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The majority of the literature on the transformation of cultural promotion space in old residential areas in the United States and abroad is written from the top-down perspective of God, such as architects, planners, developers, and even government officials, and only a few of them examine the designer’s work from the perspective of aborigines. To sample life and gain insight into human nature, find another means to be as near to the public as possible, listen to the voice of users, and conduct an in-depth examination of the freestyle works altered by the old residential districts through the “people’s architectural planner.”

This paper focuses on the spatiality of cricket played over public grounds. The paper uses the concepts of space, place and sportscape (Appadurai in Playing the modernity: The decolonisation of Indian Cricket, University of Minnesota Press, 1995) to derive meanings of the way the game is played and experienced. The study is organised under three scales conceptualised as landscape, territory and anthropocentric levels which are interlinked to each other. Drawing insights from the geography of sports literature, the paper extends the boundaries of knowledge about cricket beyond historical and sociological studies of the sport. A combination of methods, namely, ethnographic observations, interviews and focused group discussions were employed to deduce the spatial connection of cricket to urban spaces in India. For this purpose, Nirankari Grounds in North Delhi has been selected as the study area. The location of Nirankari Grounds at the crossroads of a densely populated residential area and the University of Delhi makes it an important site for the study. The paper contributes to the study of geography by expanding the geographical understanding of the sport. At the same time, it attempts to fill in the gaps in literature in domain of sports geography by analysing spatial aspects of sports when the game is in play.

Coronavirus disease 2019 brings about the economic damage and loss of life. Thus, demand of personal protective equipment continues to increase, consequently an increase in infectious equipment pollution. Most of these wastes threaten the environment and increase the spread of diseases. This paper provides a research hypothesis whether effective medical waste management would prevent the possible impacts of coronavirus disease 2019-related waste issues on environment at the city level. To confirm this hypothesis, installation of waste treatment centre is addressed. Then, by incorporating uncertain waste generation amounts utilizing Jimenez method, a pickup routing is addressed to decide the pickup routes between the waste treatment centre and residential area. This study is first to assign the optimistic, realistic and pessimistic scenarios of the uncertain waste generation using time series analysis method and waste generation formulation. Also, L-type matrix is used to define, assess and prioritize the environmental and operational risks on waste generation formulation and to provide risk reaction strategies. Practicality of these approaches is illustrated in the case of Turkey. The computational results reveal the effectiveness of the integrated method, which ensures practical and theoretical insights controlling the waste generation to prevent virus propagation for health authorities.

Since one and half years, the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 virus (disease caused is Covid-19) has ruined the entire humanity in unimaginable ways, whether it is economy or unemployment or children mental health disorder or large number of deaths. There is no country in the world which is not affected by this virus. In some countries, this pandemic is coming in the form of outbreak such as first wave of pandemic then after some gap period, second wave of pandemic. In country like India, the second wave of corona pandemic has crippled the economy, public health safety and at the same time put a big question on the health infrastructure of entire nation whether it is availability of oxygen cylinders, or testing facility, hospital bed or ventilators. The actual number of patients who can get affected had not been estimated correctly. This poses more problems due to asymptomatic nature of the expression of COVID-19 on individual basis. Tragically, for developing countries like India with high population density, the situation has been more complex. Additionally, more amount of waste from the Covid affected population goes to effluent water, waste water coming out of residential area, hospitals, isolation centres and so on. In this review article, we have focused on presence of corona virus and infection transmission through effluent water in country like India with huge number of population and also provide further scope in research to inform future studies. Keywords : SARS- CoV-2, COVID- 19, Waste water, Sewage, Developing countries.

Introduction. The problematic environmental situation in the industrialized territories requires precise management decisions to ensure the excellent quality of atmospheric air to protect public health. Information on the atmospheric air quality is based on data from various monitoring systems: socio- hygienic, environmental, production control, as well as the results of control measures carried out by Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) and Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation (Rosprirodnadzor)). Materials and methods. The analysis of normative permissible emissions, sanitary protection zones projects, the results of socio-hygienic and environmental monitoring, production control, as well as carried out own laboratory, and instrumental laboratory studies of 130 samples of atmospheric air in the sanitary protection zone of the chemical industry enterprise and the nearest residential area. The research was based on the North-West Public Health Research Centre and the chemical-analytical centre “Arbitrage”, D.I. Mendeleev Research Institute for metrology. Results. According to various monitoring systems and the results of own research, on the territory of residential buildings, the concentrations of pollutants did not exceed the MАC, mainly corresponded to the design values. However, the ammonia content in the atmospheric air on the territory of the nearest building to the enterprise exceeded the calculated design values by three times. At the border of the industrial site of the enterprise for ammonia and diPhosphorpentaoxide, concentrations comparable to the MАC were recorded, while hydrochloric acid and gaseous fluorides were not detected either at the border of the industrial site or in the nearest residential development. Conclusions. The programs of air quality control monitoring are based on the research and analysis of the project documentation. The developed scheme for monitoring atmospheric air can be applied to assess atmospheric air quality in areas around mineral fertilizer production enterprises. Contribution: Gorbanev S.A. — the concept and design of the study; Markova O.L. — collection and processing of materials, writing text; Yeremin G.B. — the concept and design of the study, writing text, editing; Mozzhukhina N.A. — the concept and design of the study, editing; Kopytenkova O.I. — writing text, editing; Karelin A.O. — editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

This Paper examines the existing spatial inequalities in residential areas of Dhaka City, the megacity of Bangladesh on the basis of household resources and amenities. The empirical data has been collected through a detailed semi-structured questionnaire from 180 purposively selected respondents in Dhanmondi and Mirpur residential area and Kallayanpur slum area. . The results clearly indicate that there exist significant differences and variations of household resource and amenity indicators, particularly household and housing characteristics, sanitation facilities, water, electricity, and gas supplies, etc. More specifically, the finding reveals that there is a huge gap in tenure systems, income-expenditure, occupational, education and social status, utilities, and physical developments, and these are the prime issues for creating massive inequality in slum area from other residential areas. Furthermore, the slum dwellers are more deprived and neglected from all kinds of urban facilities though they play significant role in informal economy of urban areas as well as in GDP of Bangladesh. Hence, the findings suggest that policymakers should take proper initiatives to address multi-dimensional issues of slum areas to ensure a sustainable environment among residential areas of Dhaka City. The Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 9(1), 2020, P 49-62

