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Gender disparity in higher education (HE) leadership is a global issue that has attracted numerous studies. However, not much is known about the perceptions and expectations of the subordinates who...

This paper uses a cross-temporal meta-analysis to summarize information about the ideal number of children, gender composition, and timing of childbirths during the years 1980–2015 in China. This allows a comparison between ideas about the ideal number of children and actual childbearing behavior. The results show that fertility and the ideal number of children both decreased, but that fertility was higher than the ideal number of children before 1990, and that fertility was lower than the ideal number of children thereafter. Gender preference weakened; however, the preference for sons decreased slowly. The timing of childbearing became significantly later over the study period, while the ideal age of childbearing remained relatively stable. The findings provide evidence to aid understanding of the changes in childbearing in China.

OBJECTIVES It is unclear whether obstetrician-gynecologists (OBGYNs) experience gender discrimination as a result of patient and organizational gender preferences. Our objective was to evaluate whether the gender preference for OBGYNs resulted in perceptions of discrimination by the physician while simultaneously assessing their patients' views for choosing their OBGYN. METHODS A survey assessed whether OBGYNs' perceptions of patients and employers' preferences for gender in selecting an OBGYN affected their clinical practice and resulted in feelings of discrimination. Providers' patients simultaneously completed a survey to explore the role of gender in the selection of their OBGYN. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparisons. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Thirty-four physicians (97% response rate) and 803 patients (81% response rate) completed the survey. The majority of male physicians agreed that their gender negatively affects their patient practice volume (60%), whereas no female physicians agreed with this statement (0%, P < 0.01). Female physicians were more likely to agree (46%) that they are discriminated against because of gender in terms of salary as compared with male physicians (20%, P = 0.049), however. Although more women who see a female OBGYN (compared with those who see a male OBGYN) perceive that their physician's gender is important to them (62% versus 20%, P < 0.01), the most frequent reason all women chose their OBGYN is the "rating" of the physician. CONCLUSIONS Female and male OBGYNs perceive bias because of their gender; however, the former is because of compensation and the latter is because of patient preferences. The majority of women choose their OBGYN based on the physician's rating and not on the physician's sex, however.

The researchers' aim was to assess provider gender preference among women attending the urogynecology clinic. Two hundred women with pelvic floor disorders completed a detailed questionnaire regarding possible gender preferences in choosing their urogynecologist. One-third of women preferred a female doctor while two-thirds had no preference. We found that embarrassment during the pelvic examination was the main reason for same-gender preference. This preference was significantly associated with educational level and being religious. In conclusion, although one-third of female patients prefer female urogynecologists, professional skills are considered to be more important factors when it comes to actually make a choice.

Background: It is a matter of grave concern that a girl child continues to be insecure and vulnerable in the state of Punjab. To ingrain gender equality in social system, it is very important to make community an important stakeholder to deal with the situation. This study focuses on the awareness and perceptions of anganwadi workers regarding girl child discrimination and female feticide. Materials and Methods: A total of 2206 anganwadi workers between the age group of 20–70 years of different blocks of Ludhiana district, Punjab, were enrolled. They had come for Anganwadi Worker (AWW) Training Workshop, organized at Urban Health Centre, Ludhiana, Punjab. Data were analyzed in terms of proportions. Results: Study subjects showed high level of awareness about female feticide (98.8%). A majority of the subjects (93.3%) agreed to the fact that practice of discrimination is being followed between boys and girls. They were also of the opinion that this practice is harmful and it should be stopped (98.9%). Various contributing factors enumerated by them included sons are intelligent, carry on family lineage, and they take care of their parents in old age. Regarding perception of anganwadi workers for curbing this social evil, 70.7% of subjects were of the view that by giving equal opportunities, equal status to girls, and empowering girls, this practice can be stopped, while 42.4% of the subjects were of the view that increasing awareness among the rural women, parents, and family is the solution to stop this practice. Conclusion: The anganwadi workers had optimum level of awareness about female feticide and almost all of them strongly felt that this harmful practice should be stopped altogether.

