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Hepatocytes represent the majority of the liver cell population and are arranged in the form of cords placed in intimate contact with the sinusoidal capillaries. The functional complexity corroborated with the intensity of the activity of hepatocytes requires large amounts of energy. The organelles involved in the production of chemical energy used in the activity of hepatocytes are the mitochondria. The purpose of this study was to verify the mitochondrial load of hepatocytes in all areas of the classical hepatic lobules, in order to indirectly assess the intensity of hepatocyte activity in each area. Materials and Methods Five fresh corpses of chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) from an independent breeder from Bistrița-Năsăud county were used. Liver fragments were harvested and fixated in Kolster’s solution for 24 hours, stained with Heidenhain ferric hematoxylin, and assessed using Olympus BX41 microscope. Fixation with Kolster's solution and the staining with Heidenhain's iron hematoxylin clearly shows the hepatocytic mitochondria in shades from gray to black. The liver lobules displayed an uneven distribution of mitochondria depending on the area. In zone 1 of the classical hepatic lobule, the degree of loading of hepatocytes with mitochondria is larger than in zone 2 and much larger than in zone 3. Morphological features of the hepatocytes, including the number and distribution of mitochondria in the hepatic lobules, should improve the understanding of the physiology and pathology of the liver.

Stomach fragments from 3 guinea pigs were collected from the three regions: cardiac, fundic and pyloric, for histochemical investigations. The anatomical segments were processed by the classical method of inclusion in paraffin and the histological sections were stained with PAS reaction for highlighting the neutral mucins and the Alcian blue method for acid mucins. All the surface cells of the gastric mucosa and in the crypts were positive on the PAS reaction and negative in the case of the alcian blue reaction. This demonstrates that cells on the surface and in the crypts synthetize neutral mucins. In the case of the cardiac region glands, only a small number of cells were positive on the two histochemical reactions, which shows that the cardiac glands in guinea pig synthesize a very small amount of neutral and acidic mucins. There are no positive cells in neither reaction used in the fundic glands case, which shows that these glands do not synthesize mucins, neither neutral nor acidic content. The glands located in the pyloric region have cells in the deep half of the wall which were positive on both histochemical reactions, which shows that they synthesize both neutral mucins and acidic mucins.

This study aimed to obtain as much and as accurate information as possible about the process of osseointegration of titanium implants, through histological processing. For this purpose, the combination of a mercury chloride fixator (Stieve mixture) and a complex staining method (Goldner’s trichrome) was used, which can highlight the microscopic structures in several colors and shades. The Stieve mixture proved to have distinguished qualities both in the preservation of basophilic and acidophilic structures and especially in the chemical preparation of the substrate for the binding of each structural component with a specific acidophilic dye. On the substrate thus prepared, the acidophilic dyes used in the Goldner’s trichrome staining highlighted the structural components in different colors and shades, offering the possibility of high precision assessment of the newly proliferated bone, in different stages of proliferation, consolidation and reshaping. Complex information was obtained, which allows the appreciation of osseointegration for endosseous implants and the amount of proliferated bone at the bone-implant interface, the stage of proliferation, consolidation and reshaping of the mature bone, the degree of fixation to deep bone structures. The possibility of complex assessment of the osseointegration process for endosseous implants at a given time is of great practical importance for correct assessment of the waiting time required for safe installation of prosthesis. The combination of Stieve fixator mixture with Goldner’s trichrome staining method has proven to be very effective in histology, highlighting on excellent level the existing structural components of each stage, in which the osseointegration process goes through. A very important role in this combination was achieved by mercury chloride mixture, which prepared the substrate for specific reaction with dyes. Regarding the results obtained, we recommend this combination for histological investigations aimed on bone proliferation and repair.

In birds, in contrast to mammals, two brachiocephalic trunks are the origin in the arch of aorta and give rise to the subclavian arteries and common carotid. The aim of this study was to investigate the vascular branching morphology of the aortic arch in Gallus Domesticus with the purpose of providing accurate data with regards to the arterial supply of these segments to researchers and clinicians. The biological material was represented by 10 adult chicken bodies with an average weight of 2 kg, females. After procurement of the biological material, the feathers, skin, muscles and sternum were removed for easy access to the heart. After left ventricular cannulation, epoxy resin mixed with red dye was injected. The body was immersed in 5% formaldehyde for 24 hours. Next, stratigraphic dissection was performed. Two brachiocephalic trunks branched continually from aortic arch caudoventral to the primary bronchi. The left subclavian artery gave rise to sternoclavicular, thoracic, axillary and intercostal and the same was observed to the right side. Due to this method we could observe the aortic arch of Gallus Domesticus being different from mammals in that the left and right brachiocephalic trunks are detached from it.

