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Background and objective Bulung Sangu, like many other macroalgae, is a source of beneficial phytochemical for health. This study was aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of bulung sangu ethanol extract cream. Materials and methods The compounds of bulung sangu ethanol extract were identified by using gas chromatography. The antioxidant activity of the extract was examined by the DPPH assay. The anti-inflammatory effect was analyzed in vivo against ultraviolet B (UVB) induction through variables of epidermal thickening and epidermal erosion scores. Results Our results showed that bulung sangu ethanol extract contained 18 compounds, in which, 11 compounds considered active as antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory. Cream extract in both concentrations showed scavenging for more than 50%, with a concentration of 10% cream extract exhibited higher antioxidant activity compared to 5%. The in vivo assay showed a reduction of epidermal thickness and epidermal erosion in the application of both concentrations. The concentration of 10% cream extract showed higher reduction compared to 5% with results produced resembling normal. Conclusion It can be concluded that bulung sangu displayed a potential source for being developed for the health and medicine aspect, especially for various activities supported by antioxidants and anti-inflammatory.

This study aims to determine the effect of Muntingia calabura‘s leaves extract ointment on the healing of cuts in the skin of hyperglycemic mice in terms of collagen density. This study used 24 male mice (Mus musculus) with alloxan induced hyperglycemia (150 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneal. Skin incisions are made on the back using a scalpel with a length of ± 15 mm and a depth reaching the subcutaneous. The experimental animals were randomly divided into four treatments and each treatment consisted of six replications, namely the control was given a placebo, and the treatment of cherry leaf extract ointment with a concentration of 30%, 40%, and 50%. The process of wound healing was observed histopathological with collagen density parameters. Based on the results, there was an increase in collagen density in each treatment. The mean collagen density in treatment (T) 0% (T0) 0.60; at treatment 30% (T1) 0.73; at treatment 40% (T3) 1,46; at 50% treatment (T3) was 2.20. The results of the study through the Kruskal Wallis test stated that the cherry leaf extract ointment had a very significant effect on the healing of the incision wound of hyperglycemic mice as seen from the density of collagen. We conclude that the administration of 50% cherry leaf extract ointment is the most effective in accelerating the healing of the hyperlycemic mice incision wounds in terms of collagen density.

Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is one of several examples of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that come from incomplete combustion of organic materials.BaP compound is used in research to induce fibrosarcoma.In general, patients with cancer will experience a reduction in body weight. This study aims to determine the body weight profile, the time it takes to cause fibrosarcoma, and the mortality rate of male Sprague Dawley rats after injection with BaP. In this study, 18 rats were used with two treatments.Rats in treatment 0 (P0) were not treated, while rats in treatment I (PI) were injected with BaP 0.3% in 0.1 mL oleum olivarumten times given gradually at two-day intervals via subcutaneous. There were six and 12 rats, respectively, P0 and PI. BaP solution is prepared by dissolving in oleum olivarum, mixing, and stirring until homogeneous. The rats were weighed at the beginning of the study and then carried out routinely once a weekfor 19 weeks of research. At the beginning of the study, the average body weight of rats at P0 and PI were 121.43 ± 7.04 g and 131.49 ± 16.31 g, respectively. The mean body weight of the rats at P0 and PI from the first week to the 19th were178.53 ± 29.97 g and 159.20 ± 14.24 g, respectively. The time taken to inducefibrosarcoma was 85.5 ± 17.6 days. The mortality rate in treatment P0 was 0% and PI treatment was 8.33%.From the results of this study, it can be concluded that giving BaP significantly reduces the body weight profile of rats and has a mortality rate of 8.33%.