Background: Female feticide has been a big social problem in all the states of India. There is a male child preference by pregnant women including their family members. Thus this study aimed to assess attitude and awareness on female feticide. Methods: The present study was conducted in ANC center of Medical college Hospital, Bikaner of Rajasthan in 500 pregnant women (250 rural and 250 Urban) . Results: Out of 500 pregnant women 62% had shown no gender preference, 23% preferred male child and 15% had preferred to have female child. Regarding awareness, 88% and 90% women knew that prenatal sex determination and female feticide are illegal respectively. Conclusions: Being the civilized citizens, it is our duty to raise voice against the declining sex ratio and killing of girl child. Being a woman it is our primary duty as well as concern to come forward to stop this menace. Keywords: Female feticide, Attitude, Awareness, Practice, Pregnant women

Background To assess the pattern and extent of male and female gender preference and its associated factors among currently married women of reproductive age group in Puducherry, coastal south India. Methods This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 2016 to 2017 among 2228 currently married women residing in selected rural and urban areas of Puducherry, India. Details of pattern and associated factors of gender preference were assessed based on National Family Health Survey questionnaire. Sociodemographic and personal factors were collected by structured proforma. Log binomial regression analysis was done to find the factors associated with gender preference. Results About 1979 women participated. Preference for male and female child was 27.9% and 22.5% respectively. Others had equal (46.1%) or no preference (3.5%) on gender. Majority of them preferred two children (1528, 77.2%) and among them, 59.2% (904) preferred one boy and one girl. Those who preferred one child, male child preference (51.8%) is more than female child preference (20.1%). Number of living children (1,2, ≥3), preferred children (1,3) and those from urban areas had more male preference; age group (35 to 39 years), number of living children (1,2, ≥3), preferred children (3,4,5) and those from urban areas had significantly more female preference compared to their counterparts in the adjusted analysis. Conclusions Overall, preference of male child was higher than female child. Those who preferred one child, margin is wider with male preference more than female preference. This group requires special support and follow up health care services like counselling to equalize the preference.

The aim of this study is to describe the state of gender representation in surgery across Ecuador. A survey of female surgeons in Ecuador was conducted, collecting information regarding demographics, academics, family and relationships, sexual harassment, discrimination and gender preference of one's own surgeon. All statistical analysis was conducted with IBM-SPSS version 25. The platform, Worlde, was used for discourse analysis. Of the 144 female surgeons who received the survey, 105 responded. Almost half of respondents had a higher degree in addition to their surgical training. Leadership positions in the workplace were reported to be held by males in 66.7% of cases. Relationship problems caused by the surgical profession were reported by 72.4% of respondents. Feelings of guilt for not dedicating enough time to family were reported by 72.4%, and a feeling of not being supported by their partner was reported by 31.4% of respondents. Sexual harassment was described by 55.2%, and discrimination by 48.6% of the female surgeons in our sample. The majority (89.5%) would choose surgery again if given the opportunity. Significant gender disparities remain within the surgical community in Ecuador.

Previous research has demonstrated that most veterans who have experienced military sexual trauma (MST) have provider gender preferences. Although provider gender mismatch, defined as not receiving a provider of the gender of one’s preference, may deter veterans from disclosing MST or seeking MST-related care, there is little research that has examined this issue. The current study aimed to explore how provider gender mismatch is related to veterans’ comfort with providers, perception of their providers’ competency, and their endorsement of perceived provider barriers when communicating about MST. The current study was conducted as part of a larger national survey of veterans’ barriers to accessing MST-related care. Participants in the study were identified using Veterans Health Administration (VHA) administrative data. Criteria for inclusion in the overall study were being enrolled in VHA health care, having screened positive for MST, and having received at least one VHA outpatient service. A subset of eligible veterans who had endorsed MST, reported a provider gender preference, and endorsed discussing MST with a VHA provider ( N = 1,591) were included in the current study. Results demonstrated that provider gender preference mismatch was associated with greater endorsement of perceived provider barriers, less comfort with providers, and lower perceived provider competency in women; and greater perceived provider barriers and less comfort with providers among men. The study demonstrates that provider gender preferences may affect care for veterans who have experienced MST, and that the impact may differ for men and women. These findings may be used to improve patient-centered care and inform future research regarding veterans’ provider gender preferences.