Городские инфраструктуры – важные основания городской жизни и городской политики. Кризис больших политических программ с их абстрактными целями и неопределенными временными горизонтами способствовал формированию политик повседневности, центральным пунктом которых стали городские инфраструктуры. Ее отсутствие, ненадлежащее состояние или дефицит является предметом переговоров между различными городскими агентами и основанием их противостояния. Центральный вопрос статьи: как именно жители новых районов отстаивают свои инфраструктурные требования, тем самым нарушая привилегию властей и девелоперов на развитие масштабных инфраструктурных проектов. Статья основана на материалах полевого исследования, проведенного в 2019–2020 гг. в новом жилом районе Подмосковья. Отстаивание надежд и оспаривание привилегий властных агентов происходит благодаря созданию горожанами динамичной, насыщенной событиями аффективной среды, в которой (вос)производится идея должного состояния инфраструктуры. Эта среда формируется одновременными действиями жителей на разных площадках, которые связываются согласованной версией происходящего, артикулируемой через локальные цифровые гражданские медиа – тематические группы в ВКонтакте, Инстаграм, Telegram, созданные и контролируемые местными жителями. Идея долженствования, предлагаемая и отстаиваемая местными жителями, основана на базовом аргументе о необходимости инфраструктуры, разделении ответственности за ее создание между властями, девелоперами и местными жителями. Последние рассматриваются как основная движущая сила изменений, создатели требований, на основе которых оцениваются происходящие события. Создание динамичной, содержательно и аффективно насыщенной среды, которая становится способом давления на власти и девелоперов, происходит за счет множества действий местных жителей на различных (иногда взаимоисключающих) аренах, подчиненных общей цели – отстаиванию их интересов. В процессе онлайн-коммуникации, разворачивающейся в локальных цифровых медиа, наиболее активные местные жители вовлекают в процесс своих соседей. Общими усилиями происходит «расколдовывание» логики создания инфраструктуры и передел ответственности различных агентов, апелляция к эмоциям и общему знанию о районе. Хотя влияние горожан на развитие материальных инфраструктур оценить сложно, можно утверждать, что их усилиями создается и успешно развивается гражданская инфраструктура.

The rapid development of technology coupled with the increases in population led to requirement of raw materials. For that reason, the largest quantity of production is needed but the large production causes significant social, economic and ecological consequences regarding a sustainable mining activity. Preserving the relevant balances reveals the necessity of developing sustainable projects after mining. Thus, development or sustainable development should be defined not only as increasing the welfare level, but also as protecting human rights, political rights and ecological balance, and leaving a liveable world to future generations. Herewith present study, Tuzluca rock salt mine was been assessed. Due to being located on the Silk Road, Tuzluca (Igdir, Turkey) rock salt mine with its rich reserves and tenors has been of great economic importance since ancient times. Within the areas of this salt mine, the production is still being carried out but the relevant and safe areas are under project for salt therapy purposes. Due to the unique properties of the salt mine and underground air, and its therapeutic ability potential, these areas have been assessed for health tourism, viz. Speleotherapy and Halotherapy center. These treatments are known to be very beneficial for respiratory tract, ear, nose, throat and skin diseases within the framework of complementary medicine applications. However, we should herein note that mining activities carried out might bring significant consequences regarding the social and ecological structures of the region. With the ongoing increase in mining activities, it has enabled the necessary investments, employment, education, trade and infrastructure for the residential area to develop over time. Along with the present project, we have aimed at developing and providing a sustainable prosperity and a safe future after salt mining activities, also aiming at making significant contributions to the region.

Urban physical context can be analyzed across three key matrixes (3-P) among others i.e. place, path, and people. So, pragmatic analysis of spatial effective performances connecting 3-P, require provoking frequency of people’s experience. Acknowledging this issue, the demand for accessible neighbourhood green (ANG) at an appropriate distance becomes the primary concern to enhance the quality of life and liveability in a city. However, with the continued urban growth and densification, the discrepancy between the demand and supply of open space continues to vary requiring adjustments to remain responsive. The real-life circumstance results in a shortage of parks and open areas in terms of demand and supply within accessible distance in Dhaka city. This paper intends to examine this issue through the case of the planned Dhanmondi Residential Area (DRA) in Dhaka. Despite having provision of multiple open spaces in DRA, visitor’s frequency varies due to age and gender group accessibility conditions and varying distances. Considering existing spatial norms set by Detail Area Plan (DAP), Dhaka structure plan (DSP), and numerous research works on Dhaka open spaces, the major inquiry posed here is whether these open spaces are appropriate for DRA or not. Therefore, the objective of this paper focuses on examining the quality of the physical environment of Neighbourhood public open spaces termed here as accessible neighbourhood green (ANG) in DRA to examine their adequacy concerning proportion and distance synchronized with the frequency of visits. The initial part of the paper focuses on conceptualizing the problem vis-à-vis the existing scenario. Surveys and interviews have been conducted to assess people’s perceptions in terms of comfort, accessibility, sociability, and user frequency aligned with proximity. The result indicates that the provision of one appropriate ANG within two or three standard blocks apart contribute to enhancing the quality of life for the city dwellers and their liveability.

The study aims to examine the estimation of a sample of Palestinian University students in Gaza governorate to the contribution of teaching human sciences in their political education. It further aims to reveal whether there are statistically significant differences at a significance level (α≤ 0.05) between the averages of the sample. Such differences might be attributed to the following variables: sex, residential area, specialization. To achieve this, the researcher used the descriptive approach by applying a tool of (50) items on (618) randomly chosen male and female students from the largest Palestinian universities in the governorates of Gaza. Results have shown that: the overall degree of estimation to the contribution of teaching human sciences to political education was (68.43%), where the fields culture and political self-components ranked first with a relative weight of (72.09%), the fields awareness and political participation ranked second with a relative weight of (64.76%), and that there are no statistically significant differences between the average scores of the sample's estimates to the degree contribution of teaching human sciences in Palestinian universities to political education. That was due to the variables of residential area and gender. However, differences were found due to the variable of specialization in favor of (Sharia sciences). Finally, the researcher recommended reformulating the contents of some human sciences in Palestinian universities, including: the problems of society, political awareness of the rights and duties, and having care about the methods of teaching human sciences that enhance the patriotism, such as the use of role-playing, simulation )modeling(.

In Dutch history the years between 1945 and 1965 are regarded as the period of post-war recovery and reconstruction (wederopbouw). One of the main issues of this period was the urgent need to house the rapidly rising Dutch population. High-rise dwellings were seen as one of the answers and, according to many, desirable. However, after the war, and even into the early 1960s, the construction of high-rise apartment towers was considered suitable for only a small, relatively well-to-do, part of the Dutch population. It was thought that most people would not be interested in living in tall buildings unless there was an element of luxury in both the buildings and the apartments themselves. Most architects and city planners labelled high-rise as unfit for the working class and for families with children. Consequently, most high-rise construction in the 1950s and early 1960s was aimed at a small group of ‘modern’ people, well-educated and perhaps slightly bohemian. Seven of these buildings are studied in this article. They vary in size, height and architectural appearance, but still form a distinct architectural type. As the article points out, these buildings were, and are to this day, very successful. Their success is analysed through a close reading of the buildings themselves and of their location in the urban context. The success of the luxury apartment building is attributed to the following conditions. The buildings were built for a small group of independently-minded people, keen to live a modern and comfortable life. They were even prepared to pay far more for their apartment than most terraced houses would have cost. Secondly, the developers invested in a wide variety of luxury features such as central heating, elevators, roof terraces, a housekeeper, ‘American’ kitchens, lock-up garages and the like. Thirdly, renowned architects were hired to design these luxury buildings. Since it did not concern social housing, the building budgets were rather generous. The architects could therefore design rather stylish buildings with well thought-out floor plans and airy and spacious rooms. Costly and decorative materials were used lavishly. As these buildings were unique, architects could meet the requirements of the building plot as well as of the intended inhabitants. Furthermore, the buildings were invariably built on highly desirable sites. They either overlook a city park, a large pond or a canal, or are in an already established residential area, but always within easy reach of urban amenities. Unlike a considerable part of the social high-rise buildings in Dutch cities built from the early 1960s onwards, many of the luxury apartment buildings are still considered highly desirable places to live, even sixty years after their construction.

