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This article summarizes some of the results of the first QS Subject Focus Summit on Linguistics and Modern Languages held jointly with the RUDN University on December 15-17, 2020. It provides rationale for the choice of venue of this linguistic forum and analyzes the most relevant topics of discussion, including interdisciplinarity in modern linguistic research, comparative studies of languages and cultures, and intercultural and cross-cultural communication. Participants explored the topics as diverse as the role of linguistics in developing artificial intelligence systems and application of artificial intelligence in linguistic research, the dynamics of languages in minority situations and the efforts in preserving endangered languages. They dwelt on the current state of translation studies and discussed prospects for their future in view of advances in computer technologies, and many others. The articles included in this issue and authored by the Summit participants clearly show that language has become an object of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary studies. Moreover, the interdisciplinary research paradigm is manifested not only in the convergence of linguistics with other areas of humanities, but also with sciences. This article provides a brief overview of the contributions which present major paradigms of modern linguistics. It highlights the importance of applying computer technologies in linguistic research and emphasizes the necessity to modify language policies in order to preserve minority languages and meet the needs of language education in a multilingual and multicultural environment.

In accordance with the commitment of the World Summit on the Information Society, it is stated that Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) are providers of employment for the community. In Indonesia, SMMEs are known as UMKM (Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises Indonesia). The existence of ICT is considered capable of increasing economic growth as well as providing new employment field during the Covid-19 Pandemic. One way to encourage the rise of UMKM) is through the Indonesian R-TIK (Indonesia ICT Volunteers). The purpose of this research is to determine the involvement of R-TIK in the UMKM Go Online program. Whereas the theories and concepts used are the Information Society, Digital Literacy and Empowerment of UMKM. The research method used is a case study, R-TIK with UMKM in Polewali Mandar, West Sulawesi. The results indicate that digital literacy activities carried out by R-TIK together with the Department of Industry, Trade, Cooperatives, and UMKM encouraged the growth of UMKM in Polewali Mandar. The presence of QRen in the UMKM online program has push the pace of the Indonesian economy in the context of realizing Indonesia as a Digital Energy of Asia.

What is the diagnosis of the main problems of the Latin American and Caribbean region, including the corporate capture of food systems? How did the regional counter-mobilization against the UN Food Systems Summit arise? What were the positions of the Latin American governments and regional organizations on the Summit? What is the common vision for overcoming corporate food systems? These are some of the questions that are discussed in this thought-provoking conversation with Sofía Monsalve and Saúl Vicente, in which they share their insights and experiences on the challenges of the Latin American region and the outcomes of the regional counter-mobilization against the UN Food Systems Summit.

Whoever benefits from a trade regime in effect gains power over significant aspects of different food systems. And yet the WTO still does not provide a coherent food policy and the 2021 UN Food Systems Summit made very little space for trade policy. The degree of international trade policy discord and supply chain fragility strongly suggests that there must be new international trade negotiations around fundamental questions of principle. Seeing little benefit in reforming the WTO, this article explains how the trade agenda for the right to food could focus on territorial markets and negotiating new types of treaties, International Food Agreements.

Introduction. The early 1930s saw a more active Russian-Mongolian interaction, including regular meetings and confidential conversations between the leaders of the USSR and the Mongolian People’s Republic. I. V. Stalin and the others of the top Soviet leadership started to pay more attention to the situation in Mongolia. This was largely justified by the sharp aggravation of the international situation in the Far East, with aggressive acts of imperialist Japan in the region and its further plans on the Asian continent, of which they made no secret. Under the circumstances, the USSR leaders sought to ensure the protection of its interests in the region. This article aims at examining and interpreting the significance of the Soviet-Mongolian summit that took place on November 24, 1934. Data and research methods. The author draws on a collection of documents on Russian-Mongolian military cooperation, which contains recordings of conversations between the top leadership of the two countries on military cooperation. Results. The main issue of the confidential conversation between Stalin, with the closest to him in the top Soviet leadership, and the Mongolian delegation, with Prime Minister Peljidiin Genden at the head, was a discussion of the urgent problem of how Mongolia would uphold its independence in the event of an attack from Japan: “what will you do if your situation worsens”? (Stalin) The materials of the meeting allow to understand the role of the USSR’s foreign policy in relation to Mongolia; to consider the course of discussions around the principal issues that interested both sides; and to shed light on the influence exerted by the Kremlin on the policy of the Mongolian government in terms of the ways of protecting the independence of the MPR. Stalin stressed the need to conclude a pact of mutual assistance; Genden agreed to start negotiations and was ready to elaborate practical steps. The Mongolian leadership was fully aware that the USSR was the only ally of the Mongolian People’s Republic in the Far East. Conclusions. The summit meeting of November 24, 1934 became an important milestone in the history of bilateral relations between the USSR and the MPR. The negotiations proved to be of key importance for promoting their further military cooperation. The pact of mutual assistance signed in 1936 provided for the presence of the Soviet armed forces in Mongolia and served as a guarantee of the country’s security.

On 26 March 2020, the leaders of the Group of twenty major economies (G20) convened in an emergency virtual meeting to discuss the extraordinary situation facing the world. Virtual summitry provided a stark visual contrast to the traditional staging of modern multilateral diplomacy – leaders were suddenly responsible for their own staging, leaving them with new opportunities to create a favourable impression of how they, and their respective state, would be seen. Taking the disruption of virtual summitry as a starting point, we focus on the resulting new opportunities for visual diplomacy. We draw on the symbolic interactionism of Erving Goffman and we argue that status signalling in this context was based on a shared understanding of the symbols and resources that have social value in the interaction order of summit diplomacy. Based on a visual analysis of 51 photographs from the G20 video conference, we find that the visual performances during the extraordinary meeting reflected evident, but not necessarily intentional, attempts at status seeking. The article thus contributes to an increased understanding of how visual performances contribute to uphold status distinctions in multilateral diplomacy.

