Search

Objectives: The objective of this study is to lay emphasis on Gerdy’s tubercle, its morphology and clinical significance of Gerdy’s safe area in upper lateral part of tibia for any surgical intervention to avoid injury to neighboring common peroneal nerve. Study Design: Comparative anatomical study. Setting: Anatomy Department Faisalabad Medical University Faisalabad. Period: From 1st September 2018 to 20th Feb 2019. Material & Methods: Total 72 dried Pakistani tibia irrespective of sex (38 right and 34 left) were taken from the bone bank of Anatomy Department FMU. The upper end of tibia was studied with respect to the shape and texture of Gerdy’s tubercle. The shape is divided in to Group A having triangular, Group B oval, Group C irregular and group D unidentified in both right and left bones and their % age was calculated. Similarly the texture Of GT was divided in to Group A facet (smooth), Group B tubercle (rough) and Group C unidentified in both right and left tibia and then % age was calculated. Results: Total 72 dried human tibia were examined out of which 38 were of right side and rest 34 were of left side all showed presence of Gerdry’s tubercle. Regarding shape of GT Right tibia showed 12(31.5%) triangular (group A), Oval shape was 20 (52.6%) (Group B), number of irregular was 6 (15.9%) (Group C) and none unidentified (0%) (Group D). Regarding texture GT Right Tibia showed facet type Group A 16(42%), Group B 57% were of tubercle type (22) and non unidentified (Group D) Zero %. Total 34 left tibia Shape of GT was examined and found triangular (group A) in 18 tibia (52%) and oval shaped 6(17.6%) in group B. Whereas in group C 10 (29.4%). were irregular. The texture of left tibia 41.1% (14) were of facet Type Group A and 58.82% (20) were of tubercle type (group B). Total Number of Tibia (N=72) GT showed 41.6% triangular, 36.1% oval and 22.2% irregular. While 41.6% were facet and 58.3% tubercle in texture. Conclusion: This study concluded that the morphological study of Gerdy’s tubercle is mandatory to approach the lateral compartment of the knee joint for any surgical intervention. The calculation of safe area is so important to avoid injury to common peroneal nerve.

Road traffic accidents are quite common in developing countries like Pakistan and mainly affect middle aged men. Objectives: To determine the frequency of epidural hematoma in different ages due to road traffic accidents on Computed Tomography scan brain. Study Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting: Emergency Radiology Department, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore. Period: August 2017 to November 2017. Material & Methods: One hundred fifteen patients were selected who visited to emergency due to road traffic accidents. The individuals with head injury bearing hematoma were included. Axial computed tomography scan brain without contrast was performed. The frequency of epidural hematoma in different ages was determined. Result: Total one hundred fifteen patients were enrolled in the study; epidural hematomas were 49 (42.60%) while no epidural hematomas were 66(57.39%). Out of 49 epidural hematoma cases males were 38(77.55%) and females were 11 (22.45%) with a mean age of 19 years with a range of 2-55 ± 9.59 years. All the individuals with head injury were categorized into three groups. The frequency of epidural hematoma in different ages was 75.51% (15-44 years) followed by 20.40% (45years). Conclusion: It was concluded from this study that epidural hematoma determined by computed tomography scan brain is more frequent in middle age.

Objectives: To study the nutrient foramina of the dried human clavicle with respectto their position, number and direction for clinical interest. Study Design: Cross sectional study.Setting: Anatomy Department Faisalabad Medical University Faisalabad. Period: Six monthsfrom July to December 2017. Material and Methods: 60 dried human clavicles taken frombone bank of Anatomy Department Faisalabad Medical University Faisalabad. The foraminawere studied according to their location, and number and direction. The foramina index wascalculated using Hughes Formula by measuring the average total length and average lengthof foramina from sternal end of the clavicle. Results: The nutrient foramen was observed in all60(100%) of the clavicle. Single foramen was present in 22 (36.6%) clavicle and double foramenin 30(50%) clavicle. Triple and quadruple foramen in 6(10%) and 2(3.3%) clavicles respectively.The 34 left clavicles posses single foramen 12 (41.1%), double foramen 14(35.2%) while tripleand quadruple are 6(17.6%) and 2(5.8%) respectively. Total 26 right clavicles had 10 (38.4%)single foramen and 16(61.5%) double foramen. Total number of foramen in all 60 clavicleswere 108 of which 61.1% are located on posterior surface of the clavicle, 27% were found oninferior surface and rest 11.1% were on anterior surface. The clavicle having more than oneforamina are 28 out of which 64.2% was having both inferior and posterior foramina, 21.4 % wasanterior and posterior while 14.28% was located on triple sites anterior, inferior and posterior.We also found 90% of foramina were present on middle 1/3 and 10% on lateral 1/3. 98.3% ofthe foramina were directed to acromial end while rest 1.7 % to sternal end. The mean length offoramina from sternal end is 7.46 cm and mean maximum length of the clavicle was 14.51cm.The mean foramina index was 51.41. Conclusion: It is concluded from the study that most ofthe foramina are located on middle 3rd of the clavicle the commonest site of the fractures of thebone. Most of the foramina are located on the posterior surface denoting its blood supply fromthe neighboring blood supply. The knowledge of the foramina and its blood supply is importantfor fracture healing and bone grafting.

Aim and Objective: The study was conducted to see the vascular and follicular changes induced by dexamethasone (syntheticcorticosteroid) during involution of hyperplastic thyroid gland in albino rats. Study Design: A comparative histological study done in PostGraduate Medical Institute Lahore in 1998 Procedure: 54 adult rats were taken and divided at random into two control groups having 27 ratsand experimental groups containing 27 rats. Control group was given normal diet along with 2 microgram of Potassium iodide intraperitonealyfor 21 days while experimental groups further subdivided into group A having 3 rats and group B and C containing 12 rats each. All theexperimental groups were treated with Thiourea for 21 days. Group A was sacrificed on day 22 after withdrawal of thiourea. Group B was givenPotassium iodide intraperitonealy after stoppage of TU on day 21 and were sacrificed on days 22,26,30 and 50 in 4 sub groups (B1-B4) tostudy the involution process. Group C was injected dexamethasone from 22 to 50 days after withdrawal of TU and sacrificed on same daysin 4 subgroups (C1-C4) as sub groups B. Results: The results of experimental group. A showed increase in thyroid and relative tissue weight.Histologically this group exhibited significant increase in stromal congestion with tall follicular cells lining the small sized follicles having scantycolloid. The results of experimental groups B and C demonstrated increase in thyroid and relative tissue weight but microscopically subgroupsB revealed early and complete involution whereas subgroups C showed significantly persistent hyperplastic changes in the form of stromalcongestion, vessels wall remained well defined and tall follicular cells lining small empty follicles. Conclusion: It was concluded thatdexamehasone did retain hyperplastic changes during involution evident by stromal congestion and small sized regular follicle lined by tallfollicular cells, so it should be carefully used in thyroid diseases.