat and bone meal (MBM). Although Bangladesh did not experience a BSE outbreak but the country could not export animal products to developed countries as has not yet been declared BSE free country by OIE due to lack of scientific risk evaluation for BSE. Surveys were conducted on livestock production system, import of MBM and its use to identify the hazards present in Bangladesh context. The analysis was done by the ‘OIE Risk Analysis Framework 2006 and European Union (EU) Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) 2003’. The external and internal challenge analyses put Bangladesh as negligible risk country for the introduction of infectious PrPsc among cattle population.

Tungsten has recently emerged as a potential toxicant and is known to heterogeneously deposit in bone as reactive polytungstates. Zinc, which accumulates in regions of bone remodeling, also has a heterogenous distribution in bone. Determining the local concentrations of these metals will provide valuable information about their mechanisms of uptake and action. A series of bone (BN), 7:3 hydroxyapatite:collagen (HC), and hydroxyapatite (HA) standards were spiked with tungsten and zinc and used as calibration standards for laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis of bone tissue. The analytical performance of these standards was studied and validated at different step sizes using NIST SRM 1486 Bone Meal. The effect of matrix-matched calibration was assessed by comparing the calibration with BN and HC standards, which incorporate both inorganic and organic components of bone, to that of HA standards. HC standards were found to be more homogenous (RSD < 10%) and provide a linear calibration with better accuracy (R(2) > 0.994) compared to other standards. The limits of detection for HC at a 15 μm step size were determined to be 0.24 and 0.012 μg g(−1) for zinc and tungsten, respectively. Using this approach, we quantitatively measured zinc and tungsten deposits in the femoral bone of a mouse exposed to 15 μg mL(−1) tungsten for four weeks. Localized concentrations of zinc (942 μg g(−1)) and tungsten (15.7 μg g(−1)) at selected regions of enrichment were substantially higher than indicated by bulk measurements of these metals.

The biological and economic efficiencies of Ronozyme ™ p as a substitute for bone meal in female Turkey poults was investigated. A total of eighty local female poults were brooded and fed commercial broiler starter diet containing 23% CP and 2800kcal/kg ME from day-old to four weeks of age. Sixty (60) female poults were thereafter randomly selected and allotted to each of the four experimental groups of fifteen (15) birds each. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of five poults for 8 weeks in a completely randomized design. A total of four isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets containing 25 CP and 2932kcal/kg ME were formulated. Each of the diets was supplemented with Ronozyme TM P while inclusion level of bone meal was varied from diet 1 to 4 respectively. Of all the production and economic parameters considered only the mean daily feed intake was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced. Diet 2 proved to be the best, by having the best feed to gain ratio (2.55), and higher gross margin (₦1,356.35). The difference in the mean total body weight gain for the two diets (2, 323.33 (D2) and 2,380.00g (D3)). It was concluded that 2% level of bone meal inclusion in poults diets proved better than diets having 3%, 1% and 0% respectively, especially when supplemented with 30g of Ronozyme TM P as recommended. This will cut-down cost and also probably improve calcium and phosphorous availability and absorption. Keywords: Bioefficacy, Ronozyme TM P, bone meal, turkey poult ration

This study was conducted to determine the effect of necrotic enteritis (NE), phytase level and meat and bone meal (MBM) processing on bone mineralization of broilers and litter quality. Ross 308 male broiler chicks (n = 768) were allotted to 48 pens with 16 birds each. There were 8 dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were NE challenge (no or yes), phytase level (500 or 5,000 FTU/kg), and MBM (as-received or over-processed). Half of the birds were challenged with field strains of Eimeria spp. at d 9 and 108 CFU per mL of Clostridium perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on d 14 and 15. The middle toe, tibia and femur of 2 birds per pen were excised at d 16 and 29 for determination of ash, breaking strength (BS) and bone mineralization. At d 42, all were assessed for hock burns and litter was scored and assessed for dry matter (DM). At d 16, challenged birds had lower toe ash (P

This study investigated the hypothesis that feeding broilers over-processed meat and bone meal (MBM) would impair gut health in the absence of phytase and in turn, affect inositol phosphate (inositol x-phosphate, IPx: IP3, IP4, IP5 and IP6) ester hydrolysis, intestinal permeability, hematology, jejunal gene expression and intestinal morphology during necrotic enteritis (NE). Ross 308 male broilers (n = 768) were assigned to one of 8 dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with 6 replicate pens per diet and 16 birds per pen in a completely randomized design. Factors were: NE challenge (no or yes), phytase level (500 or 5,000 FTU/kg) and MBM processing (as-received or over-processed). For the NE challenge, half of the birds were challenged with field strains of Eimeria spp. on d 9 and 108 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on d 14 and 15. A 3-way challenge, phytase and MBM processing interaction was detected for IP5 (P

This feeding study investigated the hypothesis that over-processing of meat and bone meal (MBM) would impair the performance, gut health and ileal digestibility of nutrients in birds challenged with necrotic enteritis (NE). The effect of phytase (500 vs. 5,000 FTU/kg) was also examined using manufacturers recommended matrix values for 500 FTU for both levels. Ross 308 male broilers (n = 768) were assigned to 8 diets, with 6 replicate pens per diet and 16 birds per replicate pen using a randomized design with a factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were NE challenge (no or yes), MBM (as received or over-processed), and phytase level (500 or 5,000 FTU/kg). Half of the birds were challenged with 5,000 oocysts of field strains of Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria brunetti, and 2,500 oocysts of Eimeria maxima on d 9 and 108 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on d 14 and 15 post-hatch. Challenge × MBM interactions were detected for weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed intake (FI) at d 14, 21 and 28, showing that challenged birds fed over-processed MBM had decreased WG (P 0.05) at d 28. Birds fed low phytase had increased livability (P

Rabies is absolutely lethal acute viral disease that affects humans and all warm-blood animals, which is common in many countries of the world, including Belarus. Wild carnivorous animals, mainly foxes, are the main source of rabies virus infection, therefore development and improvement of means and methods for preventing this disease among wild carnivores, in particular oral immunization of carnivorous animals, is of great research and practical importance. Anti-rabies vaccine was developed for oral use in the form of a blister-free bait consisting of fixed rabies virus selected by us – strain KMIEV-94 (71 BelNIIEV–VGNKI M), meat and bone meal and wheat flour, gelatin, glycerin and tetracycline. Technology for manufacture of improved highly immunogenic blister-free vaccine-containing bait for oral vaccination of wild carnivorous animals against rabies was developed. Immunological and anti-epizootic efficiency of vaccine-containing baits was studied. It was determined that use of the developed vaccine-containing blister-free anti-rabies bait in natural conditions is ecologically safe, since KMIEV-94 rabies virus is deeply attenuated and apathogenic for rodents and carnivorous animals after oral administration, does not have reversibility and after 9 days of storing the bait at a temperature of 18–20 °C is inactivated. High efficiency, safety, simple manufacturing technology of the developed bait indicate prospects of its introduction into practice, which will reduce the incidence of rabies in animals.