The goal of the qNMR Summit is to take stock of the status quo and the recent developments in qNMR research and applications in a timely and accurate manner. It provides a platform for both advanced and novice qNMR practitioners to receive a well-rounded update and discuss potential qNMR-related applications and collaborations. For over a decade, scientists from academia, industry, nonprofit institutions, and governmental bodies have focused on the standardization of qNMR methodology, as well as its metrological and pharmacopeial utility. This paper reviews key content of qNMR Summits 1.0 to 4.0 and puts into perspective the outcomes and available transcripts of the October 2019 Summit 5.0, with attendees from the United States, Canada, Japan, Korea, and several European countries. Summit presentations focused on qNMR methodology in the pharmaceutical industry, advanced quantitation algorithms, and promising developments.

The landmark virtual summit between Prime Ministers Narendra Modi and Scott Morrison in June 2020 led to ties being upgraded to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. Australia's High Commissioner to India alluded to the four D's-Democracy, Defence, Diaspora, Dosti (friendship), with increased focus on Defence. In the India-Australia partnership, the emphasis is on maritime security cooperation, Quad 2.0, the Malabar exercises as well as cyber security and intelligence cooperation. The bilateral Mutual Logistics Support Agreement, and growing influence of China in the Indian and Pacific Oceans provide necessary impetus for the relationship to grow. The article outlines reasons for the growing bilateral relationship and the possible future trajectory.

Islam and indigenous tradition in Indonesia have long established interconnected relations in both social and ritual practices. This study elaborates on the Islamic construction of the indigenous Bugis-Makassar tradition. The “Haji Bawakaraeng” is one the familiar practice and is believed to exist in the South Sulawesi region. Term Haji Bawakaraeng is a religious practice contained with local Muslim beliefs carried out on Mount Bawakaraeng. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection done through observation, interviews, and documentation studies. This study finds that the Bugis-Makassar habit of carrying out a series of rituals on the summit of Mount Bawakaraeng is an old belief facing the process of negotiation and adaptation to the teachings of Islam. The presence of the term Hajj as an Islamic construction and Bawakaraeng as a local cultural construction is the result of the construction of Islam on the local beliefs of the Buginese-Makassarnese. In addition, this study also illustrates the dynamics of the inclusion of Islam in South Sulawesi as a variative and authentic inclusion. Finally, this study explains the diversity of the Bugis-Makassar people which tends to change from indigenous traditions to religious practices due to the ongoing construction of Islam. This paper recommends the need for further studies on the issue of religious and cultural relations at the micro level to see the dynamics of changing socio-religious practices in the community.

Author(s): Wolff, Jennifer L; Benge, Jared F; Cassel, Christine K; Monin, Joan K; Reuben, David B | Abstract: BackgroundThe National Institute on Aging (NIA), in conjunction with the Department of Health and Human Services as part of the National Alzheimer's Project Act (NAPA), convened a 2020 Dementia Care, Caregiving, and Services Research Summit Virtual Meeting Series. This review article summarizes three areas of emerging science that are likely to grow in importance given advances in measurement, technologies, and diagnostic tests that were presented at the Summit.ResultsDr. Cassel discussed novel ethical considerations that have resulted from scientific advances that have enabled early diagnosis of pre-clinical dementia. Dr. Monin then summarized issues regarding emotional experiences in persons with dementia and their caregivers and care partners, including the protective impact of positive emotion and heterogeneity of differences in emotion by dementia type and individual characteristics that affect emotional processes with disease progression. Finally, Dr. Jared Benge provided an overview of the role of technologies in buffering the impact of cognitive change on real-world functioning and their utility in safety and monitoring of function and treatment adherence, facilitating communication and transportation, and increasing access to specialists in underserved or remote areas.ConclusionsNational policy initiatives, supported by strong advocacy and increased federal investments, have accelerated the pace of scientific inquiry and innovation related to dementia care and services but have raised some new concerns regarding ethics, disparities, and attending to individual needs, capabilities, and preferences.

The article is dedicated to an exploration of archaeological theory issues at the Institute of archaeology AS UkrSSR in the 1960s. This period is one of the worst studied in the history of Soviet archaeology. But it was the time when in the USSR archaeological researches reached the summit, quantitative methods and methods of natural sciences were applied and interest in theoretical issues had grown in archaeology. Now there are a lot of publications dedicated to theoretical discussions between archaeologists from Leningrad but the same researches about Kyiv scholars are still unknown. The archaeological theory includes both generalizations made on the basis of archaeological sources and archaeological methodology. The article emphasizes the history of methodology studies at the IA AS UkrSSR during the mentioned period. The research is based on evidence from the annual reports on a work of the Institute from the Scientific archive of the Institute of Archaeology NASU. According to the documents the theory was mentioned in the early 1950s because of publication of new J. V. Stalin’s works. However, that time as well as at the beginning of the next decade, when works started under three volumes of “The Archaeology of the UkrSSR”, it was written that attention to theoretical issues was focused at the Institute, not enough. At the IA AS UkrSSR discussions on archaeological methodology started in the 1960s when papers on theoretical issues, applying cybernetic, methods of natural sciences and statistical methods into archaeology were regularly presented at sessions of the Academic council. Yu. N. Zakharuk was the most active employee of the Institute who worked in this field. In addition to presentation of papers at conferences, and sessions of the Academic council and publications, he was an executor of the scheduled work ‘Methodological and methodic issues of archaeological science’ in 1968–1970. Also it was planed to publish a book on theoretical issues. In other words, the IA AS UkrSSR was the first archaeological establishment in the USSR where the work on archaeological methodology was scheduled. According to circumstances this work had not been completely finished but the Ukrainian scholar was invited to hold the position of deputy director at the Institute of Archaeology AS USSR in Moscow. Despite a skeptical attitude to the theory among most Soviet archaeologists Yu. N. Zakharuk was able to intensify the work on theoretical issues in Soviet archaeology. A separate theoretical session, which was organized by him at the Plenum of the IA AS USSR in Moscow in 1972, might be considered as an initialization of theoretical archaeology as a new sub-discipline in the USSR.

