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Owing to their small size, microrobots have many potential applications. In addition, four-dimensional (4D) printing facilitates reversible shape transformation over time or upon the application of stimuli. By combining the concept of microrobots and 4D printing, it may be possible to realize more sophisticated next-generation microrobot designs that can be actuated by applying various stimuli, and also demonstrates profound implications for various applications, including drug delivery, cells delivery, soft robotics, object release and others. Herein, recent advances in 4D-printed microrobots are reviewed, including strategies for facilitating shape transformations, diverse types of external stimuli, and medical and nonmedical applications of microrobots. Finally, to conclude the paper, the challenges and the prospects of 4D-printed microrobots are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Suicide and attempted suicide are some of the alarming issues in recent times. It was the second leading cause of death among 15–29 years old in 2015. The suicide death toll is rising alarmingly in India, which needs prevention strategies and a suicide prevention policy nationally. Attitude toward suicide varies depending on social, cultural, and individual perceptions and beliefs. The studying of attitudes of the people in society towards suicide helps in devising better suicide prevention strategies and planning early intervention measures. Aims: This study explores attitude toward suicide between the medical and nonmedical groups and their relationship with other sociodemographic variables. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional comparative study was done at a tertiary care hospital in South India. Materials and Methods: One hundred participants belong to nonmedical and 100 belong to medical groups were assessed using Eskin's Attitude towards Suicide Scale. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistical tests and independent t-tests were applied to find the significant difference in the means between the two groups using SPSS version 23. Results: Nonmedical group scored high in "hiding the suicidal behavior" and low in "communicating psychological problems" and vice versa in the medical group. Females scored higher on "acceptability of suicide" and "punishment after death" among the medical group. Conclusion: Imparting psychoeducation and promoting awareness about suicide can help change individuals' attitudes toward suicide at the microlevel and society's macrolevel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Suicide and attempted suicide are some of the alarming issues in recent times. It was the second leading cause of death among 15–29 years old in 2015. The suicide death toll is rising alarmingly in India, which needs prevention strategies and a suicide prevention policy nationally. Attitude toward suicide varies depending on social, cultural, and individual perceptions and beliefs. The studying of attitudes of the people in society towards suicide helps in devising better suicide prevention strategies and planning early intervention measures. Aims: This study explores attitude toward suicide between the medical and nonmedical groups and their relationship with other sociodemographic variables. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional comparative study was done at a tertiary care hospital in South India. Materials and Methods: One hundred participants belong to nonmedical and 100 belong to medical groups were assessed using Eskin's Attitude towards Suicide Scale. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistical tests and independent t-tests were applied to find the significant difference in the means between the two groups using SPSS version 23. Results: Nonmedical group scored high in “hiding the suicidal behavior” and low in “communicating psychological problems” and vice versa in the medical group. Females scored higher on “acceptability of suicide” and “punishment after death” among the medical group. Conclusion: Imparting psychoeducation and promoting awareness about suicide can help change individuals' attitudes toward suicide at the microlevel and society's macrolevel.

Owing to their small size, microrobots have many potential applications. In addition, four-dimensional (4D) printing facilitates reversible shape transformation over time or upon the application of stimuli. By combining the concept of microrobots and 4D printing, it may be possible to realize more sophisticated next-generation microrobot designs that can be actuated by applying various stimuli, and also demonstrates profound implications for various applications, including drug delivery, cells delivery, soft robotics, object release and others. Herein, recent advances in 4D-printed microrobots are reviewed, including strategies for facilitating shape transformations, diverse types of external stimuli, and medical and nonmedical applications of microrobots. Finally, to conclude the paper, the challenges and the prospects of 4D-printed microrobots are highlighted.