The morphology of the pancreatic duct system did not receive much attention as compared to the microanatomy of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas. The histological peculiarities of the excretory duct system are of major importance especially in laboratory animals like guinea pigs. The paper describes the histological peculiarities of the major interlobular and extrapancreatic ducts in guinea pigs. The pancreatic tissue samples were collected from five guinea pigs. For histological investigation, several pancreatic fragments underwent fixation in 10% buffered formalin and were later processed by the standard paraffin technique. Subsequentially, tissue sections were stained by Goldner's trichrome staining. The mucous substances were assessed by Alcian blue and Periodic acid-Schiff staining methods. The interlobular and main pancreatic ducts in the guinea pig present a simple columnar epithelium surrounded by a thick layer of dense connective tissue. The aforementioned epithelium of the main pancreatic ducts includes principal cells, goblet cells and basal cells. Additionally, the ductal epithelium presents occasional unicellular multiloculated intraepithelial mucous glands and prominent extraepithelial glands. The latter adopts a simple or compound tubular feature. The mucus elaborated by the three glandular types is mostly neutral in goblet cells, predominantly acidic in extraepithelial ductal glands, and a similar amount of acidic and neutral mucin in intraepithelial glands. In conclusion, the epithelium-associated mucous glands in the interlobular and main pancreatic ducts in the guinea pig are restricted not only to goblet cells. A substantial mucous discharge probably with a protecting role against irritative pancreatic juice derives from the main ductal intraepithelial and extraepithelial glands.

The present paper deals with a detailed description of the auditory ossicles in Capra hircus. The paper focuses on the morphological and morphometrical description of the ossicular assembly, formed by malleus, incus and stapes. The malleus (overall length, as average- 8.16 mm) comprises the head of malleus (Caput mallei), a slightly strictured part-neck (Collum mallei) with 3 distinctive processes (lateral, rostral and muscular) (Processus lateralis, Processus rostralis and Processus muscularis) and a handle (Manubrium mallei). The head of malleus has an oval aspect with an obtuse articular surface on its medial surface (Facies articularis). The neck is evident with three bony processes described-the anterior, almost triangular, the muscular one quite reduced and the lateral one which is the most developed one. The manubrium is the longest sector-4.4 mm and appears as a slightly curved piece. The incus presents a body of 1.3 mm and two processes-the short and long crus (Crus breve and Crus longum). The overall shape of the ossicle resembles a biradicular molar. The lenticular process is a continuation of the distal part of the long crus. The stapes-the smallest in size of the three ossicles (2.7 mm), has a head (Caput stapedis), an anterior (Crus rostrale) and a caudal (Crus caudale) arm and a footplate (Basis stapedis). The two processes are slightly different in size and morphology, delimiting the intercrural space that shows the presence of a bony spicule. The footplate (1.6 mm2 area) is ellipsoidal, with an anterior narrower extremity.

Cadmium’s mechanism of toxicity is manifested by its fixation in mitochondria, inhibition of cellular respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. Vitamin E could act as a protective factor against the harmful effect of Cadmium intoxication. The experimental animals were randomly allocated into 3 experimental groups of 6 rats. The collected blood samples were used to determine hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, blood erythrocyte count and leukocyte count. The following derived red blood cell parameters were calculated in parallel according to the standard methodology. Between groups 1 and 2 there are no significant differences, a sign that vitamin E exerts an effective protective role. We found a significant increase in the white blood cell count and the neutrophil count in group 3 compared to group 1. Between groups 1 and 2 there are no significant differences, a sign that vitamin E has annihilated the cadmium-induced specific effect. In the case of cadmium poisoned rats, we found a decrease in the number of red blood cells, the hematocrit and the hemoglobin level, but also a significant increase in the number of white blood cells. If rats were treated with cadmium and vitamin E, there were not significant differences from the control group.

The paper approaches deal with fine differential morphological and morphometrical aspects of the structure of three main blood vessels in Chinchilla lanigera: the common iliac artery, the internal iliac artery and the external iliac artery. A series of morphological assessments combined with morphometrical data of the intimal layer, dimensions of the media of the vessels, number of elastic laminae and characteristics observed, alow an interesting conclusion when data is regarded in the light of the classical division of the vessels – of muscular, elastic or transitional type. A complex statistical approach (PostHoc tests) is added to highlight some fine differences in terms of metrical data among these three arteries. The complex statistical investigation brings some interesting facts in terms of series resemblances, leading to a reasonable conclusion that the transition from elastic to muscular type of arteries should not be regarded inflexibly, arteries sharing different features, depending on anatomical sector and species.