China has launched a series of talent-recruitment policies in the last years, in order to attract back Chinese nationals who stayed abroad. Yet, little is known about the effect of such policies. This paper examines whether researchers recruited in one of the Chinese flagship talent-recruitment policies—the ‘Young Thousand Talents’ policy (Y1000T)—had, in the following years after recruitment, better research performance. We compare these recipients against other Chinese nationals who got PhDs in equally prestigious non-Chinese universities but continued to work abroad (mostly in the USA). Results of difference-in-differences regressions show that returning to China has an effect of positioning returnees both at the bottom and at the very summit of the distribution of quality of publications. Nevertheless, some Y1000T researchers seem to have prioritized the quantity of outputs, arguably to the detriment of quality. This is probably due to certain research evaluation criteria in place until recent times.

As the IEEE Awards Board chair, I had a virtual front row seat at the 2021 IEEE Vision, Innovation, and Challenges (VIC) Summit & Honors ceremony [1] . I have attended many of these ceremonies before, including the ceremony when the first female IEEE Medal of Honor recipient, Dr. Millie Dresselhaus, was honored, whom we featured in the June 2016 issue of IEEE Women in Engineering Magazine . I thought nothing could possibly top that ceremony. After all, it was an in-person event that was accompanied by a “robot thespian,” which interacted with the audience throughout the ceremony.

This study aimed to know the effect of questioning strategies to study psychology in the State of Kuwait on developing innovative thinking skills among high school students. The number of study individuals reached (83) students from the eleventh grade, distributed among four classes in two schools that were intentionally chosen , And the number of students of the experimental group reached (21) students, and the students of the control group (19), while the number of students of the experimental group reached (21) students, and the number of students of the control group was (22) students. The study tool was prepared by the researcher himself, which is a skills test Innovative thinking, after verifying their sincerity and reliability. The results showed that there are statistically significant differences in favor of questioning strategies by combining the strategies of the associative / focused probe question, the summit question, and the plateau question in developing innovative thinking skills. As for gender, the superiority in favor of females in innovative thinking skills. The interaction between them had no effect on that, and there were also no statistically significant differences attributed to gender.

This article examines the initiatives of The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Japan through the cooperation of Government to Government (G2G) and the Special ASEAN Summit to combat the pandemic collectively. The initial cooperation through the coordinated “Integrated Recovery Plan” has been very significant for the future of ASEAN and the resilience of a post-COVID-19 world by way of maintaining market stability in order to avoid the potential risk of economic recessions and public health emergencies. This synergism is seen as one of the best mechanisms to help ASEAN in ensuring socio-economic activities are restored and the welfare of about 600 million people is addressed. This research found that ASEAN Plus Three (APT) cooperation should formulate a Regional Recovery Plan and emphasize that the continuity of the supply chain should be maintained to ensure a smooth flow of food and medical supplies. Secondly, APT cooperation needs to be committed to the continuation of opening up markets, maintaining normal trade, services and investment flow in order to continue strengthening regional economic resilience. Thirdly, APT needs to formulate a plan that focuses not only on financial aspects (post-COVID-19 economic recovery) but also on social security networks, food security and education.

How and in what ways do ‘marginalized' actors influence global environmental governance? Through a collaborative event ethnography of the Paris Climate Summit (COP21), we examine power as it emerge...

Sport specialization is becoming increasingly common among youth and adolescent athletes in the United States and many have raised concern about this trend. Although research on sport specialization has grown significantly, numerous pressing questions remain pertaining to short- and long-term effects of specialization on the health and well-being of youth, including the increased risk of overuse injury and burnout. Many current elite athletes did not specialize at an early age. Methodological and study design limitations impact the quality of current literature, and researchers need to prioritize pressing research questions to promote safe and healthy youth sport participation. The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine hosted a Youth Early Sport Specialization Summit in April 2019 with the goal of synthesizing and reviewing current scientific knowledge and developing a research agenda to guide future research in the field based on the identified gaps in knowledge. This statement provides a broad summary of the existing literature, gaps and limitations in current evidence, and identifies key research priorities to help guide researchers conducting research on youth sport specialization. Our goals are to help improve the quality and relevance of research on youth sport specialization and to ultimately assure that opportunities for healthy and safe sport participation continue for all youth.

Multilingual Computer Assisted Language Learning Edited by Judith Buendgens-Kosten and Daniela Elsner Bristol and Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Multilingual Matters US $59.95 ISBN 9781788921473 (Paperback) 296 pages 2018

COVID-19 has highlighted the underlying global burden from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and the lack of resiliency in health systems to tackle highly preventable risk factors, which have left populations vulnerable to acute health crises. The persistent issue of unhealthy behaviors, particularly those related to a high-sodium diet, suggests inadequate policy attention and insufficient funding for public health and behavioral research. This year, Japan will host the Tokyo Nutrition for Growth (N4G) Summit 2021. The summit is being held in the era of COVID-19, offering a historic opportunity to make a difference on the global health agenda for food and nutrition and to reaffirm the global commitment to prevent future health crises by addressing the growing burden of NCDs and building better prepared and more resilient health systems. This perspective article suggests that we, global health researchers and decision-makers, should rethink the value of using “Umami” substances as candidates for a practical salt-reducing alternative that originated in Japan (while maintaining the affordability, accessibility, availability, and desirability of healthy food). Reduced salt intake will help address the global syndemic of COVID-19 pandemic and high rates of hypertension, heart diseases, diabetes, and other NCDs. By addressing these issues, it will make countries more resilient to future pandemic threats.

Pyramid B was one of the most important buildings in the sacred precinct of the Early Postclassic city of Tula, Hidalgo. On its summit was a temple supported by anthropomorphic and zoomorphic columns and four pillars containing the reliefs of 16 individuals and other images. Based on comparative analysis with other archaeological specimens and images from conquest era codices, I propose that all 16 individuals were warrior-kings in sacred dress bearing a suite of weapons associated with the Tollan-Xicocotitlan elite.