Urban Green spaces explore innovative approaches to increase the quality of urban settings, enhance livability and promote sustainable lifestyles. They provide environmental benefits through their effects on negating urban heat, increase comfort and the cooling impact of surrounding area. Therefore, it is very important to understand the mechanisms by which these benefits accrue. There is, thus, a need for proper planning of urban greenery to increase the benefits sought with the needs of the community and the functionality that the urban green space will serve. In Dhaka the overall situation of urban greenery and Park greenery is in a very poor state. In this research three small parks in the planned residential area of Uttara have been selected to find out their cooling effect and the level of comfort they exert on community people. Simulation studies were also done, to check the environmental performances of the Parks and on their surroundings. The analysis identifies that these Parks have an impact, the intensity of which depends on the type and quality of its vegetation, its design parameters, connectivity and of course on surrounding urban morphology. Thus, the paper offers a planning for urban park design for planned areas of Dhaka city.

An assessment of the noncarcinogenic risk to the health of the population in Rostov-on-Don was carried out from observations at fixed stations of the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of the Russian Federation, in particular, according to the data of the Rostov Center for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring for 2015–2017. Analysis of the data showed that the greatest contribution to the risk of health problems for the city’s population is currently made by suspended matter, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and formaldehyde. Motor transport is the main source of air pollution in the city. To assess the noncarcinogenic risk within the city limits, three independent districts were identified according to the population’s activities and, as a consequence, the resulting impact on human health: the first is located in the central part of the city; the second is in the industrial area; and the third is in the residential area. According to the results of the risk assessment of chronic intoxication, it was found that suspended matter is the most dangerous issue in the first and second districts. In the third, the most dangerous substance is formaldehyde. The total risk of immediate issues in the first and second districts is defined as the maximum risk associated with exposure to suspended solids, while in the third it is exposure of carbon monoxide. The results of the assessment of the noncarcinogenic risk allow us to conclude that in the central part of Rostov-on-Don the level of atmospheric air pollution in 2015–2017 reached dangerous values for human health.

Background Housing is an important social determinant of health. Poor housing conditions are associated with a wide range of health conditions, including mental health. The study aimed to investigate the association between substandard housing and depression. Methods We used panel data collected by the Korea Welfare Panel Study and a sample drawn from waves 11 (2016) to 13 (2018). Substandard housing was defined via three criteria: the minimum residential area and number of rooms by application, essential facility standards, and environmental standards. Depression was measured with the CESD-11. A generalized estimating equation model was used to investigate associations between substandard housing and CESD-11 scores. Results Participants living in substandard housing have higher depression scores (male: β = 0.63, female: β = 0.40) than participants who do not live in substandard housing. Participants who do not meet environmental standards have higher depression scores (male: β = 0.85, female: β = 0.66) than participants who do not live in substandard housing; the findings are seen in both men and women. Conclusion This study identified an association between substandard housing and depression by gender, and the results were significant. We found that among the three criteria, environmental standards are most likely to be associated with depression. In practical terms, we should consider improving environmental factors of housing to mitigate mental health issues related to substandard housing.

The existence of injustice and inequality in access to the development results of the city. Slum areas have become one of the problems that exist in urban life. This automatically occurs as a result of a normal process called urbanization and development. Where many residents end up occupying non-residential areas due to their limited access. Seeing from the perspective of the access theory, how people live in the area is a form of their right to be able to utilize natural resources. One of these uses is used as a place to live. This study used a qualitative descriptive method, by taking several samples as a source of interviews. The arrangement of the slum area is now moving to another dimension, which is no longer forced evictions, but how to organize and change the residential area to be habitable. There are several indicators used in seeing a residential area that is said to be unfit for habitation. Upgrading slum areas have been able to change areas that were previously unfit to be better and able to meet indicators of the feasibility of residential areas in general. This step is also how the community continues to strive to gain access to the area. Kampung Jodipan and Kampung Tridi have changed their appearance, and have improved the quality of their living environment, with tidier, cleaner, and more affordable access to public services. Apart from the results of this research, there are still some problems, one of which is the uncertainty of land rights, so that they will not know the future of the area they live in now. The guarantee of land ownership is important to fight for equal rights to state services, state recognition, and the right to live in the area.

Nowadays, security and gardening systems in densely populated residential areas are generally done manually. The security system in housing sometimes places security posts at street corners that are some distance from citizen’s homes thus they cannot be monitored at all times. Whereas other problem of watering system in citizen’s homes, someone has to water the plants one by one that it is not efficient in energy, time and water availability thus that it can reduce the quality of the plants. Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept and method for remote control, monitoring, and various tasks. IoT is connected to a network that it can be accessed anywhere which can make things easier. IoT can be used to solve various problems. One of them is security issues and gardening activities. By using smart home technology, the security system is carried out by placing CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) which can be accessed by the home owner, anytime and anywhere the home owner is located. On the other hand, gardening is one of the most popular hobbies. In this field, IoT can be used to monitor and regulate various things to support gardening activities. In this community service activity, we are proposed a simple automatic gardening system for watering some plants programmatically in Pondok Hijau Indah residence. The system also allows manual human intervention either locally or remotely via the internet to control CCTV and water pumps. To build this smart Home system we will use the Xiaomi Home application from Google Play. In this application, we can set a program to control CCTV and water the plants every day at a certain time periodically, in this case, we set every 7 hours to watering the plants.

На окраинах крупных российских городов с середины 2000-х годов растут районы новостроек, многие из которых реализованы по программе комплексного освоения территорий. В массмедиа и публичных дискуссиях новые жилые районы критикуют за множество проблем, связанных с социальной и транспортной инфраструктурой, высотностью зданий и качеством общественных пространств. Медиа и эксперты по развитию городской среды используют применительно к периферийным жилым комплексам в больших городах категорию «гетто», указывая на уже существующие проблемы и предполагая перспективы деградации подобных территорий, ассоциируя их с западными модернистскими жилыми комплексами, которые постигла печальная судьба стать районами с «плохой репутацией».В статье рассматривается появление и трансформация академического понятия «гетто», а также анализируются практики производства новых периферийных жилых районов как гетто (в локальном значении) на примере исследования жилого комплекса «Северная долина» (Парнас) в Санкт-Петербурге. Автор показывает, как возникает imarginality, или воображаемая маргинальность жилого района, которая аналитически может быть представлена через два связанных воображения — гетто-в-настоящем и гетто-в-будущем. В статье подробно рассматриваются их компоненты, созданные медиа и экспертами по городскому развитию. Исследование показывает, что воображение гетто-в-настоящем не имеет эмпирических оснований в случае ЖК «Северная долина». В статье также рассмотрены перформативные эффекты функционирования категории гетто: воображаемая маргинальность (imarginality), которая формируется вокруг жилого района, может «действовать» и в том числе приводить в движение механизмы, которые заложены в описываемом процессе геттоизации.