The status of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) is decisive in staging, prognosis, and therapeutic approach. Using an ultrasonographic examination algorithm composed of B-mode, Doppler technique, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and elastography, this study aimed to determine the diagnostic performance of the four techniques compared to histopathological examination. 96 SLNs belonging to 71 female dogs with mammary gland carcinomas were examined. After examinations, mastectomy and lymphadenectomy were performed. Histopathological examination confirmed the presence of metastases in 54 SLNs. The elasticity score had the highest accuracy&mdash, 89.71%, identifying metastases in SLNs with 88.9.9% sensitivity (SE) and 90.5% specificity (SP), ROC analysis providing excellent results. The S/L (short axis/long axis) ratio showed 83.3% SE and 78.6% SP as a predictor of the presence of metastases in SLN having a good accuracy of 81.2%. On Doppler examination, the resistivity index(RI) showed good accuracy of 80% in characterizing lymph nodes with metastases versus unaffected ones, the same results being obtained by CEUS examination. By assigning to each ultrasonographic parameter a score (0 or 1) and summing up the scores of the four techniques, we obtained the best diagnostic performance in identifying lymph node metastases with 92.2% accuracy. In conclusion, the use of the presented algorithm provides the best identification of metastases in SLNs, helping in mammary carcinoma staging and appropriate therapeutic management.

The present paper deals with the identification and interpretation of the archeozoological material harvested from the archaeological campaign in 2008 under the supervision of specialists from the National History Museum Alba-Iulia in the area of the Olympic Swimming Pool. The Iron Age settlement (pit no 401) revealed the existence of a grave of a horse, buried along a series of artefacts.The material presented was in a very poor state of conservation, allowing, in most cases, only partial measurements. Most of the material belonged to one single horse (Equus caballus) which was evaluated from an anatomical perspective and an osteometrical as well. According to the concluded data, the bones belonged to a young individual, no more than 3-3.5 years old, with an average height calculated, based on the measured long bones, of 139 cm.

In this study we have used 10 carcasses of chinchilla females slaughtered by the owner for commercial purposes. The studied animals have been subjected to an antemortem exam in which the semiological constants like: temperature; breats per minute and pulse were recorded. After the examination the subjects were declared clinically healthy. After skinning 30 ml coloring agent was injected intraluminally and dissection of the cranial mesenteric artery was performed. The first collateral branch of this vessel was the caudal pancreatico-duodenal artery (Arteria pancreaticoduodenalis caudalis), followed by 4-5 jejunal arteries (Arteriae jejunales). The cranial mesenteric artery gives off the dorsal cecal artery (Arteria cecalis dorsalis) as one of terminal branches to supply the haustrated part of cecum, the medial cecal artery (Arteria cecalis media) distributed to the tubular part of cecum (second terminal) and ileocolic artery (Arteria ileocolica)(the third terminal). To the best of our knowledge, our results brings significant information about the blood supply of intestines in chinchilla, that could be a real help for clinicians and researchers studying this topic.

This study is meant to illustrate and describe the features of the auditory ossicles of the chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera), one of the species used more and more frequently in otology and ear surgery as animal model. Cephalic extremities of 12 C. lanigera individuals obtained from a private farm, where this species was bred for fur, were used in this study. The ossicles were obtained either by direct surgical harvesting by mastoid approach or after a dermestid beetle exposure followed by anatomical dissection. The three ossicles that form the assembly are the malleus, incus and stapes. After the removal of these ossicles, a series of anatomical descriptions were made, followed by seriate sets of measurements. The malleus and incus form a joined-single unit called the maleo-incal complex, with an elongated straight appearance, also due to the development of the anterior process. The handle of the malleus and the long process of incus are almost perpendicular to the main axis of the maleo-incal complex. The presence of the muscular process on the handle of the malleus is recorded. The overall shape of the incus is given by the uneven development of the two processes and the reduced neck part. The stapes is the smallest of the components that maintains the well-known architecture in accordance with the general model. The morphology of all three ossicles is backed by a series of measurements, some standard, some adapted to the morphology of the ossicles. From the very reduced comparative metrical data at our disposal, our study presents an average of 10% lower values for the ones presented earlier by other researchers in the same species.

Background: The aim of this study is to describe the morphology, morphometry and ultrastructure of segments of the thoracic and abdominal aorta portions in Chinchilla lanigera. Thickness measurements of the tunica intima and media complex of the aorta were taken. Materials and methods: In all observed specimens, the thickness values for the tunica intima and media complex of the cranial thoracic aorta were significantly higher (mean: 702.19 μm) when compared to the values of other analysed aortic segments (means: 354.18 μm; 243.55 μm). Complex statistical methods were used to assess the differences between various aortic segments. Results and Conclusions: The components of the vessel walls show variations in structure and thickness, presumably due to an adaptation to functional demand.