The effect of replacing an antibiotic growth promoter in the diet with a probiotic on growth performance, carcass characteristics and nutrient retention was studied in broilers (Vencobb 430) fed with and without meat cum bone meal (MBM). This experiment which lasted for 42 days consisted of six dietary treatments viz., basal diet (BD), basal diet with MBM (MBM), basal diet with antibiotic (AB), basal diet with probiotic (PB), basal diet with MBM and antibiotic (MBM+AB) and basal diet with MBM and probiotic (MBM+PB). Three-hundred, day-old chicks were randomly allotted in the beginning to these six groups. Body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were significantly (P less than 0.05) affected at 4th week of age. Overall, highest body weight gain was recorded in birds fed with AB and PB. Inclusion of probiotic in MBM also showed improved body weight gain when compared to MBM group. Highest feed intake and feed conversion ratio was recorded with AB and PB groups. Birds supplemented with MBM+PB showed improved feed intake and feed efficiency when compared to MBM+AB and MBM diet supplemented groups. Higher dry matter, crude protein, calcium and phosphorus retention (P less than 0.05) was observed in birds supplemented with PB or AB in diet without MBM when compared to their control. In MBM supplemented groups addition of PB or AB improved crude protein retention. Birds supplemented with PB or AB with or without MBM showed a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in thigh yield and a non significant reduction in fat yield when compared to their control groups.

This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of baking soda as a supplement of dairy cattle feed on blood sugar, lactose, and milk production. This study used the dairy cow FH lactation of the 2nd lactation period of 5th month lactation and 6th lactation of 12 with 2-3 years old. Dairy cow FH lactation has a weight of 389.17 ± 27 kg. The treatment used was the addition of baking soda with the level of 0.8% and 1.0%. This study used a ration consisting of soybean meal, corn, brand, meat bone meal, lactoplus and forage grass uganda feed. This study used a complete randomized design consisting of 3 replication and 4 treatments. The data obtained were analyzed using variance analysis and F test at 5% level. The results showed that the addition of baking soda as supplement had no significant effect on blood sugar, lactose, and milk (P> 0,05), but it can increase milk production without supplementation (T0). The conclusion of this research is that the addition of baking soda at the level of 0.8 and 1.0% has no significant effect on blood sugar, lactose, and cow milk production. Keywords: Baking soda,blood sugar,lactose and production of diary milk

This research aims to know the influence of addition of Ant (Myrmecodia pendans) to drag power bacteria quail. The sample in this research was the quail as much as 250 quail. Basal feed consists of a mixture of yellow corn, soybeans for cake, MBM (meat bone meal) fish meal, pollard, dicalsiumposfhat, premix, cooking oil, and Dekstro lekso methionine. The addition of Ant consists of 5 treatments, namely control or P0 (0%), P1 (0,2%), P2 (0,4%), P3 (0,6%), as well as the addition of P4 (0,8%). The parameters observed inhibitory power is bacterial (Escherichia coli Bacteria Salmonella) and Total Plate Count (TPC). The research was designed using Random Design complete with 5 treatments and five replicates. The results of the analysis showed that the granting of Ant against test bacteria inhibitory power suggests that the addition of the Ant's nests significantly different (P0,05). Results of the study it was concluded that the higher the granting of Ant can maintain intestinal bacteria on growth performance of quail

The study was conducted to examine the performance of growing snails (Archachatina marginata) fed with formulated feed supplemented with calcium from four sources (Agricultural Limestone, Bone meal, Egg shell and Snail shell) in the domestication unit of Department of Forest Resources and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City. A total of sixty (60) juvenile snails with average weight of 97.85±2.06g were randomly allotted to five treatment groups (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5), replicated three times with four snails per replicate in a completely randomized design. The treatment was Agricultural limestone (T1), Bone Meal (T2), Egg shell (T3), Snail shell (T4) and control: natural feed (T5). The feeding trials lasted for 16 weeks. The results showed no significant differences (P>0.05) in weight gain (12.50a ± 3.15), shell length (0.35a ± 0.06) and shell width increment (0.163 ± 0.03) of the snails under the various diet. Increases in body weight, shell length, shell width was recorded in all the treatments with the highest recorded in snails (Archachatina marginata) under feed formulated with the snail shells. The result showed significant differences (P

Protein from bovine by-products can be hydrolyzed into amino acids, and then react with reducing sugar to prepare meat flavor. The effects of microwave (3min, 6min) and ultrasonic (600W, 900W, 1200W) on the hydrolysis degree, antioxidant activity, and flavor characteristics of the hydrolysate of bovine bone protease were studied. The microwave treatment combined with 1200W ultrasonic (MW6-US1200) treatment has the highest hydrolysis degree. Before enzymolysis, after MW6-US900 and MW6-US900 treatment, the fresh and salty taste increased, the astringency decreased, and the flavor components such as aldehydes, ketones and lipids also increased. MW6-US900 group had the highest antioxidant activity. In conclusion, microwave combined with ultrasonic (MU) can improve the enzymatic hydrolysis effect of protein in beef bone meal, improve the antioxidant performance and flavor of the hydrolysate.

Salmonella spp. in food products of animal origin can cause foodborne infections, and when antimicrobial-resistant strains are present, can evolve to severe disease. This study aims to determine the occurrence of Salmonella and identify the serotypes present in the beef production chain of the metropolitan region of Cuiaba, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, and evaluate their antimicrobial resistance profile. The presence of Salmonella was determined by the ISO-6579:2002 method and evaluation of resistance to 17 antibiotics was performed by the CSLI 2014 method. The following samples were analyzed: (1) environmental samples: corral swab, bleeding, skinning and deboning knives, ribbon saw, boning bench; (2) animal samples: anal swab, internal and external carcass sponge, organ pool, boning shavings and by-products in the slaughterhouse; and (3) ground meat samples from retail sales from 10 butcher shops and permanent fair stalls. Salmonella was present in ten of the 182 samples (5.5%), five of which were Salmonella Panama detected in the corral, boning tables, meat from the butcher's shop and permanent market. These strains were sensitive to all antibiotics characteristics and similar to Salmonella enterica rough, and being isolated from the ribbon saw used in the production chain. However, Salmonella Anatum and Salmonella Infantis isolated from carcasses, bone meal and viscera presented resistance to sulfonamides, trimethoprim, sulfametazol/ trimethoprim and nitrofurantoin in relation to the use of antibiotics in animal production and the selective pressure of multiresistant Salmonella spp. in products derived from these animals. Key words: Serotyping, bovine meat, slaughterhouse, butcher, antibiotic resistance.