Background: Globally, there are 45 million blind people with an annual increase of 1–2 million. Corneal blindness is the 4th leading cause of blindness. The demand for donor’s eyes is much higher than the number of donor’s eyes collected, and the number of corneal transplants done is insufficient. One of the reasons for reduced eye donation is the lack of awareness of the process of eye donation and corneal transplantation. Materials and Methods: A comparative, questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the awareness on eye donation among medical and nonmedical students of Puducherry. The participants were given a predesigned and structured questionnaire which included 25 questions after informed consent was obtained from them. The results were derived through the statistical analysis. Results: The primary source of awareness for both groups was mass media. About 90.3% of medical and 41.9% of the nonmedical students knew that consent for eye donation is given by the donor while alive (P < 0.000), also that the first-degree relatives have the right to give consent for the dead was 88.2% and 49.5% among medical and nonmedical students, respectively (P < 0.000). Three-fourths of medical and half the nonmedical students knew that corneal donation could not cure all types of blindness. Around 87.1% of medical and 36.6% of nonmedical students were aware that eyes with corneal diseases could not be donated. Conclusion: The present study showed that participants from both groups were aware of eye donation, but the awareness among nonmedical students was not adequate. This study also shows that mass media was the most common source of awareness among the students, which could be used to create further awareness among the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, the Nigerian public space has been awash with various incidences of "fainting" during investigations seeking to unravel issues surrounding alleged financial mismanagement in public institutions. A critical question is, to what extent do these apparent fainting behaviors represent a true illness-related event? Feigning of medical symptoms for external gains is well-described phenomenon with enormous cost to both forensic and nonforensic settings. Separating the sheep from the goats in these situations is a task many clinicians are not familiar with. This article aims to articulate the current models of malingering and to highlight the various ways of detecting deception in clinical settings. The authors opine that an integrative strategy, which involves the combination of various approaches with emphasis on the verbal and nonverbal signals during clinical interviews coupled with psychological testing and perhaps neuroimaging techniques, may improve the detection of deception in the clinical setting. We recommend that clinicians should not shy away from employing any of these "malingering diagnostic" approaches when there is a reasonable suspicion to the veracity of patients' symptoms such as fainting during a panel inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sultan M Alshahrani,1 Sirajudeen Shaik Alavudeen,1 Khaled M Alakhali,1,2 Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi,3 Ahmed K Bahamdan,1 Easwaran Vigneshwaran1 1Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 2Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, USCI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 3Clinical Pharmacy Department, College Of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, UAECorrespondence: Yaser Mohammed Al-WorafiCollege of Pharmacy, University of Science And Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, UAETel +971543041178Email yworafi@yahoo.comPurpose: This study objective was to explore the pattern of self-medications among King Khalid University students, Saudi Arabia.Patients and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over five months among King Khalid University students, Abha, Saudi Arabia.Results: Among all the study participants, nearly 98.7% were practicing self-medication. Headache (75.9%), cough and cold (52.5%), and fever (35.6%) and body pain (24.6%) were the most reported symptoms. Use of painkillers (91.6%) was significantly predominant among the medical students, whereas non-medical students used antibiotics (35.4%).Time saving (64.2%), mild symptom (51.7%) and quick relief (36.9%) were the reasons behind seeking self-medication in this study.Conclusion: Self-medications was common in King Khalid University. Educational programs are highly recommended.Keywords: self-medication, students, medical, nonmedical, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia

Osama Y Alshogran,1 Karem H Alzoubi,1 Omar F Khabour,2 Shatha Farah2 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 2Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan Background and objective: Self-medication practice involves consumption of medicines by one’s own initiative or on the consultation of others without the guidance of a physician. Self-medication and use of over-the-counter drugs are prevalent worldwide public health concerns. University students of medical and nonmedical disciplines may have different levels of health education. This study evaluated the prevalence and patterns of self-medication and the attitudes toward this practice among medical and nonmedical university students in Jordan. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 504 students (medical: 248 and nonmedical: 256). The students were invited to complete a questionnaire that included questions primarily related to patterns of physician visits, self-medication practice, symptoms provoking self-medication, and sources of advice. Results: Self-medication was highly prevalent and comparable between medical and nonmedical students (~96%). Headache (81.9%), cold (58.3%), and flu (53%) were the frequent symptoms provoking self-medication among students. Self-medication for headache (86.7% vs 77.3%) and tooth pain (53.1% vs 27%) was significantly higher among medical vs nonmedical students, respectively. Self-treatment with painkillers (82.3% vs 73%) or antiallergy (11.3% vs 5.9%) drugs was significantly higher among medical students, while the use of anti-flu decongestants (47.6% vs 60.2%) was lower compared to nonmedical students, respectively. Nonmedical vs medical students were significantly more dependent on friends (14.8% vs 7.7%) and own experience (7.4% vs 2.4%) as a source of self-medication advice. Conclusion: Self-medication is common among Jordanian university students of medical and nonmedical disciplines. This practice, if used irrationally, may constitute a health problem that needs awareness and interventions by health care regulators in Jordan. Future studies are warranted to examine the impact of self-medication on students’ health. Keywords: self-medication, students, medical, nonmedical, survey, Jordan

Background: Identification of medical and nonmedical requirements for outpatient treatment and/or early hospital discharge have potential to decrease health care costs. Method: On admission and before discharge, physicians and nurses, patients, and their relatives were interviewed about requirements over five domains (medical, nursing, organizational, and patients’ and their relatives’ preferences) for outpatient management and/or early discharge. Results: From a total of 550 included patients, 136 (24.7%) potential outpatients and 265 (48.2%) potential patients for early discharge were identified. Specific medical and nursing factors and factors related to patients and relatives were identified as being important for initial outpatient treatment and/or early discharge. Conclusion: This survey shows important requirements from the perspective of different heath care workers, patients, and relatives, which could allow initial outpatient treatment and/or early discharge of a large proportion of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]