The increasing number of cases of acute encephalitis syndrome, a key presenting clinical sign of Japanese encephalitis infection in humans, along with increasing laboratory confirmed cases in Bali over recent years have led to the Indonesian government developing a national program of vaccination against Japanese encephalitis virus. In order to inform multidisciplinary management, a review was conducted to assess Japanese encephalitis virus-related cases in humans and animals including their determinants and detection in vectors. Along with published literature, key data from local authorized officers in Bali have been used to convey the recent situation of the disease. Related surveys detected up to 92% of the local children had antibodies against the virus with the annual incidence estimated to be 7.1 per 100,000 children. Additionally, reports on young and adult cases of infection within international travellers infected in Bali were documented with both non-fatal and fatal outcomes. Further seroprevalence surveys detected up to 90% with antibodies to the virus in animal reservoirs. The detection of the virus in certain Culex mosquito species and high levels of seropositivity may be associated with greater risk of the virus transmission to the human population. It was also highlighted that local sociocultural practices for agriculture and livestock were potentially associated with the high density of the vector and the reservoirs, which then may lead to the risk of the disease transmission in the ecology of Bali.

Introduction: Myrmecodia pendans, or traditionally known as ant nest fruit, is one of popular traditional medicines in Indonesia with a wide range of effects such as antidiabetic, anticancer, and free-radical scavenging agents. Despite of the extensive research, reports regarding its toxicity are scarce. Gentamicin is also one of popular and widely used anti-biotic but it is associated with a wide range of toxicity, especially if administered at high dose. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of Myrmecodia pendans extract in the mice what received toxic dose of gentamicin.Method: 24 male white rats were used and randomly divided into 4 groups: P0 (negative control), P1 (100 mg/kgBW intraperitoneal gentamicin), P2 (gentamicyn + 250 mg/kgBW myrmercodia extract), P3 (250 mg/kgBW myrmercodia extract which administered for 7 days and followed by gentamicin). The treatment was given for 10 days and all mice were sacrificed at the end of the study. The stomach was taken from each mouse and examined pathologically using Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining.Results: The necrosis was found in all groups that received gentamicin (P1-P3) with P2 had the most severe necrosis. Hemorrhage was only found in group that received Myrmecodia extract (P2 and P3) and, again, P2 had higher score of hemorrhage compared to P3.Conclusion: The administration of Myrmecodia extract at 250 mg/kgBW together with toxic dose of gentamicin exacerbate the gastric tissue damage in Wistar rats.

It was reported that 326 Japanese Encephalitis (JE) cases in Indonesia in 2016, majority cases (69.3%) occurred in Bali. It shows that Bali is a prone-area to JE incidence. Previous studies noted that JE is closely related to rural and suburban areas where rice culture and pig farming coexist. This study aims at i) determining knowledge and preventive practices of JE by farmer households; (ii) observing types of mosquitos around farmer households; and (iii) mapping the potency of JE spread using geo-spatial information. Result from this research shows that farmer households have limited knowledge and preventive actions to the incidence of Japanese encephalitis. Preventive actions carried out by respondents were not for JE incidence as such. Nonetheless, farmer’s response to source of vectors and cleanliness are good preventive actions not just to JE incidence but also for other diseases. In this research, setting up mosquito’s light traps nearby pig pens and rice fields has been successful. The result shows that Culex tritaeniorhynchus was dominant type of mosquito trapped. This is an indication that the selected areas are susceptible to the incidence of JE as the Culex sp was reported as the most competent of JE vector in Asia. Maps of the JE spread in Badung regency also coincidence with the places of Culex sp trapped and the dense of rice field. Based on the limitation of knowledge and preventive actions carried out by farmer households, it is important for the stakeholders in the regency including Regional Health Office and health care workers to socialize the occurrence of JE in the community and how to prevent against the disease.

Background: The presence of various animals, such as: ducks, chickens and pigs in households increases the potential risks of zoonosis from animal to human. One of the diseases is Japanese encephalitis (JE). The seroepidemiological studies on the presence JE among animals especially those raised in household is very important for emerging and reemerging disease control program. Ducks, chickens and pigs have long been considered as carrier and even the amplifier hosts of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) replication. The presence of the animal hosts and mosquitoes as vector could result in transmission of the JEV to humans. Methods: A seroepidemiological study of the presence of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was conducted by collecting sera and detecting the antibody against JEV in ducks, chickens and pigs in Bali. As pig is the amplifying animal of JEV, comparison JEV antibody between ducks reared in households with pig nearby and with no pig were also determined the presence of antibody against JEV was examined by using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The serum samples with over cut off value (COV) of optical density were considered as those containing Ab against JEV. Results: Antibody against JEV was demonstrated in ducks (20.6%), chickens (36.7%) and pigs (32.2%) evaluated in this study. Moreover, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the prevalence of antibody against JEV in ducks kept closely with pigs compared to the antibody in the ducks reared without pigs around. Conclusion: This study convinced that antibody against JEV is found in ducks, chickens and pigs in Bali. Indicating that these animals was infected or previously infected by the virus.