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a graphical recording of the cardiac electric activity during cardiac revolutions. This bio-current triggers and maintains the mechanical activity of the heart. Within this research, the amplitudes values of the electrocardiographic waves were determined in 6 leads: I, II, III, aVL, aVR and aVF. Thus, some electrocardiograms were recorded using limb lead in clinically healthy kids, aged 1 month, 3 months and 5 months, in order to achieve the proposed objectives. Then, the statistical analysis of the obtained results was performed using t (student) test.As a consequence of the interpretation of the obtained results, it was noticed that the limb leads can be used successfully for recording the electrocardiogram in kids because it provides an easy aspect to interpret. The highest amplitude of the electrocardiographic waves is recorded in I lead, in the case of the 1 month old kids (having the following values: 0.115 mV ± 0.010 for P wave; 0.625 mV ± 0.078 for QRS complex; 0.460 mV ± 0.045 for T wave) and in II lead (having the following values for the 3 months old kids: 0.071 mV ± 0.015 for P wave; 0.540 mV ± 0.064 for QRS complex; 0.310 mV ± 0.052 for T wave and having the following values for the 5 months old kids: 0.071 mV ± 0.015 for P wave; 0.455 mV ± 0.028 for QRS complex; 0.430 mV ± 0.026 for T wave). It also found that the lowest amplitude of electrocardiographic waves is recorded in the aVF lead, but this lead cannot be used for ECG recording in kids.

International audience; The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence and the risk factors for deep digital flexor (DDF) distal tendinopathy in the equine limb (from the proximal extremity of the middle phalanx to the insertion of this tendon to the distal phalanx) and to identify the circumstances that promote this pathological condition. This epidemiological analysis was performed on 100 horses diagnosed with DDF distal tendinopathies at CIRALE-Hippolia between January 2009 and June 2010. All horses included in this study were diagnosed by ultrasonographic examination with front limb lameness associated with distal DDF tendinopathies at CIRALE-Hippolia in the aforementioned period. The sources of information were the individual medical records of horses. The considered risk factors were as follows: breed, age, sex, and athletic discipline. The risk was quantified by analyzing statistical association of the studied condition and different factors that can interfere with its evolution. Lameness associated with distal DDF tendinopathy has been mostly identified in jumping horses. The most well represented age category was the 8-10 years one, but the horses aged between 11 and 14 years had the highest risk for developing DDF tendinopathy. Females were more prone to this type of injury. The current epidemiological analysis provides a model for risk and protective factors for the development of DDF tendinopathy in the equine distal limb. The most susceptible group of equids are female Warmbloods more than the age of seven, whereas young male Thoroughbreds and French Trotters (0-3 year-old) carry the lowest risk in developing this pathology.

In this study we focused on the investigation of the cardiovascular system in swine by means of angiocardiographies utilizing Iopamiro 300 as contrast agent. Our choice of subject is due to the correlation between human species and swine, knowing that the latter was and continues to be an experimental model for various studies performed both in veterinary and in human medicine. The research was carried out on 5 male subjects of varying ages and weights. Following the injection with Iopamiro 300 contrast agent in the left cardiac ventricle, we have obtained quality radiographic images underlining the cardiovascular anatomical structures involved in the systemic blood circulation. Our method allowed us to image the heart and the large vessels together with their origin, path and distribution. Our results led us to establish the optimal post-injection time for radiological exposure as well as the appropriate decubitus of the subjects in relation to the targeted cardiovascular structures. We ascertain that the great importance of this study lies in the transposition of anatomy from the virtual stage to the real stage, without resorting to the euthanasia of the subjects.

In view of the relatively recent introduction of the chinchilla as an experimental model in human neurological research, there rises a need for a precise knowledge of the anatomy and structure of the different segments composing this species’ encephalon. Our study aimed to enrich the current data pool, by providing a macroscopical and histogical description of the chinchilla's cerebellum. 10 samples were harvested from commercially slaughtered young adults of both sexes. 5 samples were macroscopically examined and 5 samples were serially cut and stained (both Hematoxylin-Eosin and a modified Luxol-Cresyl protocol). The external features and the structure of the cerebellum were assessed and compared to literature data on other similar species (such as the rat and the rabbit). The macroscopic examination revealed that the chinchilla's cerebellum is well developed in size (average width of 2 cm) relative to the size of the encephalon (average width of 2.4 cm). The cerebellar hemispheres are globulous, with a prominent paraflocculus and the vermis is very thick. The ratio between these segments resembles that of the rabbit's. Histological samples revealed that the cerebellar cortex presents the main layers common for cerebellar cytoarchitectonics. The segmentation of the vermis is similar to that o the rat, but there are variations in lobular size, lobular orientation and placement of the primary and secondary fissures. Our results indicate that, although the structure of the chinchilla's cerebellum generally complies to rodent literature descriptions, experiments demanding stereotaxic location of lobules and foliae cannot completely rely on the existing neuroanatomic maps of other species (such as the rat), benefiting from the present description.