El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar el riesgo de defunción fetal relacionado a los factores maternos de las mujeres que habitan en las zonas urbanas y rurales. El problema radica en la poca importancia que toman las mujeres en las distintas zonas (ya sea urbana o rural) de estos factores, al momento de determinar la causa de defunción del organismo, debido a que estas no lo consideran como algo influyente, lo cual tiene como principal consecuencia una escasa información sobre si alguno de estos acontecimientos fue el responsable o no del fallecimiento del organismo. Para poder resolver este problema se emplean ciertos algoritmos que nos ayudan a correlacionar dichos factores aplicando tablas de contingencia y chi cuadrado, adicionalmente se representaran en el análisis causa raíz para facilitar el entendimiento de dichos factores. se determinó que uno de los principales factores que afectan al feto en zonas urbanas esto puede ser debido la contaminación ambiental en áreas con mucho smoke, lo cual causa la hipoxia del feto (4,89) a diferencia de las zonas rurales donde el principal factor es el déficit de conocimiento acerca del embarazo y la escasez económica por otro lado es contradictorio que las zonas urbanas posean más control prenatal y asistencia médica no obstante es la zona con más muertes presentada con 1558 casos registrados., The objective of this work is to identify the risk of fetal death related to maternal factors of women living in urban and rural areas. The problem lies in the little importance that women take in the different areas (whether urban or rural) of these factors, when determining the cause of death of the organism, because they do not consider it as something influential, which The main consequence is little information on whether or not any of these events was responsible for the death of the organism. In order to solve this problem, certain algorithms are used that help us to correlate these factors by applying contingency tables and chi square, additionally they will be represented in the root cause analysis to facilitate the understanding of these factors. It was determined that one of the main factors that affect the fetus in urban areas, this may be due to environmental pollution in areas with a lot of smoke, which causes hypoxia of the fetus (4.89), unlike in rural areas where the main factor It is the lack of knowledge about pregnancy and the economic scarcity, on the other hand, it is contradictory that urban areas have more prenatal control and medical assistance, however, it is the area with the most deaths with 1558 registered cases.

This study analyzes the factors affecting residence duration by household type, considering children and income levels, using residential movement panel data from 2008 to 2017 in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, and Cox"s proportional hazard model. The main findings are as follows. First, the residential duration of low-income households with children is shorter than that of high-income households without children. Second, low-income households with children have shorter stays when their incomes decrease, and their household members increase. Third, low-income households without children have shorter stays if they have a lower income and live in larger-dwelling units, in apartments or in Seoul. Therefore, housing stabilization policies should be enforced differently depending on household characteristics. Additionally, these findings suggest that housing policies should be strengthened for households with low-income levels and many children. Housing welfare policies focusing on income, housing size, housing type, and residential area could be enhanced after increasing the housing stability of low-income households without children. These findings show that the factors affecting residential duration differ according to household characteristics. The results of this study could serve to justify various housing welfare policies from an evidence-based approach.

Surabaya has a community called "Pedagang Kue", in Kampung Kue precisely in the densely populated residential area, Rungkut Lor II, Rungkut District. The presence of the community of cake traders in the community originated from people's desire to obtain a better economic level, by making the cake village to economic activity, every morning, 65 cake sellers, mostly mothers, have sold various kinds of traditional cakes in front of their homes, but their efforts are still carried out individually and are not well organized, so the impact has not been seen significantly. So it is necessary to open a network with outside parties, among others, with the Daram Cendika Catholic University Community Service Team.The team makes programs that are currently needed, among others: Making SOPs so that work is more efficient, consistent and minimizes mistakes, simple bookkeeping in addition to being needed to know business development as well necessary instill understanding of the need for financial separation for business and personal needs costs. The public at large needs to know about the existence of a cake trader in a cake village, so we need a means of promotion that is by making brochures and katolok which aim to support the promotion tools that already existed before. The last program as a form of concern for the current situation is the corona virus outbreak, so the team and the residents of the cake village built a series of disinfecting sprinkle spray so that no residents were affected by the virus.

The pollution of natural waters, both sea and fresh, is a crucial issue all over the world. Most of the large and small rivers, streams, and reservoirs almost in every federal district of the Russian Federation are characterized as polluted and dirty. The Miass River is one of the main among the large rivers in South Ural. The ecological state of the river is characterised as bad. This work assesses a thirteen-year change of water quality in the Miass River and Argazinskoe and Shershnevskoe reservoirs, which are the source of drinking water for the residential area of the Chelyabinsk region. The river water is used to provide the cities and towns of the region, as well as numerous industrial and farming enterprises with water. Besides, effluents are discharged into the Miass river along its whole length. The results of many years of observation have shown, that heavy metals and biogenic substances are the main pollutants for the river. This work aims toanalyse episodes of high and extremely high pollution of the water bodies. Episodes of high and extremely high levels of Cu, Zn and Mn are recorded annually at dam part of Argazinskoe reservoir. Episodes of high and extremely high levels of biogenic elements are recorded for the stretches of the river downstream of Chelyabinsk. Currently, some measures within the project «Clean Water» are planned to improve water quality in the studied water bodies.

Purpose Taking the streets of an old residential area in Chengdu, China, as an example, this study aims to analyse street as a transitional space that combines adjacent heterogeneous spaces. Design/methodology/approach The study framework of this paper consists of two parts. The first part focusses on the methods of landscape pattern analysis. The street spatial attributes are analysed, including the geometric and data characteristics of the city space. The second part involves a study of the stated preferences. The social attributes of space and the preferences of respondents regarding landscape properties are studied. Findings The study reports that the streets in the old residential area have characteristics of a fringe zone. The mechanisms of their edge effect improve the comprehensive quality of the urban space, stimulate a value-added effect and promote the overall development of the district economy. Originality/value The use of the spatial synergy of the edge effect can help us identify problems more accurately, enable streets to become suitable as public spaces, safeguard the rights of local residents to develop and eliminate the factors of instability.

Increasing contamination of urban soil by persistent organic pollutants is a major environmental issue. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the distribution, source and human health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different functional areas in Zhengzhou City, China. Total 130 soil samples were collected from surface layer (0–10 cm) in urban road, overpass, residential area and park in the city during January 2019. Concentrations of ∑PAH16 in the urban soil ranged from 49.90 to 11,565 µg kg−1 and seven carcinogenic PAHs accounted for 69% of the total PAHs. The mean concentrations of PAHs decreased in the following order: urban road > overpass > residential area > park. Analysis based on diagnostic rate demonstrated that PAHs mainly originated from pyrolysis sources including traffic emissions and combustion of coal and biomass. Health risk assessment indicated that PAHs in urban road in the city have potential carcinogenic risks to residents. The present study suggested that the control of urban PAHs pollution in Zhengzhou City should be strengthened.