This study aim was to observe cellular composition and morphology in peritoneal and synovial fluids ofbali ducks. This study used 50 ducks, which were composed of 21 males and 29 females aged 8 to 12 weeks.After being declared clinically healthy, the sample ducks were slaughtered and peritoneal fluid specimenfrom the abdominal cavity and the synovial fluid of joints tibiotarsal were collected. Then, in preparationfor the specimen, each of fluid was smeared and stained with Giemsa. Observations were made under amicroscope with a magnification of 1000 times and observations expressed in the average number of cellsper field of view observation. The results showed (duck population that most of the observed sample): inthe peritoneal fluid there was 36% eosinophils observed and 38% had heterophile cells with 0-3 cells perfield of magnification 1000x view. Similarly, 28% ducks had lymphocytes with 13-16 cells, and as much as28% of ducks had macrophage cells with 5- 8 cells in observation . In the synovial fluid, however, 64%sample ducks had monocytes, while 72% having lymphocytes with 1-18 cells each of view field withmagnification 1000x. In addition, in the synovial fluid, as much as 62% of ducks also observed had 1 to 3cells heterophiles and 60% ducks had eosinophils (polimorphonuclear cells) per view field observation.Macrophage cells that were found in the peritoneal fluid were mainly hyper granulated. It can be concludedthat the amount of mononuclear cells in both types of body fluids is likely more dominant compared to thenumber of polymorphonuclear cells.

Research was conducted to detect APMV-1 infection by examining microscopic lesions of chicken suspected ND and confirming the causative agent with serological and molecular assay. Samples obtained from commercial and back yard farm in 9 regencies and city of Bali Province were tested by rapid test for AIV antigen detection. AI negative samples were necropsied, then brain, lungs, and intestines were collected for histopathological examination. Samples tissue of brain, lung, spleen, and intestine were taken aseptically for viral isolation and amplification. Infected allantoic fluid was collected and tested by hemagglutination assay (HA) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test to prove APMV-1 serologically. Viral ribonucleic acid was isolated and subsequently reverse transcribed by reverse trasncription reaction followed by amplification by polymerase chain reaction to multiply the cDNA. Microscopically, perivascular cuffing (20%), endoteliosis (75%), and gliosis (75%) were found in the brain. In the lung, an interstitialis pneumonia (50%), lobar pneumonia (5%), and proliferation of pneumosit type 2 (100%) were observed. The most prominent intestinal lesions were catarrhal enteritis (75%) and hemorrhagic necrotizing enteritis (10%). Confirmation of the 20 isolates obtained in this study both serologically and molecularly were positive APMV-1. Moreover PCR results showed that 80% of its amplicon showed a single band and 20% still require some optimizations to get single good bands.

Newcastle disease is a pathogenic viral disease in poultry which is infectious and can cause massive economic losses. The disease is still endemic in Indonesia. To understand the pathogenesis and the distribution pattern of the virus in the tissues, pathological observation was evaluated using newly virulent isolate Newcastle disease virus (NDV) that was inoculated in embryonated chicken eggs. As many as seven embryonic chicken eggs aged 11 days and specific antibody negative against Newcastle disease, divided into two categories: inoculated with phosphate buffer saline and inoculated with isolates. Then the allantois fluid was tested using hemagglutination assay and hemagglutination inhibition tests to prove the infection serologically. The hearts, lungs, livers and small intestines of the inoculated products were collected and followed with the process of histopathological preparation using Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) stain. The pathological analysis showed that all organs had necrosis, hemorrhages, inflammation, and congestion. Congestion and hemorrhages in the hearts only occurred at 60% of the samples. However, necrosis, hemorrhages, and inflammation that were observed in liver occurred at 60%, 40% and 60% of the samples, respectively. Furthermore, the hearts were edema, thinner in the heart muscle fibers; while in the lungs, proliferation of pneumocyte type II was founded. Our finding provided valuable insight into the pathology of a virulent isolate of NDV which is dominated by blood circulation disorders with necrosis and inflammation in the chicken’s embryos and have important implication for the future studies. Keywords: pathology, chicken embryo, virulent isolate, Newcastle disease virus