The aim of this study is the detailed description of the esophageal microscopic structure in guinea pigs. Fragments from the cervical, thoracic and abdominal segments of the esophagus were processed for classical paraffin embedding and the sections were stained by hematoxylin-eosin and Goldner’s trichrome methods. The esophagus in guinea pigs is lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and there are no glands in the lamina propria and the submucosa. The muscularis mucosae is formed by smooth muscle cells disposed longitudinally. The muscularis externa is formed by striated muscle cells disposed on 3 layers in the first 2 thirds of the esophagus, while in some regions of the abdominal segment’s circumference, the cells form 4 layers.

Since their discovery, Brunner’s glands have been an attractive subject of research. The study aimed to investigate the structure, the topography, and the degree of development of the Brunner’s glands in chinchillas through light microscopy. Transversal fragments from the duodenum of 5 chinchilla males were histologically processed by classical paraffin technique. Brunner glands are much more developed and proportionally, they occupy at least three times more space than the Lieberkuhn glands. In many places, Brunner glands are clustered, suggesting that more than one such gland spills its secretion product through a common Lieberkuhn gland in the space between villi. We can affirm that Brunner glands, after their disposition, appearance and absence of distinct muscularis mucosae, are disposed into the thickness of the mucosa and submucosa in chinchilla (together with the Lieberkuhn glands) and not strictly in the submucosa as in other mammals.

Background: The investigation on the cardiocirculatory system in chinchilla has become increasingly important due to the use of the species in experimental medicine (toxicology, pathology, parasitology etc.). Even though initially this species was regarded with a strict economic interest, in the last period, chinchillas have become an increasingly-encountered patient in veterinary clinics and hospitals. Another aspect is the use of the species in medical research, as experimental model or in parasitology. The present study tackles a combined anatomical and radiological (angiographical) study to accurately describe the vascular anatomy of the initial part of the aortic arch (Arcus aortae).Materials, Methods & Results: The anatomical distribution of collaterals detached from arcus aorticus (brachiocephalic trunk and subclavian arteries) are highlighted in this paper. To do that, the classical stratigraphic anatomical investigation, followed by the radiological study with the help of the contrast substance injected into the vascular bed were used in combination. Several Chinchilla lanigera female carcasses, obtained from a private commercial farming unit in Cluj county, Romania were used for this study. Ten carcasses were used for the anatomical study, being injected into the vascular bed with a mixture of latex and acrylic dye, fixated into formaldehyde 5% and later dissected, while the other ten carcasses were injected at the level of the aortic arch with Visipaque 320 contrast substance and subjected to the angiographical procedure.The anatomical investigation was carried after an initial 5 day-fixation period, while the angiographic procedure was initiated using the TEMCO Grx-01 device and the Veterinary Digital Imaging System® as digital imaging processing software. This combined study shows the differential mode of emergence of the subclavian and carotid arteries in this species. The brachiocephalic trunk is the first large collateral branch arising from the initial part of the aortic cross while the left subclavian artery, in all studied cases, stems from this initial part of the aortic arch. The right subclavian artery arises from the terminal part of the brachiocephalic trunk, at the cranial border of the first rib. The continuation of the trunk is represented by right common carotid artery that follows the right jugular groove. The left common carotid artery emerges at the medial aspect of the first intercostal space as a collateral branch detached from the brachiocephalic trunk, in its initial sector. In respect to the collaterals emerging from the subclavian arteries, our study showed that in all studied cases, four branches arise in sequence- the internal thoracic, dorsal scapular, vertebral and superficial cervical arteries. The existence of the common trunks (internal thoracic, dorsal scapular arteries and superficial and deep cervical arteries (as described by other authors) was not confirmed on the investigated specimens.Discussion: The paper highlights some interesting facts referring to the specific morphology of the aortic arch in chinchilla, as literature data provides some divergent data. Some of the aspects noted are confirmed (the emergence of subclavian arteries) while some others are still subjects to discussion and further investigation (collateral branches of subclavian arteries). Our approach focuses also on the comparative aspects of the morphology of the branches emerging from the aortic arch. According to the available literature, the following species were used as comparison: leporids, Guinea pig, squirrel, yellow-necked mouse, Egyptian mouse, rat, armadillo, nutria, capybara, paca, fox and leopard.