This paper analyses the determinants of Rwandan households having savings accounts using Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey (IHLCS) data of 2010/11. After a background discussion and literature review an empirical analysis is presented with different variables adopted and analysed as determinants of household’s head having savings accounts. Poverty level, age, gender, residential area and level education of household head (literate or not) were considered as independent variables of the study. Findings from the estimations of logit models indicate the likelihood of a household having a savings account is positively and significantly related to each of the following: non-poor status of the household,the household residing in an urban area, the household head being male, and the household head being literate. Having the household head be literate tends to be more important for younger household heads and for non-poor households. The proportion of households having money in a savings account more than doubled over the decade between the IHLCS 2000/2001 survey and the IHLCS 2010/2011 survey. Government policies on savings and poverty reduction may explain the trend of increased cash balances in saving accounts. Key Words: Savings, Bank Accounts, Households, Determinants

The power load demand of a data centre is in many ways different from that of a residential area. There are differences in the load profiles, the impact of the environmental parameters, the number of peak load demand occurrences in a day as well as peak and off-peak demand. The residential load demand is a complex function of human behaviour which varies based on the geographical, economical, and social characteristics of the consumers. In contrast, estimating the power load of a data centre is rather straightforward. Due to the specific nature of the power load demand of a data centre, finding the optimal configuration of the supplying microgrids can be achieved using off-the-shelf optimisers once an optimisation model has been established. This paper presents a model for finding high-quality microgrid configurations for an enterprise-size green data centres. We present an optimisation model that considers the costs and greenhouse gas emissions associated with all components of the microgrid system, as well as their interactions. The capital, operational, and degradation costs are calculated based on a lifetime of 20 years for the system. Our application of this model to a real scenario of a data centre with a given load demand in a specified environment demonstrates that the model can compose good-quality microgrid configurations for different tradeoffs of cost and sustainability.

A house, especially landed housing is one of the primary needs and yet scarcity continues to occur due to the depletion of land quantity and increasingly rising selling prices. In order for the development of a residential area to be more directed and productive, it is necessary to analyze the appropriate land allocation and generate maximum land value. Through this paper, the author examines the effect of a residential planning with green concepts along with housing support facilities in relevance with highest and best use analysis, especially its impact on costs and revenues.

This article presents the relationship between community resilience and urban agriculture as a strategy for food and nutrition security forthe vulnerable urban group. Through a systematic literature review and using thematic analysis, the study reveals four related domains identified as food security, food production, food flow, and resilience strategy. The community resiliency was presented through the contribution of urban agriculture as part of community preparedness, response, and recovery in short and long-term impacts. The study concludes that green spaces provision in a residential area act as a viable support system underlined the economic, social, and environment interaction. Keywords: urban agriculture; vulnerable urban group; community resilience; food insecurity eISSN 2398-4279 ©2020 The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ajqol.v5i18.206

The superblocks that characterize Brasilia’s urban fabric are defined by Lucio Costa, a posteriori, as the “residential scale” of the city: a play on words that obscures a proper understanding of how the housing mass of the Brazilian capital is structured. In order to perceive more clearly the relations of scale — in its conventional, that is, geometric, sense — in the superblock, we begin by addressing the contradictions inherent in the spatial and discursive abstraction of modernism. From there, we analyze the scale relationships in Brasilia’s residential area according to three successive scopes: the scale articulations around its neighborhood unit, the elements of spatial composition in the superblock, and the role buildings play in actualizing the scales and spatial relations peculiar to this city’s urbanism. At each step, we note how the interpretive categories put forward by several scholars of Brasilia and of modern architecture come together, in their clarifications as well as contradictions, with the abstraction and spatial ambiguity of the superblock. The complex, thus made indivisible, of spaces and discourses upholds the paradigm of modern dwelling, yet this comes at the price of erecting a system of conceptual deceptions., As superquadras que caracterizam a malha urbana de Brasília são definidas por Lucio Costa, a posteriori, como a “escala residencial” da cidade: um jogo de palavras que obscurece o entendimento de como se estrutura o tecido residencial da capital. Visando a perceber com maior clareza as relações de escala — no sentido convencional, isto é, geométrico, da palavra — na superquadra, abordam-se inicialmente as contradições inerentes à abstração espacial e discursiva no modernismo. Em seguida, analisam-se as relações de escala na área residencial de Brasília em três níveis sucessivos: as articulações de escala da unidade de vizinhança, os elementos de composição espacial na superquadra, e o papel dos edifícios na concretização das escalas e espacialidades peculiares ao urbanismo desta cidade. A cada passo, observa-se como as categorias interpretativas avançadas por diversos estudiosos de Brasília e da arquitetura moderna se articulam, nos seus esclarecimentos e contradições, com a abstração e ambiguidade espacial da superquadra. O conjunto assim indissociável de espaços e discursos sustenta o paradigma do habitar moderno, ao preço, porém, de se erigir um sistema de mistificações conceituais.

The basic necessities of human life besides clothing and food are boards or what is commonly known as a house. House made human as a shelter for the survival of life. Therefore, no doubt everyone wants a comfortable and safe house. If there is damage to the house, renovations or repairs must be done so that its function is still good and can continue to support a good life. PT. Alfa Goldland Realty is an estate management office that does business in the area of ​​integrated residential area providers. One of the activities carried out is to serve the application for building renovation permits. In its implementation before the house renovation is carried out, consumers must submit a renovation permit to the office of the manager. Licensing is one of the important aspects in public services and the regulation and control of the process that will be carried out. Constraints experienced by PT. Alfa Goldland Realty in the licensing service for submitting renovations is a lengthy, time-consuming procedure for one customer, giving rise to an image of inadequate service. Currently the staff handling the licensing process is still limited and inadequate with the many requests for renovation from consumers. Using the paper as a media in the renovation permit process makes the process less effective and efficient. The low quality of service that currently drives PT. Alfa Goldland Realty must immediately improve the quality of its services. The solution needed to PT. Alfa Goldland Realty is the implementation of information systems with the User Centered Design (UCD) method. This method is used for the design of information systems that are seen from the user or user side, so that user needs will be the basis of how the system is designed. The results of this study are web-based information systems that can be accessed by consumers and management offices for the licensing process so that the activities run more effectively and efficiently.

The environment in urban residential areas is the main field of daily activity for the elderly. Environmental renewal has played a significant role in improving residents’ quality of life and promoting physical and mental health. However, there is a general tendency that more attention has been focused on the environment during environmental renewal but not the residents. There is a continued lack of discussion on the emotional status of the elderly and its impact on outdoor activities. Based on the investigation of four types of typical residential environments in the Dalian residential area, a hierarchical linear model (HLM) has been constructed to reveal the influence of the emotional status of elderly persons on their activity characteristics and the selection of environmental quality factors. The results show that the distribution of older people with different emotional statuses varies among different residential types. The proportion of positive emotion is relatively high in the flat land in rows category, and the activity characteristics are significantly different under different emotional statuses. Among the four kinds of residential environments, which are (flat land in rows, flat land enclosed, slope, and mountainous) the environmental quality factors that have the highest impact on the emotional status of the elderly are greening quality (0.395), acoustic environment (0.167), environmental cleanliness (0.269), and greening quality (0.230), respectively. In the mountainous type, the impact of environmental quality factors on the emotional status of the elderly is the highest (39.7%), and the impact contributions of the other three environmental types are 23.3%, 8.9% and 20.1%, respectively. These research results provide helpful guidance for the scientific community about practical implementation of residential environmental renewal for the elderly.