Introduction. According to the document "Transforming our world: Agenda for sustainable development until 2030" adopted at the UN Summit on Sustainable Development, Ukraine has committed to 169 tasks under 17 goals by 2030. One of the goals of sustainable development is to provide equal experience in quality education, including lifelong learning. The aim of the study is determining the impact of migration processes on the level of higher education coverage in Ukraine. Research methods. To achieve the paper’s aim, the authors applied the following methods and tools: to assess stationarity - tests of Dickie Fuller (information criterion Akaike) and Phillips Perron (criterion Bartlett Kernel), to assess the integration of data - Johansen test, to identify factors influencing the study on the result - ECM-modeling. Results . The obtained results give grounds to conclude that a 5% level of statistical significance of the growth of public spending on education, GDP per capita and remittances from abroad lead to an increase in the level of higher education in Ukraine. Thus, the hypothesis of a statistically significant impact of migration processes and education expenditures on the level of higher education coverage is confirmed. In this case, the authors highlight that Ukrainian government should develop adjusting policies to improve the effectiveness of public policy on migration management and increase the share of education spending in the country. However, it should be noted that the population growth rate negatively affects the level of higher education coverage. Perspectives. Further research is needed to determine the strength of the impact of average wages, unemployment, environmental conditions, social progress and others factors on migration processes as determinants of improving the education in the country and achieving sustainable development goals.

The paradigm of wasathiyyah Islamic is a form of Islamic understanding and practice, as well as an approach in contextualizing Islam in the midst of global civilization. The reactivation of the wasathiyyah Islamic paradigm was a response to various situations that attempted to divide the unity. This paradigm becomes important as a means of presenting the application of Islamic teachings that hold the principles of balance, justice and tolerance. This study aims to provide direction for Higher Education in developing the Islamic wasathiyyah paradigm. Through this research, the authors examined the wasathiyyah Islamic paradigm based on the Bogor Message which was produced at the 2018 World Ulama High Level Consultation (Summit) in Bogor. Bogor's message includes efforts to restore the Islamic wasathiyyah perspective as the center of Islamic teachings, both individually and collectively. One of the interesting messages to study is the commitment to reactivate the wasathiyyah Islamic perspective as a central Islamic teaching which includes seven main values, namely: tawassuth, i`tidâl, tasâmuh, syûrâ, islah, qudwah, and muwâthanah. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method. The result shows the reactivation of the wasathiyyah Islamic paradigm in higher education, can be developed through the cultivation of the seven main values of wasathiyyah Islam as contained in the Bogor Message.

Climate change has been one of the most significant concerns for the United Nations. As a result, the United Nations held a summit in 2019, inviting several notable speakers in the field. One of them is a young teenager from Swedish, Greta Thunberg. Greta Thunberg is a prominent climate activist who delivered a speech at the United Nations Climate Action Summit 2019, which is about how people and the government need to limit global warming. Her address became viral and garnered attention from many media, and roused a massive youth-led climate rally. Thus, this study analyzed her speech as the object of the study and employed a descriptive qualitative method. The study scrutinized 54 clauses through transitivity analysis from Hallidayan Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) to understand the processes in the address and its function. This current study has revealed that the speaker’s dominantly used material process (37%) to describe the damage to the environment done by people. The use of relational process (31.5%) describes climate change's effects on the world and her life. The mental process used in 16.7% of the data provokes guilt and responsibility, as she pointed the audience as the actors that cause climate change. The behavioural process (7.4%) shows that Thunberg will not stay quiet on climate crisis when her generation is the one who will suffer from it. Existential process (3.7%) is used to describe the existing problems, while verbal process (3.7%) is used in quoting the high-profile politician to prove that none of their promises have been fulfilled.

After implementing of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) for four years, the Chinese government convened the BRI Summits in Beijing in 2017 and 2019, respectively. This article will address the questions of how the summits were covered in translated news by using empirical data from news published on the Reference News, a state-owned newspaper that publishes translated news, in comparison to news carried in People’s Daily, an authoritative national newspaper in China. Situated in the framework of political discourse analysis (PDA) within critical discourse analysis (CDA) and using the method of qualitative thematic analysis, the study shows that translated news is a platform where contentious ideologies are at play and where dominant ones leave little room for the confrontational. In this process, translators are submissive actors whose work is navigated by the agenda set by the authorities in either legitimizing or representing frames in mainstream media.

La diplomacia de cumbres es una práctica cada vez más común, aunque poco estudiada, en las relaciones internacionales. Los encuentros periódicos entre Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno se constituyen como un escenario desde el cual se toman importantes decisiones para afrontar los crecientes retos comunes a nivel internacional. Esta práctica diplomática no solo ha fortalecido las relaciones entre Estados sino que también ha favorecido el desarrollo de relaciones interregionales cuya importancia sobresale en un contexto de latentes amenazas transnacionales. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar el marco conceptual desde el cual se estudia la diplomacia de cumbres y analizar el caso particular de la relación birregional entre la Unión Europea y Latinoamérica cuyos avances más significativos se han realizado en el contexto de esta práctica diplomática. Dentro del análisis, el seguimiento a las declaraciones conjuntas permite formular un diagnóstico acerca de los valores comunes y las áreas de cooperación que ambas regiones han priorizado a lo largo de sus veinte años de asociación estratégica. Temas como la igualdad de género y el desarrollo sostenible han cobrado cada vez mayor relevancia en la agenda birregional en consonancia con las tendencias internacionales. Sin embargo, más allá de las declaraciones conjuntas, es necesario crear mecanismos de seguimiento a los acuerdos alcanzados con el fin de fomentar la transparencia en los proyectos conjuntos y poder determinar en qué medida la diplomacia de cumbres cumple con su objetivo de fortalecer las relaciones entre actores a nivel internacional.

This research aims to explored and analyzed those impact which relate to service quality and brand image in building trust and the decision to choose Oto Finance as financing institution used. The population were customers from PT. Summit OTO Finance which amounted to 9,302 customers until 2019, while the sample amounted to 155 respondents. The analysis technique that used in this research was Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) by Lisrel software. The results showed that: 1) There had partially positive and significant influence from service quality variables on trust; 2) There had partially positive and significant influence of the brand image variable on trust; 3) There had partially positive and significant impact of service quality on decision to choose; 4) There had partially positive and significant influence from brand image variable on decision to choose ; and 5) There had positive and significant influence from the trust variable on decision to choose.

Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani is considered to be one of the most famous scholars of hadith in his time and the time after him. He has many compilations in hadith sciences which comprise different topics. He has a unique approach when dealing with the Hadith of Rasulullah SAW, with hadith sciences, and generally with Muslims. This research deals with the factors that have developed his character and intellect. His method was through reading and researching all of the related topics which subsequently had made his compilations to be placed at a prestigious level, and made him distinctive from his peers. He is brilliant, knowledgeable, has a photographic memory, and has spent his life in seeking knowledge, devoted to scholars and their classes, obtaining knowledge, and has benefitted from prominent scholars of his time; in which Allah SWT had prepared him for the Islamic sciences. Notably, Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar had lived in the era of the Mamluk state, when the Islamic sciences had reached its summit and flourished, and many scholars were produced.

The research aims to study the social significance in the conjunction of the word (woman) with (Baal) in one context, therefore, the linguistic meanings of these two terms are investigated, and what can be derived from their root of vocabulary, and subsequently this is applied to the story of Ibrahim, peace be upon him, with his wife Sarah. The Study concluded that the concept of Baal and what is derived from it means: what grows in a place where water does not reach from a place higher than it, but only by what comes from the clouds, even if it intensifies and is solid and its roots reach the layers of the wet ground till it needs no more water, it takes it as much as needed, then it is distinguished with its fruit which is between wet and dry. Describing the female as (the woman) indicates that her nature is based on her need to others, and that she has the ability to adapt to it, and this has been mentioned in the Holy Qur’an, or that the female is referred to as the original innocence, or that she has reached the summit of feminist perfection, especially in the context of overcoming crises, and what is related to marital life has emerged through the dualism of Ibrahim, peace be upon him, and his wife Sarah.

‘Localisation’ became the new buzzword after the World Humanitarian Summit in 2016. However, the nature of the commitment to localisation since has been questioned. What is ‘the local’? How does localisation work in practice? With little empirical research, generalities in theory and practice have prevailed, preventing a nuanced approach to conceptualising the local. This study aims to build a foundation for the understanding of connotative, nuanced ‘locals’ and to explore the multiple dimensions of the local in both theory and practice. The methodology of a case study research, with a semi-structured and flexible approach, facilitated the identification of different elements of a locally led response that resounded in each of the cases. Combined with a literature review, this article aims to answer the questions: What underlying assumptions regarding the local are found in localisation rhetoric, and how do multi-local dynamics challenge locally led disaster response in practice? Answering this question necessitates deconstructing the multi-local in theory and critically examining expressions concerning the local in practice. In this study, one dimension of the local that was observed was ‘the local as locale,’ with the local describing primarily national actors as opposed to the international, without taking local power dynamics into account. The local was also seen in terms of governance, where local–national relations and intranational strife characterised locally led responses, and the national focus excluded local actors who were not usually involved in governance. The local also became a source of legitimation, with local, national and international actors all using the discourse of ‘the state in charge’ and ‘the community knows best’ to legitimise their own role as response actors while disputing others’ capacities. The multi-local lens provides a perspective with potential to change current practices and contribute to a more transformative agenda.

The papers in this Special Feature are the result of the first Marsh Resilience Summit in the Chesapeake Bay region, which occurred in February 2019. The Chesapeake Bay region has one of the highest rates of relative sea level rise in the U.S., jeopardizing over 1000 km2 of tidal wetlands along with other coastal lands. The goal of the Summit and this collection of articles is to analyze tidal wetland response to accelerating sea level rise and the effect their response will have on adaptation planning for surrounding communities. Ten Summit presenters share their research in this Special Feature. In this Introduction, we summarize their findings on evaluating restoration potential at the site-specific level, measuring and projecting marsh migration and erosions rates, describing impacts of wetland migration on a marsh dependent animal, effects on human communities, and finally the roles of property owners and government on future tidal wetland extent. These contributions demonstrate that tidal marsh distribution is dynamic in response to sea level rise, and that social, legal, and policy tools can be used and further developed to enable opportunities for restoring or conserving wetlands when stakeholders are engaged effectively. The papers here and feedback from Summit participants illuminate diverse priorities, research unknowns, and next steps for land use planning toward resilience of the Chesapeake Bay region that also can inform global communities.

Objectives To define the top priorities in simulation-based surgical education where additional research would have the highest potential to advance the field and develop proposals that would address the identified research priorities. Summary and background data Simulation has become integral part of surgical training but there are a number of outstanding questions that have slowed advances in this field. Methods The Delphi methodology was used to define the top priorities in simulation-based surgical education. A research summit was held with multiple stakeholders under the auspices of the American College of Surgeons Division of Education to develop proposals to address these priorities. Results Consensus was achieved after the first round of voting on the following three most important topics: 1) impact of simulation training on patient safety and outcomes, 2) the value proposition of simulation, and 3) the use of simulation for physician certification and credentialing. Knowledge gaps, challenges and opportunities, and research questions to address these topics were defined by summit participants. Conclusions The top 3 priorities in surgical simulation research were defined and project outlines were developed for impactful projects on these topics. Successful completion of such projects is expected to advance the field of simulation-based surgical education.

Indigenous knowledge is a multilayered knowledge system that can effectively manage global ecosystem and biodiversity conservation. Conservation is an applied discipline with the goal of preserving the world’s biodiversity and ecosystems. However, settler–coloniser conservation practices often fail to fully examine how settler–coloniser epistemologies are centred at the expense of Indigenous conservation praxis. Evaluating how conservation practices outside of an Indigenous lens can become more inclusive and just is a critical area for research and reflection. We draw on our own experiences as early-career researchers working towards anticolonial, just and inclusive approaches to conservation science and practice by discussing what it means to be for a Place. We believe that a non-Indigenous conservationist who is for a Place advocates for inclusive stewardship with Indigenous Peoples and other marginalised communities to conserve species and ecosystems and the connections that bind communities to their landscapes. As an example of how settler–coloniser conservation practitioners can be for a Place, we discuss writing a policy statement in 2019 on behalf of the Society for Conservation Biology opposing the construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope on the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawai‘i. We describe the thought process behind our policy statement and provide examples of other actions for conservation researchers and practitioners working to be for a Place. We aim to provide our colleagues, particularly those trained in settler–coloniser conservation practices, an opportunity to identify more just practices for the Places we aspire to conserve.