The structure of the salivary glands is different depending on the species and diet. The glandular secretion can be serous, mucous or mixed. Within the same order, for instance in rodents, there are dissimilarities between the major salivary glands, even if the diet is similar. In this study, we used three chinchillas, slaughtered for their fur. We harvested the major salivary glands which were histologicaly processed. The parotid gland in chinchilla is highly similar to the one in other mammal species, regarding its general microscopic aspect. It contains only one type of acini (serous) and numerous secretory ducts. On the other hand, the submaxillary gland has a particular type of acini, with a narrow lumen and cells with a round nucleus. They resemble the serous ones, but the glanular aspect of the cytoplasm suggests that the secretion of this gland is different in comparison to the one in the parotid gland. The structure of the sublingual gland in chinchilla is similar to the one in most of the mammals, containing typical mucous acini, with a foamy cytoplasm. The major salivary glands in chinchilla, highly resemble those in most of the mammal species. The parotid gland presents serous acini and the sublingual one, typical mixed acini. Instead, the submaxillary gland has a particular aspect: its acini do not present the serous demilune, they resemble the typical serous acini (contain round nuclei), but they are larger.

The mummification of bodies is a technique known since antiquity.Over time it has spread to Europe, becoming an essential practice for preserving bodies. The mummification technique was associated with the existence of life after death. The discipline of Comparative Anatomy in veterinary medical education uses animal bodies as educational models for teaching purposes. The study was conducted in the laboratory of Anatomy of the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca. We used: rabbit cadavers, dissection instruments, staining substances and 5% formalin solution. The staining substance was injected through aorta, then; fixation in 5% formaldehyde solution for five days was performed. The gastrointestinal mass was isolated and the content was evacuated and then, fixed to the support and left to dry until mummification occurred. The gastrointestinal mass was properly preserved and the dye has uniformly highlighted the vascularization of all segments. The fixing method allowed the maintenance of injected stains. The results indicate that the technique applied in this study is appropriate for preservation of the gastrointestinal tract in rabbits Â

It is well known that the large caliber vessels, the nutrition of the wall differs in the internal part in comparison to the external one. In the present study we assessed the presence and distribution of vascularisation of aortic media in 3 species: lamb, rabbit and chinchilla. Samples were harvested from a group of 3 animals for each species. After histological processing, we stained the sections and assessed the presence and distribution of vasa vasorum. In lamb, blood vessels were present in the media of the first aortic segments (with a larger caliber), and starting with abdominal descending aorta they were absent. In rabbit and chinchilla, blood vessels were not present in tunica media. The present study shows that vasa vasorum are present only in tunica media of arteries exceeding a certain caliber.

Chinchillas are primarily used as laboratory animals in auditory pathways research, it is necessary to acquire detailed neuroanatomical data on other encephalon segments, in order to assess whether this species might also contribute as olfactory pathways experimental models. Thus, our research focused on providing a gross and microscopic description of the chinchilla’s olfactory bulbs. Five chinchilla encephalon samples were harvested from commercially slaughtered young adults. The pairs of olfactory bulb were isolated by dissection, macroscopically examined while still attached, then detached, fixed in buffered formalin, serially cut and stained using a modified Luxol-Cresyl protocol. Gross and microscopic features were assessed and compared to literature descriptions of related species such as the rat and the rabbit. Chinchillas presented large olfactory bulbs with an average maximal diameter of 3 mm each, positioned in two corresponding deep grooves of the cribriform plate, orally to the anterior limit of the cerebral hemispheres. They decreased in girth ventro-aborally towards their base, which was located on the ventral side of the telencephalon. Histologically, they presented a laminar structure: an olfactory nerve layer, a glomerular layer, an external plexiform layer, a mitral cell layer, an internal plexiform layer and a granule cell layer. The proportionally well developed olfactory bulbs and the existence of the accessory olfactory bulbs demonstrates that C. lanigera is a macrosmatic species. The olfactory bulbs in the chinchilla present the gross anatomy and histological outline concurring with literature rodent descriptions, with certain particularities (accessory bulb topography, olfactory ventricle topography, glomerular size and shape).