Neighbourhood safety represents an important topic of study to illustrate the reasons behind the increases in crime and mitigate its effects in neighbourhoods. This study examines how the social and environmental features of neighbourhoods may influence the social sustainability of residents based on the assumption that the perception of safety and social cohesion mediates the effects of neighbourhood environment on social sustainability. A quantitative method was employed to collect data from residents in a low-rise residential area in Penang, Malaysia. The results of structural equation modelling (SEM) indicated the positive and significant effect of neighbourhood accessibility on perceived disorder, whilst the effect of accessibility on social cohesion was negative. Disorders may comprise social and physical disorders, and may have a negative effect on perception of safety, but not on social cohesion. The relationship between disorders and social sustainability is serially mediated by the perception of safety and social cohesion. This implies that those who perceived high disorderliness in a neighbourhood environment reported a lower level of perception of safety, social cohesion and lower levels of social sustainability. Attempts need to be made to reduce neighbourhood disorderliness to pave the way for 2030 Agenda goals implementation.

Many governments in the world had imposed a national lockdown for restricting community mobility for slowing down the infection rate of the COVID-19 virus before the whole healthcare system becomes overwhelmed. However, a study on the impact of lockdown and its duration is still lacking in the literature. This paper attempt to investigate and measure the impact of lockdown on community mobility pattern in the residential area and how it correlates with the new case of COVID-19 nationwide. Time series and correlation analysis have been adopted as research protocol in this study utilizing Google community mobility report (CMR) data and the national daily new cases reported by the Ministry of Health. The findings show there is an impact of lockdown start to show negative correlation at day 5 and give the optimal score between 13 to 28 days of duration. This paper contributes the metric for measuring the impact of lockdown in a varied duration of time. While the result cannot be generalized to another context, the measurement method from this study has potential application for state government or municipal targeting specific locality to develop more resilience policies and strategies to balance the impact of lockdown on life and living of the community.

Cycling is one of the most sustainable modes to commute from one place to another. However, not everyone views bicycles as a fundamental component of the overall transportation system because presently, societies are heavily reliant on private vehicles. In reality, most see it only as a tool for recreational and exercise purposes. This paper seeks to identify the planning and design of bicycle lanes in Fukuoka, Japan. The research applies the site appraisal technique which involves gathering information about comparable site values within four areas i) Hakata station, ii) Ohori Park and Nishi Park, iii) Island city and iv) Fukuoka residential area. The findings identified various policies, guidelines and designs for bicycle infrastructure in Japan. There are significant differences between bicycle road, bicycle lane and sidewalks in Japan and Malaysia. Some of the findings show that Japan is gearing towards an even more bicycle friendly environment with the promulgation of the Promotion of Bicycle Use Act. However, there are also some setbacks such as the ineffectiveness of colored lanes to differentiate between bicycle lanes and pedestrian or vehicle lanes. Malaysia needs a blueprint and guidelines at the state and local levels to designate bicycle lanes and guarantee users’ safety and enjoyment. A specific unit for cycling in transportation related agencies is proposed to make Malaysia a bicycle-friendly city. Keywords: Bicycle, bicycle lane planning, Fukuoka, Japan

The multi-cultural metropolis presents a large number of spontaneous art endeavours. The street-art and site specific contemporary art earned a special role in the urban renewal; they can be considered as a potential source of urban regeneration, becoming a possible catalyst of the needs of the community, involving the inhabitants in a new vision of urban space and inducing a creative change of the cities (Zaffi 2017). These interventions, sometimes, are difficult to classify under a structural point of view: indeed, they are temporary art works, whose dimensions and properties confer them a structural role in the urban scenario. In this paper an experience made in Florence is presented, erasing from the cooperation between the University of Florence and the artist Clet. The intervention consists of creating a big temporary three-dimensional nose-shaped staging which should change the facade of a forsaken industrial building, currently located in a modern residential area. The purpose of the staging was to enhance the area, underlining the role plaid by the building, which is the symbol of the industrial identity of the town in the first half of the XX century. The experience, part of a research funded by a local real estate company, involved the students of the School of Architecture of Florence in a whole project experience from the design phase to the building site where they, practising themselves in self build techniques, and together with the artist, realized the work of art. A multidisciplinary team, coordinated by the authors, lead the activities from the image promotion to the final construction of a big wooden structure of over than 12-meters length. A big nose called “Maso” would have to turn the facade of the old power plant in a friendly face. The placement of the artwork on the facade has been a crucial step. Indeed, at the time, there were no specific requirement to comply for the structural safety of the artwork. Nevertheless, the dimension and the location of the object leaded to face the structural issue; the building company, which had the technical responsibility of the staging, decided to hang the wood structure through a couple of heavy hooking plates to fix at the facade walls. The plates, however, increased very much the global weight of the artwork, and – consequently - the structural complexity of the staging. Therefore, a special structural investigation was made, without following the usual procedures, to check the safety of the staging. In these last months, the Regional Government of Tuscany introduced a technical requirement for temporary constructions and art works, which, anyway, only partially helps the safety assessment of the case-study.

Mercury is a widespread environmental pollutant becoming a crucial health concern as a result of natural and anthropogenic releases. Understanding Hg distribution pattern between different functional urban areas is needed for urban pollution control and health impact assessment. Therefore, in this paper urban soil Hg spatial distribution, pollution level evaluation, and mercury-induced health risks were studied, for different urban functional areas (355 samples) and kindergartens (18 samples) of Vanadzor. Geospatial mapping and the geostatistical analysis suggest that Hg concentration in the entire area of Vanadzor and its kindergartens has a natural origin, besides a certain anthropogenic impact on some urban sites. According to geoaccumulation index (Igeo), uncontaminated or moderately contaminated levels were detected only in 2 samples from industrial area and 5 samples from residential area, the remaining samples were classified as uncontaminated. In all kindergartens and the 22.15 sq.km of the city (270 samples) are characterized by low level potential ecological risk, whereas 3.85 sq.km (85 samples) correspond to moderate and for 1 sampling site high level of potential ecological risk. A non-carcinogenic health risk assessed for children and adults indicates health hazards neither in Vanadzor entire areas nor in kindergartens. The hazard index (HI) in each urban functional area is less than allowable level (HI