The study was conducted to determine the true Ca absorption coefficients and growth performance of piglets fed diets containing different sources of Ca. In the metabolism study, 30 piglets uncastrated, with initial weight averages of 20.52 ± 1.84 kg, were assigned to 5 treatments with 6 piglets per treatment in a randomized complete block design. A basal diet was formulated to meet the piglets nutritional requirements, except to Ca (0.09%), and was supplemented with different source of Ca (limestone, monodicalcium phosphate, calcined bone meal, and oyster meal) to provide 0.64% total Ca. A low-Ca diet (0.018%) and 6 additional piglets were used to estimate the endogenous Ca excretion in the feces. Total feces and urine were collected to determine the apparent and true absorption of Ca. After the adaptation period (7 d), the excreted feces were collected twice daily, weighed, stored in plastic bags in freezer (−18 °C) until the end of the collection period (5 d). The volume of the urine collected for 24 h was measured and a 20% aliquot was stored in glass containers in refrigerator (3 °C) until the end of the collection period (5 d). Experimental diets, feces and urine were analyzed for Ca. To determine the effect of different Ca sources on the growth performance, 160 piglets were assigned, to 2 sexes (males intact and females) and 4 sources of Ca (the same ones used in the metabolism study), in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement and randomized complete block design with 4 pens per treatment and 5 intact males or 5 females per pen. At the end of the study (22 d), blood samples were collected of the all piglets and 5 piglets per treatment were selected randomly regardless of sex to collect samples of organs. All samples were stored at −18 °C. Response criteria were: weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, Ca deposition in organs, bone strength, weight and size of the third metatarsal bone, and serum in Ca. The sources of Ca and direct or indirect collection method did not affect the absorption coefficients. There was no interaction among the sources of Ca and sex of the piglets for the performance variables. The piglets growth performance was similar among treatments. Calcined bone meal and oyster meal resulted in a greater content of mineral matter in the kidney (P = 0.013). The bone meal resulted in a greater Ca concentration in the piglets hearts (P

This work has been undertaken to study the occurrence of Clostridium perfringens contamination in the poultry feed ingredients and find out its in-vitro antibiotic sensitivity pattern to various antimicrobial drugs. Two hundred and ninety-eight poultry feed ingredient samples received at Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu in South India were screened for the presence of C. perfringens. The organisms were isolated in Perfringens agar under anaerobic condition and subjected to standard biochemical tests for confirmation. In vitro antibiogram assay has been carried out to determine the sensitivity pattern of the isolates to various antimicrobial drugs. One hundred and one isolates of C. perfringens were obtained from a total of 298 poultry feed ingredient samples. Overall positivity of 33.89% could be made from the poultry feed ingredients. Highest level of C. perfringens contamination was detected in fish meal followed by bone meal, meat and bone meal and dry fish. Antibiogram assay indicated that the organisms are highly sensitive to gentamicin (100%), chlortetracycline (96.67%), gatifloxacin (93.33%), ciprofloxacin (86.67%), ofloxacin (86.67%) and lincomycin (86.67%). All the isolates were resistant to penicillin-G. Feed ingredients rich in animal proteins are the major source of C. perfringens contamination.

The aim of this research was to find out the efficiency of phytase enzymes on broiler ration inenhancingdietary calcium utilization and in improving bone growth and body weight. The research used128 broiler chicks, eight days of age, with initial body weight of 104.16 ± 13.16g. All birds were assigned inCompletely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments as follows T0 (23% protein ration), T1 (21%protein ration + 1000 FTU phytase enzymes), T2 (23% protein ration + 1000 FTU phytase enzymes), T3(23% protein ration + 1% bone meal). Each treatment was replicated four times. Bone growth and bodyweight were observed when chickens were at three weeks (starter) and six weeks (finisher) of age.Theresults showed that addition of phytase enzymes in the diet had no significant effect (P>0,05) on the lengthand weight of femur, Ca retention, bone Ca mass finisher, and bone strenght, but significant (P

An industry survey and animal experiment were conducted to evaluate the amino acid (AA) compositional variability and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in animal protein by-products fed to growing pigs. Animal protein by-product meals (212) were categorized into 8 groupings (blood meal, chicken by-product meal, chicken meal, feather meal, meat and bone meal, meat meal, poultry by-product meal, and poultry meal) and analyzed for total AA. Amino acid analysis among (e.g., Lys in blood meal averaged 9.20% compared with 2.31% for feather meal, DM basis) and within (e.g., Lys range of 1.54% in blood meal and 1.44% in feather meal, DM basis) the by-product classifications varied as expected, but on average the total AA values were similar to that reported in the literature. For the determination of the SID of AA, 15 barrows (average initial and final BW of 31.6 and 78.7 kg, respectively) were fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to 15 diets over nine 7-d periods, resulting in 9 replications per diet. Pigs were fed a basal diet based on soybean meal and dehulled-degermed corn, 13 diets containing 17.5% animal protein by-product meal to partially replace a portion of the soybean meal and dehulled-degermed corn in the basal diet, or a N-free diet. Pigs were re-allotted to diets based on minimizing the number to times that the N-free diet would precede or follow feeding either of the blood or feather meal diets because of concern with inadequate diet consumption, as well as to prevent diets from being re-fed to the same pig during the next or subsequent periods. Values for the apparent ileal AA digestibility of each diet were determined, adjusted to SID based upon the endogenous AA losses determined by feeding the N-free diet, and the SID of AA in each animal protein by-product meal calculated using the difference procedure. The SID of AA varied among (e.g., SID of Lys averaged 91% in chicken meal but 47% in feather meal) and within (e.g., SID of Lys in three meat and bone meals was 80%, 71%, and 54%) the animal protein by-product meals, as would be expected and are consistent with variation reported in the literature. Overall, the data provide total AA composition for 212 samples and SID of AA for 13 samples of animal protein by-product meals, including data on their variability, which is critical for their use in feed formulation programs.