Summit lunches celebrate commensality, the practice of eating together, which provides a convivial setting for leaders to sit together, negotiate agreements, and smooth out differences. A diplomatic event can be splendid and ceremonial, or a private working lunch, with symbols embedded that can have impact on global issues. The dishes represent national values and attend to personal favorites, recognizing the identity and relationship of those present. As instruments in the art of diplomacy, meals give participants the opportunity to identify and understand the messages such occasions create. Understanding the social semiotics of culinary diplomacy allows researchers to analyze summit lunches and other diplomatically significant events. Drawing on culinary diplomacy and social semiotics, this article explores the semiotics associated with culinary diplomacy by analyzing the working lunch of the Trump-Kim 2018 Summit between American President Donald Trump and North Korean Chairman Kim Jong-un held in Singapore. In a qualitative analysis of the media reporting of this summit, this study proposes that the strategic setting made by the protocol and food of the working lunch conveys messages of status and symbolism that impact foreign diplomacy. Insight gained from this study highlights how a dining table can trump the conference table in initiating a conversation, especially among enemies.

Ethics of care refers to ideas concerning the nature of morality can be judge by the Attitude. This research examines the Appraisal in Barack Obama’s speech in the United States of Women Summit by using a qualitative descriptive approach by collecting data through speech. The objectives of this research are to identify the type of Attitude and to elaborate the reason why the types of the attitude and the ethics of care are used in Obama’s speech in the United States of Women Summit. The data consisted of 113 clauses. Source of data is Obama’s speech in the United States of Women Summit that gathered from the official website. The results showed that the most dominant attitude subsystem in Obama’s speech in is appreciation, 53 clauses (47%), while there are 40 clauses (35%) categorized as judgement, and 20 clauses (18%) categorized as affect. In this case the speaker uses all positive appreciation (there is no negative appreciation category) to express his evaluation and his appreciation for the women movement and empowerment in that summit and especially the women in his country, United States of America. Furthermore, the realization types of attitude is realized the ethics of care in Obama’s speech which show his decision making about the equality of gender specially women in his administration/presidency. From the analysis, types of attitude; judgment and appreciation employ the ethics of care in valuing the personal relationship, caring attitude, and caring action. While the type of affect employs the sympathy and direct attention in doing ethics of care. As the recommendation, the researcher suggest to used ethics of care in analyze person attitude in other speeches by using appraisal, not only the attitude type but also the engagement and the graduation types.

This short article introduces the GR2P Forum reflecting on the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine 15 years after it was institutionalised at the international level through the World Summit Outcome Document. It contextualises the relevance of critical reflections on the R2P at its 15th anniversary and then lays out the aims and objectives of the Forum. It provides an overview of the different contributions, describing the perspectives of the authors and the key arguments they present.

Childhood and adolescence are critical time periods for growth and development. Given the current physical and psychological health concerns affecting United States youth, an emerging area of interest exists supporting the importance of physical and psychological aspects of strength for health, resilience, and well-being through these life stages. This synopsis highlights the key concepts that were presented within the 2018 Strength Summit conference, entitled The Role of Strength in Optimal Health and Well-being. During the conference, strength was broadly defined as the ability to successfully respond to a challenge. Although much of the current research focuses on strength from a muscle function and performance perspective, mental and emotional strength are also important components of overall health and well-being, especially in children and adolescents. This paper provides a brief overview of the clinical and/or research-based strength outcomes, summarizes the relationship between strength and health, and discusses evidence-based dietary factors that promote strength in children and adolescents.Novelty Building physical, mental, and emotional strength during childhood and adolescence lays the foundation for health and well-being. Emerging evidence indicate positive associations between diet quality and strength in children and adolescents. Promising areas include the promotion of family-based meals, with focus on breakfast, for improved strength in United States youth.

The Summit on the National Assessment of Psychology was held on June 2016 to chart a path for assessing student achievement of the goals of the undergraduate psychology major. Our subcommittee was charged with identifying evaluation strategies and tools for students’ professional development, which included applying psychology to various careers; engaging in effective self-regulation, project management, and teamwork; and developing lifelong professional skills. In this article, therefore, we not only review a wide range of assessment tools for facilitating and evaluating professional development in psychology, but we also discuss the larger importance of the learning goal both to students and to public perceptions of psychology.

Ukraine's accession to the Bologna Process and accession to the European Higher Education Area and the European Research Area leads to an increase in the institutional capacity of domestic higher education institutions, which implies, in particular, improved quality of research. This, in turn, actualizes the change in the paradigm of university research management. Following the recommendations of the Lisbon Summit (2000), universities need to move from traditional governance to a governance model that avoids excessive government regulation and micro-governance. Research governance involves, in particular, the implementation of an institutional policy to create an environment in which high scientific and ethical standards are met when conducting research. The purpose of the article is to perform a comparative analysis of the specificities of implementing institutional policies on research virtue at British and Ukrainian universities. It has been established that in higher education institutions of both countries ensuring research integrity is one of the main directions of institutional policies; adherence to ethical principles in conducting research is mandatory for members of the university community. At the same time, unlike domestic universities in British higher education institutions, institutional policies on research integrity are more clearly defined, open and transparent. To achieve this goal, methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, systematization of scientific and internet sources were used, which revealed the peculiarities of supporting/developing a culture of research virtue in the system of research governance in the leading universities in the UK. The comparative analysis made it possible to offer recommendations for domestic higher education institutions to overcome the crisis of academic, in particular, research integrity. The use of the method of generalization made it possible to draw conclusions about the results of the study.

NATO has survived until its 70th anniversary, essentially in the same condition as practically every year of its existence. According to commentators and external experts, the Alliance seems to be in a constant crisis, and every new version of the crisis is seen as final and deadly. By contrast, for those who are active internally, NATO seems stronger than ever before - it is engaging in more places than ever before, presenting new initiatives at an unprecedented pace and in ever-longer summit declarations. The problem situation presented in this way allows us to formulate the main research problem: What role does NATO play in shaping the global security system? The research problem formulated in this way consists of detailed problems formulated in the form of questions: 1) What are the current challenges for NATO? 2) What are the current threats to NATO? 3 What is Donald Trump's policy towards NATO? The presentation aims to present an analysis of the role of NATO in ensuring collective security in the context of the 70th anniversary of the founding of the organization. The research process uses methodological methods of scientific cognition, mainly analysis and criticism of literature.