Mobile phone is the most dominant portal of information and communication technology. In the last few years, hand phones have become an integral part of our lives. The number of mobile cellular subscriptions is constantly increasing every year. Mobile phone addiction and withdrawal from mobile network may increase anger, tension, depression, irritability and restlessness which may alter psychological balance, interpersonal relationship and family life. Keeping this in mind a cross sectional study was conducted to assess the impact of mobile phone use on marital relationship and family life in a selected residential area of Faridabad. A quantitative research approach was adopted and the sample of the study comprises of 160 married persons from a selected residential area of Faridabad by non-probability convenience sampling technique. Smart phone addiction scale-small version (SAS-SV) was used to assess the mobile phone addiction among married couples and structured rating scales were used to assess the impact of mobile phone use on marital relationship and family life. The data gathered was analysed and interpreted using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of the study revealed that a substantial number of married couples were addicted to mobile phone. It was found that there was significant relationship between the gender of the married couples and mobile phone addiction and mobile phone addiction and its impact on family life. Judicious use of mobile phone will help the couples to use their time and resources more productively. How to cite this article:Jomy A, Sharma V, Fatima J. Impact of Mobile Phone use on Marital Relationship and Family Life in a Selected Residential Area of Faridabad, Haryana. Int J Nurs Midwif Res 2019; 6(2&3): 52-57.

The research aims to analyze the influence of Perceived Product Quality And Perceived Service Quality Toward Customer Value, Behavior Intention And Customer Response Residential Area In South Kalimantan Province. The population in this research is the customer Residential Area In South Kalimantan Province. Sampling technique by using accidental sampling with selected respondents must meet predetermined criteria standards. because the population is very much. The number of samples as many as 120 responden, this was according to Ferdinand (2002:48). The analysis was using SPSS and using AMOS 20.0 software. The test results showed that only six hypothesis have a significant effect, namely: Perceived product quality significantly influence toward customer value in Residential Area In South Kalimantan Province, Perceived service quality significantly influence toward customer value in Residential Area In South Kalimantan Province, Perceived product quality significantly influence toward behavior intention customer in Residential Area In South Kalimantan Province, Perceived service quality significantly influence toward behavior intention customer in Residential Area In South Kalimantan Province, customer value significantly influence toward customer respon in Residential Area In South Kalimantan Province, customer intention significantly influence toward customer respon in Residential Area In South Kalimantan Province. While three other hypothesis have not significant namely: customer value have not significant influence to customer intention in Residential Area In South Kalimantan Province, perceived product quality have not significantly influence to customer response in Residential Area In South Kalimantan Province and perceived service quality have not significant influence toward customer response in Residential Area In South Kalimantan Province. Keywords: Product Quality, Service Quality, Customer Value, Behavior Intention, Customer Response

Currently there are no tools to accurately estimate pesticides exposure risk for residents and bystanders. European Member States have to develop specific measures and communication strategies to prevent and minimize non-occupational pesticides exposure. Moreover, these measures should be compliant with the requirements of the Directive on Sustainable Use of Pesticides. Unfortunately, there is a high degree of uncertainties in the assessment of the non-dietary exposure risk for residents, therefore risk communication passes through a deep understanding of exposure risk perception. The objective of this pilot study is to assess citizens' risk perception of non-dietary exposure to pesticides, and to assist policy-makers and risk communicators in developing targeted awareness-raising materials for residents and bystanders. Through a household survey, conducted in the rural area of the province of Piacenza (IT) we investigated knowledge, health risk perceptions, and information sources related to non-dietary exposure to agricultural pesticides in residents' indoor and outdoor environment. The factors that push individuals to give importance to several possible pollution sources and to mitigation measures or precaution, in order to protect themselves from possible exposure sources, were also investigated. Results show that even if the air quality of the residential area is not judged negatively, pesticides are perceived as air pollutants that could lead to an actual exposure and, are correlated to the health status. The perception of risk, however, does not seem to be dependent only on the distance between homes and fields. The interpretative hypothesis that the perception of the relationship between air quality and health is influenced by the cultural issue and by psycho-sensory factors and not supported by proper information, even if with some differences among age groups, it seems to be confirmed. To better transfer knowledge and communication, the commitment of those who are recognised as “competent” (doctors and researchers) is critical.

The present study presents local-scale urban energy balance observations under various sky conditions in a humid subtropical region. The study site is a typical urban residential area in Guangzhou in which building density is 38%, vegetation coverage is 36%, and mean building height is 21 m. The observation was conducted at a 110-m-high tower using the eddy covariance technique from September to November 2016. The median diurnal pattern and daily maxima were achieved for all radiation components and turbulent fluxes. The Bowen ratio (β) results indicated a predominant role for sensible heat flux (QH) in the daytime and latent heat flux (QE) at night. The sky conditions played a significant part in the urban surface energy exchanges, showing that the median daily maxima of net radiation (Q*), QH, storage heat flux (ΔQS), surface albedo, and β all present a consistent order from large to small for clear, cloudy, and rainy days and a different order of rainy, clear, and cloudy days for QE. The mean daytime QH/Q*, QE/Q*, ΔQS/Q*, and β changed with urban density, while QE/Q* and β also varied with vegetation fraction. Furthermore, the adaptability of net all-wave radiation parameterization (NARP), objective hysteresis model (OHM), and local-scale urban meteorological parameterization scheme (LUMPS) were validated, given the index of agreements of 0.998 and 0.951 for Q* and ΔQS and the reasonable RMSEs for QH and QE. The present study helps to verify and improve the parameterizations of energy exchange over an urban surface in the humid subtropical region.

Introduction Work includes schooling and experience as explanatory variables of the level of salaries; It has been considered important to incorporate others in this research, these being: gender, area where the work activity takes place and having knowledge of another language. Objective of the present investigation is to analyze income inequality in the Ecuadorian labor market. Materials and methods The research takes data from the National Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment Survey of INEC estimating the Mincerian equation (1974) by adding dummy variables. Results the estimations allow to conclude that there is actually female and rural discrimination with respect to the salaries that the masculine gender has and in general of the workers who come from residential zones. Discussion. all the variables included in the model, experience is the one with the lowest incidence, anyway Conclusions establishes that the result is consistent with what the Ecuadorian legislation indicates, specifically the Internal Control Regulations.

The Chinese government encourages the promotion of community-based older people centres as a way to use space rationally, improve social inclusion and support older residents’ everyday lives. This exploratory study is the first to examine in depth the contradictory and consistent attitudes and suggestions of residents of different age groups for the design of an inclusive community-based centre for older and younger people in China. An integrative mixed-methods approach was used. In the quantitative phase, 270 older adults (⩾60 years) and 250 younger adults (

Urban greenspaces play a key role in the health and wellbeing and quality of life of residents. Several studies have documented the physiological, environmental and social benefits of parks and formal greenspaces for urban dwellers. The contribution of informal greenspaces and their potential uses and benefits, however, have received very little attention in extant research. Informal greenspaces are found in a variety of forms and types including vacant lots, railway or waterway verges and brownfields. Drawing on an empirical study of Upper Stony Creek in Sunshine North, Melbourne, this paper examines how residents perceive and use informal greenspaces. Upper Stony Creek is a concreted drainage channel with limited access from the residential area. An informal greenspace of around 40,000 square metres is located towards the east of the Creek. Drawing on systematic observations and interviews with local residents, the study examined how residents engaged with and benefited from the presence of informal greenspaces in their neighbourhood. The findings showed that not only did residents use the accessible greenspace, but also they were using channel verges fenced-off at the time. The activities varied based on season and the level of maintenance. Dog walking was the main activity conducted in the informal greenspace, and the lack of regular maintenance, perceptions of unsafety and littering were among the most critical concerns regarding its use. The paper concludes by recommending ways informal greenspaces can be managed and improved to add value to urban environments and fully capitalise on their potential as integral parts of neighbourhoods that can contribute to liveability.