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body, and most of it (about 99 %) is deposited in the bone (about 1 kg) (Fig. 24.1). There is no doubt that calcium is a fundamental factor in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. However, there is less agreement regarding precise recommendations for appropriate calcium intake. The calcium recommendation for adults is about 1000 (800–1500) mg a day. The higher values are required by teenage girls, pregnant and lactating women, postmenopausal women who are not taking oestrogen and both men and women over age 50. Today we ingest far less calcium than our ancestors did. In fact, studies reveal that three quarters of Americans are deficient in calcium, with an average intake of only 500–600 mg a day in their diet. For adolescents and young adults, the National Institute of Health (NIH) consensus statement recommends 1200–1500 mg/day of elemental calcium.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:37:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:34:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-635X2019000100305.pdf: 161523 bytes, checksum: 6b8a38fa05ade5c22233b30397addfb1 (MD5) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different reductions in digestible amino acids content (lysine, methionine, and threonine), according to two nutritional requirements in corn, soybean meal, and meat and bone meal based diets, with protease supplementation, on performance parameters and carcass characteristics. A total of 1080 day-old chicks, male, Cobb 500, were allotted to a completely randomized design, in a factorial arrangement 3 x 2, three reductions in digestible amino acids content (lysine, methionine, and threonine) and two nutritional requirements (Rostagno et al. 2005 and Cobb-Vantress Guidelines 2008), and all diets were supplemented with protease (200 ppm) with 6 replicates of 30 birds per pen. There was no significant interaction (p

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of inclusion of three levels of soybean oil (0%, 2% and 4%) and three sources of commercial bone meals (GBM, PBM and IBM) in the diet of broiler chicken. Body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, digestibility coefficient, calcium, phosphorus and ash content of blood and bone of broilers were measured. Significantly higher (P

Due to their large metabolic responses to digestion (specific dynamic action, SDA), snakes represent an interesting animal group to identify the underlying mechanisms for the postprandial rise in metabolism. The SDA response results from the energetic costs of many different processes ranging over prey handling, secretions by the digestive system, synthesis of enzymes, plasticity of most visceral organs, as well as protein synthesis and nitrogen excretion. The contribution of the individual mechanisms, however, remains elusive. Gastric acid secretion has been proposed to account for more than half of the SDA response, while other studies report much lower contributions of the gastric processes. To investigate the energetic cost of gastric acid secretion, ball pythons (Python regius) were fed meals with added amounts of bone meal (up to 25 g bone meal kg(-1) snake) to achieve a five-fold rise in the buffer capacity of the meals. Direct measurements within the stomach lumen showed similar reduction in gastric pH when buffer capacity was increased, but we found no effects on the rise in oxygen consumption over the first three days of digestion. There was, however, a slower return of oxygen consumption to resting baseline. We conclude that gastric acid secretion only contributes modestly to the SDA response and propose that post-absorptive processes, such as increased protein synthesis, are likely to underlie the SDA response.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effective combinations of proteases (acid, neutral and alkaline) and their concentrations on performance and carcass traits in commercial broilers fed on diets containing sub-optimal protein levels. A total of 320 broilers were used in completely randomized design with eight treatments with eight replicates in each treatment and 5chicks in each replicate. Maize-soybean meal (CD) and maize-soybean-meat cum bone meal (BD) based diets were formulated to contain 23, 21 and 19.5% crude protein (CP) and 19.5,18 and 17.5% CP, respectively during pre-starter (1-11 d), starter (12-28d) and finisher (29-42d) phases. All the diets were fed adlibitum from 1d to 42 d of age. The low protein BD were supplemented with two different combinations of proteases (1:1:1 and 2:1:1 acidic, neutral and alkaline proteases, respectively) with total activity of 2000, 4000 and 6000u/kg.The results revealed that the broilers fed CD had significantly higher body weight gain compared to those fed BD. Supplementation of proteases to the BD significantly (P LESS THAN 0.05) improved the body weight gain and feed efficiency during 21 d of age, but not during the latter phase ( 42 d of age) of growth. The broilers fed on CD had significantly (P less than 0.05) higher ready to cook and breast yields compared to those fed the BD or BD with protease supplementation. The relative weight of abdominal fat was significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced in broilers fed BD with 1:1:1 (acidic, neutral and alkaline proteases) at 4000 u protease / kg diet as compared to BD. It is suggested that addition of proteases to low protein diets had a significant positive effect in young chicken fed on maize-soybean meal and -meat and bone meal based diets.

Six hundred and eighty-four male Ross 308 broiler chicks were used to test the null hypothesis that post hatching age between day 0 and 21 does not affect utilization of energy in meat and bone meal (MBM). There were 6 replicate cages in each of 12 treatments consisting of 3 test diets (0, 40, or 80 g MBM/kg diets) at 4 feeding ages post hatching (day 0 to 7, 6 to 11, 10 to 16, or 15 to 21 post hatching) for a total of 72 cages in a randomized complete block design. Birds were assigned to the 12 treatments on day 0, fed a standard starter diet until they were switched to the test diets on day 0, 6, 10, or 15, and the number of birds per cage for day 0 to 7, 6 to 11, 10 to 16, or 15 to 21 were 12, 10, 8, or 8, respectively. Excreta were collected during the last 3 days of each feeding age post hatching and ileal digesta on the last day of each age. There was no interaction between dietary MBM level and feeding age post hatching for any of the response criteria. Weight gain and gain-to-feed ratio improved linearly (P < 0.001) with increasing dietary MBM and, expectedly, there was an increase (P < 0.001) in weight gain and a reduction (P < 0.001) in gain-to-feed ratio with bird feeding age post hatching. Ileal digestible energy (IDE), apparent metabolizable energy (AME), and nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) of the diet linearly increased (P < 0.001) with increasing dietary MBM. There were linear increases in dietary IDE (P < 0.05), AME (P < 0.001), and AMEn (P < 0.001) with bird feeding age post hatching. The IDE, ME, and MEn of MBM were determined by the regression procedure. During day 0 to 7, 6 to 11, 10 to 16, or 15 to 21, energy values increased (P < 0.05) with age and the respective IDE of MBM were 2.852, 2.962, 2.927, or 2.959 kcal/g DM. Corresponding ME of MBM were 2.909, 3.125, 3.083, or 3.075 kcal/g DM and those of MEn were 2.687, 2.887, 2.839, or 2.845 kcal/g DM. These results show that energy values of MBM increase with age post hatching and suggest the same energy value of MBM should not be used in formulating diets of broiler chickens during the first 3 weeks post hatching.

In order to improve feed safety, we investigated the feasibility of using fluorescence spectral imaging (FSI) technique to qualitatively detect meat and bone meal (MBM) mixed with fish meal (FM). Using the FSI system, the spectra of 90 FM and MBM samples from different regions were collected with denoising and binary processing to obtain images. The spectral data curves over the wavelength range of 400–680 nm were used for identification and were pre-treated with various methods. Next, the curves were plotted based on stereo spectrograms; then, partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to determine the FM and MBM samples. One FM sample and one MBM sample were randomly selected and mixed together (v/v, 1:1), and the mixture’s pseudo-color (PC) image was generated by mapping the best grayscale values using a spectrogram method. The resulting PC image was then used for spatial identification of the mixture. The PLS-DA results indicated that the identification effect was best after the multiplicative scatter correction where the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy all equaled to 1. The PC image demonstrate that the FM (green) and MBM (red) accounted for 52.6 and 47.4 % of the total volume, respectively, corresponding with the actual 1:1 ratio. Additionally, the experimental test of three low concentration-mixed powder samples (c[MBM] = 1.5 %, c[MBM] = 3 %, and c[MBM] = 5 %) determined that the lower limit of application (LLA) of the proposed method is c[MBM] = 1.5 %. Theoretical limit of detection (LOD) of the method was calculated about c[MBM] = 0.75 % through linear regression. These experiments show that the spectral and spatial information provided by FSI can rapidly and nondestructively determine whether FM is mixed with MBM.