This study aimed to map the lymphatic drainage of the cranial thoracic mammary gland (T1) in clinically healthy domestic cats. The most important aspect was to identify the sentinel lymph node that drains the T1 mammary gland, leading to a new model of mammary tumor removal in the cat.The study was conducted on 10 female’s domestic cats. The applied methods of investigation were: radiographic indirect lymphography with contrast agent (Optiray 350), injecting a coloring agent (Evans blue dye) in vivo followed by subject euthanasia and stratigraphic and regional dissection. For each cat, have been supervised behavior and physiological parameters (i.e. pulse, breathing, temperature). The cats were kept in individual cages, and all experiments were performed one day later after the accommodation of each animal.Drainage of the cranial thoracic mammary gland was found to be exclusively cranial in all subjects. The first lymph node station has been established that can be either the accessory axillary lymph node or the proper axillary lymph node when the former is missing. Taking into account internodal connections, the study has also underlined other lymph nodes involved in the drainage of the T1 mammary region.The stratigraphic dissection method complements radiographic indirect lymphography with contrast agent, by uncovering features that the latter is unable to underline. Stratigraphic dissection can only be used as an experimental tool, but the radiographic indirect lymphography is a very good method for clinical use.

Tunica adventitia of large caliber vessels in lambs presents a highly different thickness from one segment to another, depending on its position in relation to the heart and the irrigated area. In the case of all the studied arteries, adventitia is formed out of collagen and elastic fibers. In some arteries, adventitia contains a small quantity of elastic fibers (ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic descending aorta, bicarotid trunk, left subclavian artery). Other arteries contain elastic fibers in a markedly larger quantity, without exceeding a certain limit (abdominal descending aorta, left and right internal iliac arteries, brachiocephalic trunk, right subclavian artery). There are also vessels in which the elastic component from tunica adventitia is formed out of thick and numerous fibers, so that the elastic component in adventitia markedly exceeds the one from tunica media (left and right external iliac arteries, left and right carotid arteries). The large quantity of elastic tissue in tunica adventitia of these vessels seems to be an adaptation to the external solicitations that exert upon them, in direct relation to the irrigated anatomical area.

Considering the clinical benefits derived from the extensive morphological data existing in relation to the vascularisation of the udder in various milk cow breeds, our study focused on assessing the venous vascularisation of the udder in buffalo cows. Ten adult female buffalo cow udders were sampled, their vascularisation highlighted by arterial injection of a coloring agent, then fixed in a 2% formalin solution for 24 hours. The venous vascular system was identified by stratigraphic dissection under a magnifying glass and examined. We have identified common venous trunks for the homolateral anterior and caudal quarters and perforating veins going through the median septum. In 7 out of 10 examined udders, teat and parenchyma veins merged into a venous circle for each caudal quarter, both of them merging caudally with the greater venous circle at the base of the udder. 5 out of 10 samples also presented secondary venous circles around each anterior quarter. The results of the present study indicate a proportionally better developed venous vascularisation of the caudal quarters in the buffalo cow, correlated with a higher milk production at this level; a superior number of veins and a higher occurrence of venous circles at this level illustrate this aspect. However, the udder presents a unified venous drainage, as superficial veins of homolateral quarters merge, and the median suspensory ligament is traversed by perforating veins.

Chinchilla, a small sized rodent, is taxonomically placed in the Mamalia class, Theria subclass, Eutheria clade, Rodentia order, Hystricomorpha suborder, Chinchilidae family, Chinchilla species. In the wild, it occupies a territory covering the states of Chile, Peru and Argentina, as well as the south region of Bolivia. The biologic material for out study consisted of 5 Chinchilla specimens processed to obtain histological samples. The staining protocol has very well underlined the trilamelar structure of the layers composing the arterial wall. The tunica intima comprises an endothelium, a basement membrane and a subendothelial layer. This tunic outlines the lumen of the arteries. The tunica media is formed by elastic fibers disposed on several circular layers and a certain number of smooth muscle cells in-between them. The external tunic or the tunica adventitia is made up of lax conjunctive tissue. The ratio between tunics of the arterial wall of the great arteries in Chinchillas changes according to the distance from the heart. While the aorta has a very poorly developed tunica adventitia, this layer represents 50% of the arterial wall in the subclavian and external iliac arteries.