Background Water pollution from abattoir effluents may create substantial environmental and public health hazards. Available literature is scanty on the quality of groundwater located near abattoirs in tropical developing countries like Nigeria. This study, therefore, accessed the impact of abattoir activities on the quality of groundwater in Omu-Aran Nigeria. Methods A total of eighteen water samples were taken from five privately own wells and one control well located at varying distances and elevations to the abattoir. The physicochemical characteristics of the water were determined using the standard methods. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. Results The mean values of parameters in the water samples collected from the studied wells ranged from 5.80 ± 0.20 to 7.23 ± 0.55 mg/L, 12.0 ± 1.0 to 26.0 ± 2.0 mg/L, 0.06 ± 0.02 to 0.16 ± 0.02 mg/L and 208.0 ± 24.25 to 254.67 ± 12.22 cfu/mL for dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, lead and total coliforms, respectively. There was a significant difference in the quality of water from the studied and control wells in the parameters except that of total coliform. The quality of the groundwater improved with increasing distance from the abattoir. Conclusions Findings revealed that abattoirs have the potential to impact the quality of groundwater. Therefore, careful consideration is required when choosing a location for siting new abattoirs. For existing ones, particularly those close to residential areas, effective pollution control measures should be put in place to protect groundwater.

The purpose of this study is to examine the North Korean defectors’ perception and awareness on human rights crisis from an equal opportunity perspective. The results show that they recognized discrimination in equal opportunity with the average score of more than 3.0 points regardless of their demographic and socioeconomic backgrounds. The major findings with statistical significance are as follows. First, as for demographic background, education is associated with ‘discrimination against educational opportunities’, while age is significantly related to ‘higher education, the possibility of higher socioeconomic status’. Second, in terms of socioeconomic background, the possibility of hierarchical movement is related to ‘high education, the opportunity of career choice’ according to residential area, while recognition of hierarchical discrimination is associated with ‘hierarchy, limit of career choice’ according to time of escape from North Korea. Finally, recognition of hierarchical discrimination appears to related to ‘fair punishment of lawbreaker’ according to hierarchy in North Korea.

Geophysical and physiochemical methods were applied to determine potability of groundwater at Iba area, Ojo, Lagos State, Nigeria. The geophysical methods employed for the survey were Vertical Electrical Sounding and Horizontal Profiling, with the aim of determining the depth of potable groundwater. Ten vertical electrical soundings were conducted using the Schlumberger configuration and three horizontal spread covering the entire area. The VES data were interpreted using (WIN RESIST) which showed that the area is composed of top soil, clay, clayey sand, sandy clay and sand. The horizontal profiling data was subjected to iteration software (DIPPRO) which gave the imaging of the lateral variation in resistivity within the study area. The physiochemical analyses of groundwater samples collected in the study area also conducted following standard procedure. The results of the physicochemical analysis compared with acceptable standards of World Health Organization, showed that the water quality within the study area is wholesome. The geophysical results indicated that real aquifer exist at depth from 20 m. The unconfined aquifer is prone to pollution mostly close to the surface. Potable water is therefore recommended to be sunk via borehole at depth from 30.2 m, with the best at VES 4, 8 and 9.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered to be persistent organic pollutants, which pose a great threat to human health and the surrounding environment. In order to explore the influence of informal electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling activities on inhabitants who live nearby, soil samples were collected from informal e-waste dismantling areas in Xinqiao, China and analysed for 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority PAHs. Results indicated that the 16 USEPA priority PAHs were found at all seven sampling locations. Sampling location 3, which was only 10 m away from a residential area, had 1053.69 μg kg−1 of PAHs and seriously exceeded the standard value specified by the Netherlands. The total percents of 4-ring and 5-ring PAHs accounted for 61.74 and 71.70%, respectively, indicating that most of the detected PAHs belonged to high-ring PAHs. The informal e-waste dismantling activities are the major sources of soil PAHs in Xinqiao. Furthermore, the concentration of seven carcinogenic PAHs was 114.76 μg kg−1 and represented a potential health risk to humans. Thereinto, benzo[a]pyrene contributed the most, accounting for more than 50% in these locations. Our results may provide a reference about the influence of informal e-waste dismantling activities on the surrounding inhabitants and suggest that e-waste dismantling activities must be conducted in a formal enterprise which is far away from residential areas.

This study aims to analysis the determinants of labor employment decisions in West Sumatra.. The data used in this study is SAKERNAS data in 2018. The variables used in this study are workforce employment decisions, education level, gender, age, and residential area. This study uses multinomial logistic regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that: (1) Education has a significant effect on employment decisions for contract wages and wages without contracts compared to entrepreneurs in West Sumatra (2) Gender significantly influences employment decisions for contract wages and wages without contracts compared to entrepreneurs in West Sumatra (3) Age has a significant effect on contractual wage employment decisions compared to entrepneurship, while age variable has no significant effect on contractual wage employment decisions compared to entrepreneurship in West Sumatra (4) The area of residence has a significant effect on wage employment decisions with contracts compared to entrepreneurship, where as variables the area of residence does not significantly influence the decision of wage employment without a contract compared to entrepreneurship in West Sumatra.

In communities, outdoor activity space is utilized most often by older adults and children, and the soundscape is very important for its quality. For different community planning modes, such as gated and open communities, focus should be on different soundscape enhancement strategies for outdoor spaces. In this paper, typical samples of activity spaces in a gated community and in an open community were used. The comparison was conducted through soundscape evaluation including an analysis of the dominance of various sound sources, noise annoyance, and the perceptual dimensions of soundscape. The results showed that noise annoyance in the gated community was significantly lower than in the open community, although the noise level was of no significance between the two communities. The community planning mode moderated the relationships among the soundscape perception parameters between the gated and open communities. To reduce noise annoyance in the gated communities, each sound source should be considered; in open communities, traffic noise only should be considered. In a gated community, adding natural sounds to reduce noise annoyance may be a feasible intervention; in an open community, this is not necessary. Besides, there was no relationship between noise annoyance and Eventfulness in an open community, indicating that noise annoyance was insufficient to explain the complex sound environment of the community. China’s community planning will gradually shift from a gated community to an open community, making the soundscape of outdoor activity spaces likely to change dramatically in the future. The findings will help urban designers and managers to adopt targeted strategies to improve the soundscape and quality of life of community-dwelling older adults and children.