Meat and bone meal (MBM) has been banned as animal feed for ruminants since 2001 because it is the source of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Moreover, many countries have banned the use of MBM as animal feed for not only ruminants but other farm animals as well, to prevent potential outbreak of BSE. Recently, the EU has introduced use of some MBM in feeds for different animal species, such as poultry MBM for swine feed and pork MBM for poultry feed, for economic reasons. In order to authenticate the MBM species origin, species-specific MBM identification methods are needed. Various spectroscopic and spectral imaging techniques have allowed rapid and non-destructive quality assessments of foods and animal feeds. The objective of this study was to develop rapid and accurate methods to differentiate pork MBM from poultry MBM using short-wave infrared (SWIR) hyperspectral imaging techniques. Results from a preliminary investigation of hyperspectral imaging for assessing pork and poultry MBM characteristics and quantitative analysis of poultry-pork MBM mixtures are presented in this paper.

A broiler study was performed to determine the pre-cecal phosphorus (P) digestibility of 5 P sources, 3 from animal (Delfos, Calfos, and porcine bone meal) and 2 of inorganic (monocalcium phosphate [MCP] and dicalcium phosphate [DCP]) origin. Delfos is processed from bones resulting in a dicalcium phosphate product, and Calfos is processed from bones in which part of the gelatin is removed but in which the hydroxy-apatite matrix is preserved. During the first 14 d, birds were housed in floor pens bedded with wood shavings and received a commercial starter diet. At d 14, broilers were randomly assigned to pens (0.9 m2, 10 birds/pen) with a slatted floor. From d 14 onwards, one of the 6 experimental diets (a basal diet, and 5 diets containing the P sources) was provided. Test diets were replicated 6 times, and the basal diet 8 times. Electron microscopy images of test products were made in order to verify whether the spatial structure of the test products could be related to the pre-cecal P digestibility of the same products. Diets met or exceeded CVB (2011) requirements for all nutrients except for P and were formulated to contain a calcium to total P ratio of between 1.4 and 1.6 and a minimal amount of phytate P. Diets contained 5 g/kg titanium oxide as a marker to determine digestibility of P. At d 24 all birds were euthanized, after which the content of the terminal part of the ileum was sampled. The P digestibility was calculated by linear regression according to World's Poultry Science Association (WPSA) protocol for determination of pre-cecal P digestibility. Pre-cecal P digestibility of MCP, DCP, Delfos, Calfos, and porcine bone meal was 88.5, 82.4, 94.5, 86.9, and 78.2%, respectively. Based on visual inspection of electron microscopy images of test products, the spatial structure of the test products might be related to P digestibility. It is concluded that processing of bone meal increases the pre-cecal P digestibility in broilers.

Seventy-two cows were selected for an on-farm study on the effect of feed supplementation before calving on milk production, ovarian activity and calf growth of Holstein, indigenous Red Fulani cows and their crosses. Pre-partum feed supplementation was done using cotton seed cake (80 %), maize (18 %), bone meal (1 %) and kitchen salt (1 % NaCl). Supplementation levels consisted of a low supplementation fed at 1 kg per animal per day and high supplementation fed at 2 kg per animal per day. In addition, Red Fulani cows received the supplements in two different ways namely a pre-partum supplementation consisting of 1 kg per cow per day and pre- and post-partum supplementation consisting of 1 kg per cow per day before calving and 1 kg per cow per day post-partum up to 30 days after calving. Blood samples were analysed using ELISA Progesterone kits to determine the length of post-partum anoestrus. Results show that pre-partum levels of feeding did not have any effect (P > 0.05) on body condition score (BCS) at 12 weeks after calving, calf birth weight, average daily weight gain of calves, milk production and post-partum anoestrus. High BCS at calving was shown to influence BCS at 12 weeks of lactation. Holstein cows had bigger calves (P

An experiment was conducted in a 3 × 3 + 1 factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of different sources of copper on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and elemental balance in young female mink on a corn–fishmeal-based diet. Animals in the control group were fed a basal diet (containing 8.05 mg Cu/kg DM; control), which mainly consisted of corn, fish meal, meat bone meal, and soybean oil, with no copper supplementation. Minks in other nine treatments were fed basal diets supplemented with Cu from reagent-grade copper sulfate, tribasic copper chloride (TBCC) and copper methionate. Cu concentrations of experiment diets were 10, 25, and 40 mg/kg copper. A metabolism trial of 4 days was conducted during the last week of experimental feeding. Final body weight and average daily gain increased (linear and quadratic, P

The preparation process of protein enzymolysis technology for the three-spot seahorse (Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach) degreased bone meal was developed. Two enzymes with better enzymolysis effect were selected from the five proteases, and the optimization condition of the Alkaline Protease is temperature - 54.7°C, pH - 9, duration of 6 h, the acquired rate of polypeptides was 11.77%; and that of Trypsin is temperature - 45°C, pH - 8.8, and duration of 4 h, and the rate was 11.49% by Response Surface Methodology. The strategy of compound enzymes was "Trypsin + Alkaline Protease". The selected preparation process of active polypeptides by the compound enzymolysis technology acquired rate of polypeptides was 14.41 ± 0.16%, increased about 3% of acquired rate of polypeptides and 2.6-4.5% of the free radical scavenging rate than those of the single enzyme. The increased antioxidant capacity mainly came from the increased concentration of polypeptide in II(#) peak, which increased about 10% of the free radical scavenging rate. The strategy of selected compound enzymes can effectively improve the utilization rate of seahorse protein.

Animal feed with meat and bone meal (MBM) has been the source of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle and other livestock animals. Many countries have banned the use MBM as animal feed ingredient. Spectral imaging techniques have shown potentials for rapidly assessing authentication of various food and feed ingredients. The aim of this study was to develop rapid and accurate spectral imaging methods for assessing MBM in animal feed. A preliminary investigation of hyperspectral fluorescence imaging techniques for assessing pork and poultry MBM characteristics in animal feeds is presented in this paper.

