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Shinn-Kuang Lin,1,2 Pei-Ya Chen,1,2 Guei-Chiuan Chen,1 Po-Jen Hsu,1 Cheng-Lun Hsiao,1 Fu-Yi Yang,1 Chih-Yang Liu,1 Adam Tsou1 1Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan; 2School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, TaiwanCorrespondence: Shinn-Kuang LinStroke Center and Department of Neurology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, No. 289, Jian Guo Road, 231, Sindian District, New Taipei City, TaiwanTel +886-2-66289779 ext 3129Fax +886-2-66289009Email stuartlin0428@gmail.comPurpose: Immune–inflammatory processes are involved in all the stages of stroke. This study investigated the association of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) with the hyperdense artery sign (HAS) observed on brain computed tomography (CT) and with clinical features in patients with acute ischemic stroke.Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 2903 inpatients with acute ischemic stroke from May 2010 to May 2019. Data collected included imaging studies, risk factors, laboratory parameters, and clinical features during hospitalization.Results: The HAS was identified in 6% of the 2903 patients and 66% of the 236 patients with acute middle cerebral artery occlusion. Patients with the HAS had a higher NLR. HAS prevalence was higher in men and patients with cardioembolism. The NLR exhibited positive linear correlations with age, glucose and creatinine levels, length of hospital stay, initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, and mRS scores at discharge. The NLR was significantly higher in patients with large-artery atherosclerosis and cardioembolism and was the highest in patients with other determined etiology. Multivariate analysis revealed that an initial NIHSS score of ≥ 10 and an NLR of > 3.5 were significant positive factors, whereas diabetes mellitus and age > 72 years were significant negative factors for the HAS, with a predictive performance of 0.893. An initial NIHSS score of ≥ 5, positive HAS, age > 75 years, diabetes mellitus, an NLR of > 3.5, female sex, a white blood cell count of > 8 × 103/mL, and elevated troponin I were significant predictors of unfavorable outcomes, with a predictive performance of 0.886.Conclusion: An NLR of > 3.5 enabled an efficient prediction of CT HAS. In addition to conventional risk factors and laboratory parameters, both an NLR of > 3.5 and CT HAS enabled improved prediction of unfavorable stroke outcomes.Keywords: acute ischemic stroke, hyperdense artery sign, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, NIHSS, unfavorable outcome

Background Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process that occurs in the arterial wall. This immuno-inflammatory process plays a role throughout all stages of stroke. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets are crucial blood cells for innate and adaptive immunity. This study investigated the associations of four types of immuno-inflammatory markers, namely the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and neutrophil count (NC), with clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods In this retrospective study, we enrolled 2903 inpatients with acute ischemic stroke from May 2010 to May 2019. Data included risk factors, laboratory parameters, and clinical features during hospitalization. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) were used to assess stroke severity and outcomes. Results All four immuno-inflammatory markers exhibited positive linear correlations with age, glucose, creatinine, length of hospital stay, NIHSS score on admission, and mRS score at discharge. The levels of the four immuno-inflammatory markers were significantly higher in patients with large-artery atherosclerosis and cardioembolism and were highest in patients with other determined etiology. Patients with levels of immuno-inflammatory markers higher than their cutoff values for unfavorable outcomes also exhibited higher rates of cancer history (except for SII and NC), uremia (except for NC), elevated troponin I, and in-hospital complications. Multivariate analysis including SII revealed that admission NIHSS score ≥ 5, age > 75 years, SII > 724, diabetes mellitus, female sex, elevated troponin I, heart disease, and prior stroke were significant predictors for unfavorable outcomes. These significant predictors were retained after replacing SII > 724 with NLR > 143, PLR > 3.5, or NC > 6 × 10 3 /mL, except for prior stroke. For a basic model comprising seven significant predictors of unfavorable outcomes, the C-statistic was 0.860. The addition of SII, NLR, and PLR to the basic model resulted in a significant improvement in the prediction performance to 0.864, 0.863, and 0.863, respectively. Conclusions Immuno-inflammatory markers provide more useful information than conventional risk factors and other laboratory parameters for the prediction of stroke outcomes. SII > 724 is the most appropriate marker when combined with other predictors.

The frequency of stroke mimics among stroke patients has been reported to be up to 30%, and that in patients who receive thrombolytic therapy ranges between 1% and 16%. Atlantoaxial dislocation with myelopathy mimicking stroke is extremely rare. An 83-year-old man with a history of old cerebellar infarction presented to the emergency department with acute left hemiplegia after a chiropractic manipulation of the neck and back several hours before symptom onset. Mild hypoesthesia was observed on his left limbs. No speech disturbance, facial palsy, or neck or shoulder pain was observed. Intravenous thrombolytic treatment was given 238 min after symptom onset. Brown–Sequard syndrome subsequently developed 6 h after thrombolysis with a hypoesthetic sensory level below the right C5 dermatome. An emergent brain magnetic resonance angiography did not reveal an acute cerebral infarct but rather an atlantoaxial dislocation causing upper cervical spinal cord compression. Clinical symptoms did not deteriorate after thrombolysis. He received successful decompressive surgery 1 week later, and his muscle power gradually improved, with partial dependency when performing daily living activities 2 months later. A literature review revealed that only 15 patients (including the patient mentioned here) with spinal disorder mimicking acute stroke who received thrombolytic therapy have been reported. Atlantoaxial dislocation may present as acute hemiplegia mimicking acute stroke, followed by Brown–Sequard syndrome. Inadvertent thrombolytic therapy is likely not harmful for patients with atlantoaxial dislocation-induced cervical myelopathy. The neurological deficits of patients should be carefully and continuously evaluated to differentiate between stroke and myelopathy.