Background: Under normal physiological conditions, the glucose uptake into the cell is regulated by glucose transporter (GLUT4) which is stimulated by insulin to be afterward metabolized into energy and/ or stored as glycogen. The research aimed to determine the expression of glucose transporter (GLUT4), glycogen levels on cells liver and muscle tissues in hyperglycemic and normoglycemic conditions on rats.Method: A total of 20 rats of Spraque Dawley strain were grouped into two treatment groups. The normal group and the hyperglycemia group. The observations were performed on blood glucose level by glucose oxidase biosensor method by using the Blood Glucose Test Meter of GlucoDrÔ, liver and muscle glycogen levels by spectrophotometry and GLUT4 analysis on cells of liver and muscles tissues by using the immunohistochemical technique.Results: The results showed that 80% of sucrose administration had caused hyperglycemic rats with the blood glucose levels of 131.2 g/dl. In hyperglycemic conditions, the levels of liver glycogen (9.4 mg/mg) and muscle (8.68 mg/ mg) were significantly higher (P Conclusion: Expression of GLUT4 and levels of glycogen in the hyperglycemic liver is higher compared to the muscles.

Atherosclerosis or arteries hardening was a condition wherein occurred a plaque buildup in the arteries and often related with high-cholesterol foods. Aims : The research was intended to prove the high-cholesterol feed could increase the occurrence of atherosclerosis towards rat aorta walls. Methods : The Randomized Post-test Only Control Group Design was conducted in two groups of male Wistar rats 10-12 weeks old, weight from 140 to 150 grams. Each group consisted of 10 rats, one group was fed a standard feed and the other group was fed a high-cholesterol feed. Histopathological preparations were to use Hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE). The data was analyzed by computer, with α 0.05. Results : Eighty percent of a rat who was fed a high-cholesterol feed was found a plaque in its aorta while the rat fed a standard feed only 10%. It was obtained a relationship between high cholesterol feed with the plaque formation in the rat's aortic wall ( p 0.003). Conclusion : There was a relationship between the feed provisions of high-cholesterol with the occurrence for atherosclerosis towards rat aortic.

This study was performed to isolate a velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain currently found in Indonesia for establishing a domestic reference virus for future pathological and molecular epidemiological studies. A chicken suspected to have contracted Newcastle disease (ND) in a local outbreak in Bali was selected for NDV isolation. Atrophy of lymphoid tissues such as the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen; intestinal haemorrhage; and oedema of the brain were observed in the chicken. Histopathological examination revealed severe non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis characterised by neuronal necrosis, multifocal to diffuse gliosis, and perivascular cuffing of mononuclear cells, hemorrhagic necrosis of the trachea, intestines and bursa of Fabricius, and various degree of lymphoid depletion and necrosis of the lymphoid tissues. After ND was confirmed immunohistochemically, the NDV was propagated by inoculating tissue homogenate of the diseased chicken in embryonated eggs. Phylogenetic analysis based on the F gene nucleotide sequence revealed that this isolate belonged to genotype VII. The deduced amino acid sequence of the isolated NDV F protein at the cleavage site was (112)RRQKRF(117), which is typically found in virulent NDV isolates. Pathogenicity indexes such as the mean death time (MDT) and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) were 54 hr and 1.77, respectively. Pathological findings, phylogenetic analysis, amino acid sequence of the F protein cleavage site, and pathogenicity index test results revealed the NDV isolate, designated as NDV/Bali-1/07, to be a novel Indonesian velogenic NDV strain belonging to group VII.