Quality of livestock feed affects production and animal health. Fish and bone meal is animal feed ingredients that need to be monitored because highly contaminated with of Salmonella sp and E. coli. Salmonella sp and E. coli arepathogen causing diarrhea in cattle and humans. The aim of this study was to investigate both E. coli and Salmonella contamination animal feed ingredients. A total of 38 animal feed ingredients samples from a poultry farm in Sukabumiconsisting of 15 samples fish meal, bone meal 13 samples and corn 10 samples. These samples were analyzed for Salmonella sp and E. coli by isolation and identification using biochemical analysis. Salmonella Weltevreden wasisolated from fish meal at rates of 6% from the 15 samples. E. coli was isolated at rates of 6% from the 15 fish meal samples and 7% from 13 bone meal samples, while corn samples were free from Salmonella sp and E. coli. This studyshowed that bone meal and fish meal was contaminated slightly by Salmonella Weltevreden and E. coli.(Key words: Feed, Livestock, Salmonella sp, E. coli)

Sorption filters based on granular activated carbon, bone meal and iron fines were tested for their efficiency of removing metals from landfill leachate. Removal of Al, As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn were studied in a laboratory scale setup. Activated carbon removed more than 90% of Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni. Ca, Pb, Sr and Zn were removed but less efficiently. Bone meal removed over 80% of Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn and Sr and 20-80% of Al, Ca, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn. Iron fines removed most metals (As, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sr and Zn) to some extent but less efficiently. All materials released unwanted substances (metals, TOC or nutrients), highlighting the need to study the uptake and release of a large number of compounds, not only the target metals. To remove a wide range of metals using these materials two or more filter materials may need to be combined. Sorption mechanisms for all materials include ion exchange, sorption and precipitation. For iron fines oxidation of Fe(0) seems to be important for metal immobilisation.

An experiment was performed to investigate the effect of animal versus vegetable protein sources in the diet on the development of behavior in laying hens. A diet containing protein sources of only vegetable origin was compared with four diets, each containing one of four processed animal proteins (PAPs). Two PAPs (Daka-58 and Sonac-60) were classified as meat meals, whereas the remaining ones (Daka-40 and Sonac-50) were classified as meat and bone meals. The impact of a control diet (without PAP) versus four PAP diets (50 g/kg CP of animal origin) on behavior was determined. All diets were isocaloric (AME n = 11.8 MJ/kg) and isonitrogenous (dig. lysine = 6.8 g/kg). Hens were housed in 40 floor pens (12 hens/pen, 8 pens/treatment) from 20 to 40 weeks of age. Supplementation of PAPs did not generally reduce feather pecking behavior. Nevertheless, Daka-40 and Sonac-50 fed hens showed a delay in the development of feather damage and, simultaneously, an increase in litter condition, foraging and walking behavior, and floor pecks compared to hens fed Sonac-60. These shifts seemed to be partly related with the intake of digestible glycine, available phosphorus, calcium, potassium, and sodium.

Hundred day old chicks Arbor Acres CP-707 were used randomizedly in this experiment, to study the effects of various levels skipjack tuna bone meal in ration on broiler carcass tenderness and abdominal fat, and were studied for six weeks. Research using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The dietary treatments are: R0 basal diet as control, R1 basal diet + 2% tuna bone meal, R2 basal diet + 4% tuna bone meal and R3 basal diet + 6% tuna bone meal, and each treatments were repeated five times. Results indicated that the highest carcass tenderness was get from the broiler that fed basal diet with 6% tuna bone meal (125,4 mm/g/10sec) and the lowest was get from the broiler that fed basal diet (107 mm/g/10sec). For the abdominal fat, the results is broiler that adding skipjack tuna bone meal in the ration will give more abdominal fat to the broiler (1.89% - 1.92%) versus 1.85% for basal diet.

1. The dietary limitation of isoleucine (Ile) and valine (Val) was evaluated in broilers. Common diets were given to all broilers from 0 to 28 d of age. Experimental diets were provided from 28 to 42 d of age. 2. The experimental test diet was based primarily on maize, soybean meal, and meat and bone meal, and formulated to satisfy all nutrient recommendations with the exception of Ile and Val. 3. Diets were supplemented with L-Ile and L-Val at either 0·5 or 1·0 g kg⁻¹ of diet, alone or in combination. A diet composed only of commercially available amino acids and formulated to satisfy all nutrient requirements served as a positive control. 4. Body weight gain was depressed by the test diet, but recovered to a weight similar to birds fed on the positive control when Val was added to the test diet either alone or in combination with Ile. Feed efficiency improved when Val and Ile were simultaneously supplemented. 5. Abdominal fat yield was reduced with the combined supplementation of Val and Ile. Breast meat yield appeared to be more sensitive to Ile supplementation than to Val. 6. The results suggest that live performance may be more sensitive to Val, while breast meat yield was maximised with Ile supplementation. However, their combination is required for optimised growth and meat yield.

A 6-wk feeding trial was conducted to reevaluate the phosphorus (P) requirement of juvenile olive flounder and the bioavailability of various inorganic phosphorus sources (IPS). Eight experimental diets were prepared such that all diets contained the same amount of calories, nitrogen, and calcium. Each diet included 0.33% total phosphorus (TP) and 0.60 % total calcium supplied by the basal diet. The eight experimental diets were: the basal diet without P supplementation (BD), three diets consisting of the BD supplemented with NaH,PO4.2H2O (NaP0.45 NaP0.57 or NaP1.14) to supply 0.45, 0.57 or 1.14% TP, and four diets consisting of the BD supplemented with K2HPO4 (KP0.57), Ca(H2PO4);H2O (Cap0.57), CaH2PO4;2H2O (CaHP0.57) or flounder bone meal (FBP0.57) to supply 0.57% TP. Fish (N = 480)averaging 4.02 ± 0.03 g (Mean ± SD) were distributed randomly into 24 aquaria (20 fish per aquarium), and were fed one of the eight experimental diets in triplicate groups. The weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed efficiency (FE) of fish fed the NaP0.57 diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed the BD, NaP1.14, KP0.57, CaHP0.57 and FBP0.57 diets (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in WG, SGR, PER, and FER among fish fed the Nap0.45, NaP0.57 and Cap0.57, diets. Whole body P retention (WBPret) in fish fed the Nap0.57 diet was significantly higher than in fish fed the BD, NaP1.14, KP0.57 CaHP0.57 and FBP0.57diets (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in WBPret among fish fed the NaP0.47, NaP0.57, and CaP0.57, diets. The ability of the fish to digest the phosphorus in the NaP0.45, Nap0.57, NaP1.14, and CaP0.57 diets was significantly better than that of fish fed the other diets (P > 0.05). These results indicated that the dietary P requirement for juvenile olive flounder could be 0.45457%. Also, NaH,PO; 2H2O and Ca(H2PO4);H2O appeared to have a better bioavailability than the other P sources in juvenile olive flounder.