* The draft reform of the European Stability Mechanism (henceforth ESM) was not approved as scheduled in the Euro Summit in December 2019 because the Italian Prime Minister was obliged to ask for a delay in the face of strong domestic opposition to the reform coming from populist parties. * It is not clear if the reform will ever be approved and if, in this case, the Conte government will survive. * The arguments used by the populists against the reform are deeply flawed. * The proposed changes in the text of the EMS Treaty are relatively minor and do not contain any mechanism of automatic restructuring of the debt of countries asking for financial assistance from the ESM. * However, the small changes in the text reflect the idea that Italy will soon be obliged to restructure the debt. The only possible answer by the Italian authorities is to set up a plan for a gradual reduction of the debt to GDP ratio. * Restructuring the debt may be a painful necessity, but it is not a way to solve the problem of the debt in a country in which most of the debt is held by residents.

Acting in a socially responsible manner did not simply materialize in modern times. Social Responsibility has been of concern to mankind since antiquity, being intertwined with the need to help people whose economic and social circumstances may be dire. Adam Smith was the first to introduce the notion of ethics in economic theory while at the beginning of 1920s, the first samples of corporate social responsibility came as a result of social action by enterprises at the time. First, Howard Bowen highlighted CSR in the context of academic research in 1950 whereas in 1992, at the Rio Summit where the representatives of 178 nations gathered, the natural environment got associated, first time ever, with the notions of economic and social development, thus triggering an entire period of developments in the field of CSR. What followed, over the years leading up to date, were actions, decisions and formal initiatives that forged, to a great extent, the perception of CSR. This article points to the most important landmarks of the whole itinerary of CSR and its eventually becoming an institution. It, moreover, provides field researchers with a tool to describe, analyze and proceed with a comparative evaluation of different periods and events.

The summit diplomacy between Kim Jong-un and Donald Trump in March 2018 brought forth the issue of China’s marginalization in Northeast Asian affairs. While China’s perceived loss of influence in North Korea since Kim Jong-un took power went viral in traditional and social media, the most audacious believed that the young leader was “defecting” to the West with his nuclear weapons. The article asks if the claims can be substantiated by the Sino-DPRK relations in 2012–2017 and if the claims failed to see the comprehensive nature of an asymmetrical relationship. China’s top interest in North Korea is regime stability, code-named “peace and stability of the Korean Peninsula,” that has strong geostrategic implications connected with the ever rising rivalry between China and the USA. This top interest coincides with North Korea’s security paranoia as it is exemplified in its nuclear and missile programs. Using these two premises, the article explores how China’s policy behaviors toward Pyongyang in 2012–2017 correspond with these two premises and how the key issues in China-DPRK relations reflect these two premises. The article argues that the China-DPRK relations did not fracture in the first 6 years of Kim Jong-un’s rule. The bilateral ties have experienced a spirited rejuvenation after the Kim-Trump summit diplomacy because China remains motivated to nurture the relations in new circumstances for their respective national interests.

This study aims to discuss the destination branding of Indonesia using halal tourism instruments to increase tourist arrivals, especially from the Middle East market, and make Indonesia the world's halal tourist destination. This research uses descriptive qualitative method with the concept of destination branding and public diplomacy. The results of this study indicate that Indonesia embarked on destination branding by establishing the Halal Tourism Indonesia Logo, Halal Tourism Indonesia: The Halal Wonders, to describe its halal tourist destinations, then designating three regions that are considered ready to be the leading halal tourist destinations, namely Lombok (Friendly Lombok), Aceh (The Light of Aceh), and West Sumatra (Taste of Padang) as seen from facilities and services that meet the criteria halal tourism and won the world's best halal tourism award representing Indonesia at the World Halal Travel Summit in Abu Dhabi 2015 and 2016. In addition, Indonesia also made efforts to halal tourism diplomacy through familiarization trips, attending national and international exhibitions, and through the media and seen the results of the increasing number of Middle Eastern tourists visiting as the primary target market for halal tourism.

Referring to the addition of burnout into the ICD-11, the authors review the literature and propose a combination of transactional analysis concepts with systemic-psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioural and logotherapy perspectives to generate a three-dimensional heptagon in which each summit represents a dimension of the burnout condition: cognitive, behavioural, motivational, emotional, somatic, relational and existential. They indicate how here-and-now symptoms are representations of there-and-then experiences and demonstrate how these elements may be represented within the script system developed by O’Reilly-Knapp and Erskine (2010). They go on to combine this with Freudenberger and North’s (1992) 12 steps model into a simplified five phase model of Honeymoon, Suppression, Denial, Dehumanisation and Burnout. Based on this material, they have developed a proxy-rated Burnout Assessment Chart (BAC) and a semi-structured Burnout Assessment Interview (BAI). A case study is then included of this material being applied with a 56-year-old male client in Switzerland. Whilst the limitations of this single case are recognised, the authors propose that the material can be used in developing a manual for working with burnout, with the different phases making it applicable to the various fields of TA application.

Since the World Humanitarian Summit in 2016, the concept of localisation has dominated the narrative of international donor engagement. Traditionally, this is something that Muslim charities have supposedly been doing. Yet Muslim charities are conspicuous by their absence in the global debate despite the fact that over the last 20 years, there has been an explosion in the number of International Islamic Development organisations or charities. The localisation debate highlights a weakness for the Muslim charities in terms of operations on the ground. Muslim International Non Governmental Organisations (INGOs) appear to be struggling to articulate a modus operandi for operation. As a consequence, Muslim charities respond in a schizophrenic manner brought about by a lack of information on how Muslim organisations work in the field of charity and also an internal understanding of how Muslim charities should operate. This article discusses the need for a paradigm shift for Muslim INGOs within the localisation debate in terms of how they operate, identify, and work with local partners.