Pig’s heart could be used for conducting experiments on coronary arteries. As far as the coronary blood supplyis the heart of the pig was similar to that of man with small differences. The bibliografic data are illuminating taking into consideration the multiple origin variations of the coronary arteries (Edward-Luisada-Hollishead-Klein, quoted by Pop D. Popa, 1982), and then the observations concerning the representation of the percentage of different origin’ versions of the cardiac vessels (Wernaeky quoted by Agneoletti et al., 2005), anatomical particularities of the cardiac vessels in human (Pop D. Popa, 1982).The study has been conducted on a total of seven hearts harvested from adult pigs, common breads, slaughtered for economic purposes by exsanguination, considered clinically healthy. The orifices of the heart arteries – coronary left and right were found after opening the aortic bulb. The product PALUX colored with red pigment was injected in the arterial lumen. Segmental photos were taken during the dissection of the vascular tracks.The left coronary artery in the initial trajectory segment releases deep collaterals for the left atrium and pulmonary arterial trunk. The paraconal terminal releases numerous deep collaterals which particularly irrigate the front of the adjacent right ventricle. The circumflex terminal releases left arterial dorsal deep collaterals, and the deep branches emerge from the intermediate arteries. The right coronary artery releases numerous fine dorsal branches, which penetrate the walls of the right atrium. The right ventricular deep collaterals are released from the superficial ventricular arteries.In addition to the deep collaterals of the superficial cardiac arteries, also the paraconal artery, the circumflex artery and the right coronary artery release deep direct collaterals for the myocardium and the atrioventricular papillary formations.

The stratigraphic dissection of the thorax and ventral cervical region was made on 5 rabbit cadavers. We firstly exposed the heart, and then the aortic arch. The aortic arch has a very curved trajectory and two collaterals (brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian artery). The brachiocephalic trunk bifurcates in two collaterals (left and right common carotid arteries) and it ends with the right common carotid artery. The bicarotid trunk is absent in leporidae. In subjects taken into study, the diameter of the right subclavian artery (collateral of the brachiocephalic trunk) is larger than the one in the right common carotid artery (terminal of the brachiocephalic trunk).

Large arteries from 2 rabbits were processed in order to make histological investigations, using two staining techniques: Goldner’s Trichrome and Verhoeff. We noticed that the proportion of the three arterial tunicae modifies as they get farther away from the heart. The changes appear in tunica media, which gradually decreases, and tunica adventitia, which gradually increases. Structurally, we observed that the first arterial segments are typical elastic arteries (pulmonary trunk, ascending aorts, aortic arch and thoracic descending aorta), the next are transitional arteries (abdominal descending aorta, subclavian arteries, carotids), and the iliac arteries are typical muscular arteries.

Our study was made on 3 clinically healthy, Chinchila laniger females, weighting 600 grams. These animals were commercially slaughtered for their fur. The descending abdominal aorta was identified and then injected with a colored substance, followed by anatomical dissection. The stratigraphic dissection underlined the descending abdominal aorta and its terminals, represented by two common iliac arteries (left and right) forming a right angle at their origin point. Only one specimen presented a median sacral artery.

The current growing trend of Chinchilla husbandry for pets creates a demand for generating a detailed anatomic data base of this species. Taking into account the existing initiatives of osteology and osteometry research our study aimed to compare the pelvic limb skeleton of the Chinchilla to that of the Domestic Rabbit, in order to highlight the differences.10 pelvic limb skeletons of adult Chinchillas were compared to 10 Domestic Rabbit pelvic limbs skeletons belonging to our ossuary. Examination underlined several particularities: the wing of the chinchilla’s ilium is narrower than that of the rabbit’s, the gluteal crest is very prominent and continues on the lateral side of the neck of ilium, ending in a tubercle, caudally to the acetabulum. The femur misses the third trochanter present in rabbits. The tibia and the fibula of the Chinchilla are not fused in the distal two thirds of the diaphysis. The Chinchilla’s fibula is a complete bone, having the same length as the tibia, ending by a rounded lateral malleolus. The similitude to the Rabbit is that the two bones present a visible but narrow proximal interosseous space. Both species present a similar autopodium, although the fifth toe is shorter in Chinchillas, composed of two phalanges. In conclusion, the coxal, the femur, the tibia and fibula of the Chinchilla present several distinct elements when compared to Domestic Rabbits, which provide details useful for clinical examination and further articular and muscular research in this species.

International audience; The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed description of the vascular changes in the distal part of deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT). Eight isolated forelimbs were collected from 8 horses with DDF tendinopathy diagnosed post-mortem by ultrasound and gross anatomopathological examination. The samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, softened in 4% phenol and dehydrated with ethylic alcohol. Goldner's Trichrome staining method was used. The histopathological examination revealed vascular proliferation associated with structural disorders of blood vessels. Angiogenesis, fibroplasia and consecutive hypertrophy of the vascular wall with or without vascular occlusion were the most common findings. Other histopathological findings were: endothelial cell edema, progressive metaplasia from squamous to cubic cells, vascular wall hyalinization, endothelial cells apoptosis/necrosis and endothelial desquamation. These results demonstrated damage of the distal deep digital flexor tendon vasculature which may progressively alter the structural integrity of the tendon and contribute to degenerative lesions. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.