A feeding trial was conducted for six weeks to assess the optimum replacement value of processed rock phosphate (PRP) for bone meal and as a source of inorganic phosphorus in maize-cotton seed meal based diets. A total of 144 day old Anack 80 strain broiler chicks were used. Triplicate groups of 12 birds were randomly placed on 4 diets containing 0. 1.8, 2.8 and 5.64% PRP which contributed 0, 0.16, 0.25 and 0.5% inorganic phosphorus in the diets respectively.Results showed PRP levels in diets had no significant (P>0.05) effect cm weight gain, growth rate and feed intake at 0 - 4 weeks. When 2.8% PRP replaced 2% of bone meal, feed efficiency was not significantly different from those birds fed 3% bone meal in control diet. Inclusion of 5.64% PRP significantly (P0.01) lowest in the group fed on 1.8% PRP diet. Weight gain, growth rate and feed intake were not significantly (P

Tetracyclines, which represent one of the most commonly used antibiotics for poultry, are known to be deposited in bones, where they can remain, despite the observation of appropriate withdrawal times. The aim of the study was to determine the concentration of oxytretracycline (OTC) residues in the bone and muscle of chickens, following the oral administration of a commercially available liquid formulation, and to test their cytotoxic effects on an in vitro cell culture model. Seventy-two 1-day-old broiler chickens were randomly allotted into 2 groups (control and treated animals). OTC (40 mg/kg BW) was administered via drinking water during the 1 to 5 and 20 to 25 days of life periods. At the end of the trial, the birds were slaughtered and the OTC residues in the target tissues were measured by means of liquid chromatography (LC) - tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Cytotoxicity was assessed by evaluating the pro-apoptotic effect of the bone residues on the K562 erythroleukemic line and on the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In all the animals, the OTC residues in the muscle were far below the established MRL of 100 μg/kg. The OTC levels in the bones of the treated animals were instead found in the parts per million (ppm) range. Cell cytotoxicity was assessed by evaluating the pro-apoptotic effect of OTC bone residues on the haematopoietic cell system. This in vitro system has revealed a significant pro-apoptotic effect on both the K562 cell line and PBMC cultures. This result suggests potential human and animal health risks due to the entry of tetracycline residues contained in the bones of treated livestock into the food-chain. This could be of concern, particularly for canine and feline diets, as meat, bone meal, and poultry by-products represent some of the main ingredients of pet foods, especially in the case of dry pet food. Further studies are needed to define the underlying mechanisms of cytotoxicity and to evaluate the in vivo toxicological implications due to the observed in vitro effects.

A unique biomarker, h-caldesmon, was identified and purified from bovine intestine smooth muscle. It was used to develop monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for use in immunochemical assays to detect prohibited meat and bone meal (MBM) in animal feed. This biomarker with a molecular weight of 150 kDa was demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to be present in MBM samples that were obtained from different manufacturers. The presence of this biomarker in MBM and smooth muscle was also demonstrated by immunostaining with MAb 8B4 in Western blot assay. h-Caldesmon in intestinal smooth muscle was demonstrated to be stable after autoclaving at 130 °C for up to 1 h. Because MAb 8B4 was sensitive in detecting MBM in animal feed at >0.05%, it can be used in immunoassays for MBM detection.

Meat and bone meal (MBM), when supplemented with tryptophan, is an excellent protein source for pigs. It is also a rich source of Ca and P, but some research has suggested that the bioavailability of P is variable. Experiment 1 further examined the bioavailability of P in MBM. The MBM was obtained directly from a plant and was processed to pass through a 10-mesh screen. It contained 50.7% CP, 2.26% lysine, 10.0% Ca, and 5.0% P (air-dry basis). Individually penned pigs (n = 35; 17 kg initial BW) were fed (ad libitum basis) a low-P, corn-soybean meal-basal diet (0.95% lysine, 0.70% Ca, 0.34% P; as-fed basis) or the basal with graded levels of added P (0.067, 0.133, 0.200%) from monosodium phosphate (MSP) or MBM for 40 d. The Ca level was 0.70% in all diets. Diets were fortified with salt, vitamins, and trace minerals. At termination, the third and fourth metacarpals and metatarsals and femurs were removed from all pigs. Growth rate and feed:gain improved linearly (P < 0.01) with P addition, regardless of source, whereas ADFI was unaffected (P = 0.20). Bone strength and ash increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing level of P from either source. The main effect of P source (MSP vs. MBM) was not significant, except for the greater femur strength (P < 0.05) in the pigs fed the MSP-supplemented diets. Femur and metacarpal/metatarsal strength and metacarpals ash (grams) were regressed on grams of added P consumed for each P source, with the basal included in both regressions. Based on slope ratios (MSP considered as 100%), the relative bioavailability of P in MBM averaged 87% when the regression lines were forced through a common intercept and 95% when unforced. In Exp. 2, 100 pigs were fed fortified corn-soybean meal or corn-soybean meal-MBM diets from 45 to 110 kg BW to evaluate MBM as the sole source of supplemental P. The MBM (54% CP, 2.3% lysine, 9.2% Ca, 4.4% P; air-dry basis) was substituted for corn and soybean meal on a lysine basis, and crystalline lysine was added to all diets at 0.15%. Tryptophan was included in diets containing MBM. Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial with P source (dicalcium phosphate or MBM) and P level as the two factors. The two levels of P and Ca were at the NRC requirement or the NRC level plus 0.10% additional P and Ca. Performance, carcass traits, and bone strength were not affected by source of P and Ca, but bone strength was greater (P < 0.01) at the higher P and Ca level. These results indicate that the bioavailability of P in MBM, relative to that in MSP, is high (approximately 91%) for growing pigs, and MBM can serve as the sole source of supplemental P and Ca for finishing pigs.

Meat and bone meal (MBM) is a high protein agricultural commodity that currently has few applications other than as an animal feed. Unmodified MBM has poor functional properties, due to its low solubility. Our results from pilot plant trials demonstrate that MBM can be extrusion-processed along with sodium caseinate to produce a useful plastic material. We developed this material for use as a dog chew toy. For this application, elastic modulus (stiffness) is a key characteristic. Our results detail the relationship between ambient relative humidity and equilibrium moisture content (MC) in the material. The influence of MC on the glass transition temperature and elastic modulus reflects the plasticization of this material by water. On the basis of a comparison to a commercially available dog chew, the range of stiffness achievable with our material, 0.25-2.50 GPa, encompasses the values appropriate for a dog chew. Our results show that a particular desired stiffness can be maintained by applying an edible moisture barrier to the surface of the material.

To control the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, several DNA methods have been described for the detection of the species origin of meat and bone meal. Most of these methods are based on the amplification of a mitochondrial DNA segment. We have developed a semiquantitative method based on real-time PCR for detection of ruminant DNA, targeting an 88-bp segment of the ruminant short interspersed nuclear element Bov-A2. This method is specific for ruminants and is able to detect as little as 10 fg of bovine DNA. Autoclaving decreased the amount of detectable DNA, but positive signals were observed in feeding stuff containing 10% bovine material if this had not been rendered in accordance with the regulations, i.e., heated at 134 degrees C for 3 instead of 20 min.