The author lists the references to human rights in the World Summit on the Information Society Declaration of Principles. He analyses the problems with these references on two levels. First, the references are made in a socio-political void without historical context. There are no proposals for concrete resource allocations for their implementation. Next, he raises the question of whether the second phase of the World Summit in November 2005 (in Tunis) can change this. The author states that, given present political and economic trends in the world, a fundamental change is not a realistic prospect. Even so, some proposals could be offered for possible human rights actions. Special attention is given to the need to assess the state of communication rights in the world and to further the discussion about the human right to communicate., L’auteur énumère les références aux droits humains dans la Déclaration des Principes du Sommet mondial sur la société d’information. Il analyse les problèmes avec ces références à deux niveaux. D’abord, ces références sont effectuées dans un vide sociopolitique sans contexte historique. Il n’y a pas de propositions concrètes pour l’allocation de ressources visant leur implémentation. Puis, il se demande si la deuxième phase du Sommet mondial devant se tenir à Tunis en novembre 2005 peut changer cette situation. L’auteur déclare que, compte tenu des tendances politiques et économiques actuelles dans le monde, un changement fondamental n’est pas réaliste. Tout de même, certaines suggestions d’actions possibles liées aux droits humains sont offertes. L’emphase est mise sur le besoin de mesurer l’état des droits de communication dans le monde et de faire avancer la discussion portant sur le droit humain de communiquer.

This article reviews the existing broad variety of theories on the Information Society, including market or labour force-based approaches, stressing the expansion of the information sector and the increasing importance of knowledge work, technically deterministic concepts based upon the ideas of the information revolution and the computerization of society, and more comprehensive theories embracing those issues and aligning them with socio-political aspects. Against this backdrop, policy implications are evaluated, focusing on the results reached during the First Phase of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). Although its relatively broad policy agenda, which favours an integrated approach for the coordination of Information Society issues, including areas such as health, development, education or the media, is, as such, a positive development, a coherent framework is still missing. The current paradigm remains rather technically deterministic, thus emphasizing the mainstreaming of information and communication technologies (ICTs), instead of calling attention to the underlying needs and rights that should be fostered and enhanced. It is argued that building an inclusive Information Society requires a paradigmatic shift towards a human rights-based approach., Cet article examine l’étendue des diverses théories existantes sur la société d’information, des approches basées sur le marché et la main-d’oeuvre qui accentuent l’expansion du secteur de l’information et l’importance grandissante du travail de connaissance, à des conceptions techniquement déterministes basées sur les idées de la révolution d’information et l’informatisation de la société, en plus des théories plus globales qui traitent ces problèmes et les alignent avec des considérations sociopolitiques. Les implications pour les politiques sont évaluées à la lumière de ces variables, en se concentrant sur les résultats de la Première phase du Sommet mondial sur la société de l’information (SMSI). Malgré la portée assez large des objectifs du Sommet et le fait qu’il favorise une approche intégrée à la coordination des sujets concernant la société d’information, incluant par exemple les domaines de la santé, du développement, de l’enseignement, ou des médias, soit un développement positif, il se trouve à manquer une structure logique et cohérente. Le paradigme actuel demeure plutôt techniquement déterministe, et donc concentre sur la popularisation des technologies de l’information et de la communication, au lieu d’attirer l’attention sur les besoins et les droits sous-jacents qui devraient être protégés et encouragés. L’auteure soutient que la construction d’une société d’information inclusive requiert un déplacement paradigmatique en faveur d’une approche basée sur les droits de la personne.

Internet Governance emerged as a contentious and key issue at the 2003 World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in Geneva. Against the backdrop of digital solidarity – the benefits of the Information Society should be shared amongst citizens of both developed and developing countries to ensure fair and equitable development for all – the author advocates the need for Civil Society to work together to develop a unified voice and a consolidated list of critical issues. The author provides an overview of some of the contentious issues leading up to the Geneva Phase of WSIS. The author also looks at some of the issues addressed in two critical meetings following the Geneva Summit: The International Telecommunication Union Workshop on Internet Governance (ITU Workshop) and the United Nations Information and Communications Technologies Task Force Global Forum on Internet Governance (UN Global Forum). This is followed by an analysis and discussion of what the author perceives to be the most important issues on Internet Governance from the perspective of enhancing human rights and promoting human dignity in the Information Society. The author identifies three prominent issues: appropriate and effective capacity building, language and cultural rights in the domain name system, and a cautionary approach to model laws which could impact on human rights. The author concludes by offering a strategy on how civil society can be most effective in its contribution to Internet Governance issues for the upcoming WSIS meeting in Tunis., Lors du Sommet mondial de la société de l’information (SMSI), qui se tenait à Genève en 2003, la question de la gouvernance de l’Internet est apparue non seulement comme la question clé du sommet mais également comme une question sujette à controverses. Dans un climat de solidarité numérique – les avantages tirés de la société de l’information devraient être partagés entre les citoyens de chaque pays, pays développés et pays en voie de développement, afin que soit garanti à chaque citoyen un développement de l’Internet juste et équitable – l’auteur insiste sur la nécessité pour la société civile de mener une réflexion commune afin de développer une ligne directrice et de consolider la liste des problèmes existants. L’auteur présente une vue d’ensemble des principales questions litigieuses mises de l’avant lors du sommet de Genève, qui constituait la première phase du SMSI. Elle s’intéresse ensuite à différentes problématiques débattues lors des deux réunions qui ont suivi le sommet de Genève : l’Atelier de l’Union internationale des télécommunications dédié à la gouvernance de l’Internet et le Forum concernant la gouvernance de l’Internet organisé par le Comité de réflexion des Nations Unies en charge des questions liées aux technologies de l’information et de la communication. Suivent alors un travail d’analyse ainsi qu’un débat relatif à ce que l’auteur perçoit, au regard de la protection des droits de l’homme et de la dignité humaine, comme constituant les plus importantes questions juridiques concernant la gouvernance de l’Internet. L’auteur identifie trois thèmes fondamentaux : l’intensification efficace et appropriée du renforcement capacités, la protection des droits culturels et linguistiques dans le système des noms de domaine et la prudence quant à la manière d’élaborer des lois qui pourraient éventuellement impacter les droits de l’homme. L’auteur clôt sa réflexion en proposant une stratégie portant sur la façon dont la société civile pourrait le plus efficacement apporter des solutions liées aux problèmes soulevés par la gouvernance de l’Internet, en vue de la prochaine rencontre SMSI à Tunis.