Due to the menace of transmission of spongiform encephalopathies, feed components intended for ruminant nutrition must be checked for the presence of ruminant-derived materials. A sensitive method for the identification of bovine- and ovine- and also swine- and chicken-specific mitochondrial DNA sequences based on Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has been developed. The specificity of the primers for PCR has been tested using samples of DNA of other vertebrate species, which may also be present in rendering plant products intended for feed manufacture. The method allows the detection in concentrate mixtures of 0.01% of the target species derived material. The identity of a sample containing 0.1% of bovine, ovine, swine, and chicken meat-and-bone meal has further been confirmed by sequencing.

Experiments have been carried out to study the effect of feeding broiler chickens with irradiated meat-bone meal (0, 5, 10, 25, 50 kGy), at a rate of 100 g/kg diet, on the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values, using total collection of feed and excreta, during different age periods (14–21, 21–28, 28–35 and 35–42 days) and on the biological aspects of the digestive organs during the last 4 weeks of chickens’age (14–42 days). Results indicated that feeding of broiler chickens with diets containing irradiated meat-bone meal had insignificant effects on the AME values which amounted to an average of 18.6 MJ/kg diet during the four weeks of experimental periods. The AME values increased significantly by 0.36–0.99 MJ/kg diet during the late fourth age period compared with the other earlier three age periods. No significant difference was noticed in the AME values between the second and third experimental age periods. Feeding chickens with irradiated meat-bone meal for 4 weeks (14–42 day of age) had no significant effects on the relative weights of crop, proventriculus, gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caeca, colon, pancreas and liver. Therefore, radiation sterilized meat-bone meal could be used as feedstuff in poultry diets without any deleterious effect on the diet energy utilization and biological aspects of chickens’digestive tract.

The consumption of poultry meats exceeds 50% of total meat consumption. With the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and foot and mouth disease, the consumption of poultry meat is set to increase. The use of meat bone meal derived from cattle and pigs is prohibited. Therefore, plant protein has to be used more frequently and the importance of the study of amino acid nutrition is increasing. In order to improve dietary efficiency, it is necessary to elucidate the exact amino acid requirements of poultry. The amino acid requirements are not constant and are affected by various factors. By using the plasma amino acid concentration as a parameter, it is possible to predict the amino acid requirements within a short period using a small number of animals repeatedly. By satisfying the amino acid requirements through supplementing crystalline amino acids, it is possible to reduce dietary protein and excretory nitrogen simultaneously. However, when the dietary protein is reduced, the abdominal fat tends to increase. This is solved by deciding the optimum dietary protein level, but it is difficult to control the taste of poultry meat by dietary amino acids.

This study was aimed to determine the effects of protease supplementation in diets with agricultural-livestock by products on the growth performance in broiler chickens. The commercial protease used in current study was produced by Bacillus licheniformis which based on keratinase. The treatment diets were a control basal diet without agricultural-livestock by-products and protease supplementation (P1); P1 + 0.05% protease; basal diet with meat bone meal (MBM) and distiller’s dried grain with soluble (DDGS) suppementation (P3); P3 + 0.05% protease (P4); basal diet with hydrolized chicken feather meal (HCFM) and DDGS supplementation (P5); P5 + 0.05% protease. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using Complete Randomized Design, and analyzed subsequently by Orthogonal Contrats Test. Results showed that protease supplementation in the diets containing agricultural-livestock by-products did not affect growth performance of broiler chickens in starter phase and overall age phase. However, in diets containing MBM, protease supplementation reduced the nett gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in finisher phase (P

The effect of dietary protein sources on the utilisation of copra meal was investigated in Cobb broilers. A control finisher diet based on fish meal (FM), meat and bone meal (MBM) and full-fat soybean (FFSB) and four other diets containing expeller copra meal (ECM) with combinations of these traditional protein sources (FM+ MBM, FFSB+FM, FFSB+FM+MBM and FFSB+MBM) were fed each to 4 replicates of 5 birds each in a completely randomized design. Body weight gain was highest (P

The purpose of this research is to assess how season, ADG, opportunity costs of farm-grown feeds, pig weight, and butcher price variation impact the economic potential of semi-intensive pig rearing. We developed a unique algorithm that emulates least-cost pig feeding and used it to assess the impact of the aforementioned factors on farmers' maximum revenue and profit potential when pigs are sold to local butchers in western Kenya. When considered as independent factors influencing feed costs to grow a pig to a market weight of 30 kg, variation in ADG, opportunity cost of feed, and weaning season resulted in feed cost differences of up to 982, 947, and 379 Kenyan shillings (KES), respectively. The variation in revenues attributable to butcher or butcher negotiation and seasonal variance of butcher prices for a 30 kg pig was 744 and 225 KES, respectively. Feed items most commonly chosen for least-cost feed rations were small dried fish, cooked ground maize, whole maize, millet, cassava foliage, sweet potato vines, bone meal, avocado, and mango. Smallholder farmers who can feed pigs to reach higher ADG, have lower opportunity costs of feeds and/or who effectively bargain with butchers can benefit from semi-intensive pig rearing. Farmers without access to at least some zero-cost feeds and farmers with opportunity costs of feeds exceeding 50 % of the market price will not earn positive returns from semi-intensive pig rearing.

This research was designed to investigate the growth performance and feed utilization efficiency of juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. fed different types of diets formulated from varieties of feed ingredients. For this purpose, six experimental diets were prepared. All the six experimental diets had soybean, bone meal and groundnut as basal feed ingredients which accounted as 60% of the total amount of ingredients. The rest 40% of each diet was 1Maiz:1Sorghumfor control diet or diet “A”, coffee husk/pulp for diet “B”, wheat bran for diet “C”, beer sludge for diet “D”, potato scrap for diet “E” and 2JCKM:1Wheat:1Rice for diet “F”. After diet preparation, one hundred eighty fish having an average body weight of 3.27 g were randomly distributed into 18 aquaria (80 cm×30 cm×35 cm) in triplicates. During the experiment, the fish were fed three times a day at the rate of 10% of their body weight for 10 weeks. The results revealed that there was significant difference (p

Residues of tetracyclines and their epimers were frequently found in bones of slaughtered animals, and also in meat and bone meals for animal feed that had been heat treated according to EU legislation. The aim of this study was to examine the formation of anhydrotetracycline and 4-epianhydrotetracycline, as toxic degradation products of tetracycline, during a heat treatment. Meat and bone meals containing bound tetracycline residues were heat treated at 100 and 133 °C for up to 45 min, extracted with hydrochloric acid and subsequently analyzed for tetracycline, 4-epitetracycline, anhydrotetracycline and 4-epianhydrotetracycline, using HPLC and LC–MS–MS. Small amounts of anhydrotetracycline and 4-epianhydrotetracycline were even found in the pre-treatment control samples. The heat treatments led to a significant increase of the amounts of these degradation products. During the most rigorous heat treatment, at 133 °C for 45 min, the mean percentage decrease of the concentrations of tetracycline and 4-epitetracycline was 50%, while the mean percentage increase of the concentrations of anhydrotetracycline and 4-epianhydrotetracycline was 533%.