Background Attitudes and beliefs about massage therapy have been explored among health professionals and health profession students, but not for undergraduate preprofessional health sciences students. Methods This cross-sectional survey sought to determine pre-professional health students’ attitudes and perceptions toward massage therapy and determine the extent demographic variables such as age, gender, race, along with lifetime massage experience are associated with neutral/negative perceptions. Results N = 129 undergraduate students completed the Attitudes Toward Massage scale and 7 supplemental items pertaining to sexuality and therapist gender preference along with questions regarding lifetime massage utilization. Prevalence of massage therapy utilization was 35.6% (lifetime) and 18.6% (last 12-months). Overall, positive attitudes towards massage therapy was observed with participants reporting massage experience expressing more positive massage attitudes (lifetime; p = 0.0081, the past 12 months; p = 0.0311). Participants with no massage experience were more likely to report neutral/negative attitudes toward massage (p = 0.04). Men were more likely to prefer their massage therapist to be of the opposite sex (38.9%) compared to women (2.1%) (p = p = 0.0001) and in the belief that massage is sexually arousing (p = 0.048). Both genders expressed comfort with female and/or male massage therapists, but if given a choice, both prefer a female massage therapist. Conclusions Undergraduate pre-professional health sciences students have generally positive attitudes towards massage therapy however more research is needed regarding implicit gender bias and/or preferences. This work should inform future research designs examining the impact of attitudes and beliefs on patient referrals to massage therapy.

BACKGROUND The number of male medical students selecting Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN) has declined in recent years. However, it is unclear whether patients prioritize a female provider. The aim of the study was to assess gender preferences amongst female patients regarding their OBGYN and other medical providers. A secondary aim was to evaluate qualities that are important to female patients regarding their OBGYN. METHODS This was a USA cross-sectional survey using an internet-based provider (SurveyMonkey®) in January 2019. A 19-item questionnaire was distributed to females aged 18-80. The survey queried demographics, gender preferences for medical providers and important qualities in selecting their OBGYN. A goal of 1000 responses was determined for the study. RESULTS One thousand and fifteen women completed the entire survey. Sixty-six percent of respondents (N.=667) preferred a female OBGYN, while 8% (N.=87) preferred male, 25% (N.=261) no preference. The majority (51%) voiced no gender preference regarding other providers (N.=521). When asked to rank the 3 most important qualities in selecting their OBGYN, experience (57%), knowledge (51%), reputation (35%) and personality (34%) were most frequently chosen amongst the top 3. Gender was listed among the 3 important qualities by only 8% (N.=88). Women who identified as single

Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the correlation between having a baby of the desired gender and related factors. Design and methods The participants were 612 women who gave birth to their babies in the postpartum unit of a hospital in Malatya, Turkey. Findings Factors linked to having a baby of the desired gender were: having had a gender preference in a previous pregnancy (2.13 times on average; P = 0.001), their partners having a gender preference (2.87 times on average; P = 0.001 and 0.005). Practice implications It was found that having a baby of the desired gender was an important factor that affected some fertility characteristics. Implications for nursing practice It is important to recognize that gender preference exists and investigate it as a variable.

It has been argued that preferences for the sex of children would be small or non‐existing in relatively gender equal societies. However, previous studies have suggested that a stronger preference for having daughter exists in Scandinavian countries, which are frequently noted for being among the most gender equal societies in the world. Combining new register data on birth rates by sex of the previous children and recent survey data on couples’ stated preferences for the sex of children, we show that the preference for daughters has increased in Sweden over the last decade. In addition to the stronger preference for having daughters among two‐child mothers documented in previous research, our findings show that during the previous decade this preference was noticeable also among one‐child parents. Despite Swedish society being known for holding gender equal social norms, interviewed parents openly expressed some degree of preference for having daughters over sons.

With high rates of infant mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, investments in infant health are subject to tough prioritizations within the household, in which maternal preferences may play a part. How these preferences will affect infant mortality as African women have ever-lower fertility is still uncertain, as increased female empowerment and increased difficulty in achieving a desired gender composition within a smaller family pull in potentially different directions. I study how being born at a parity or of a gender undesired by the mother relates to infant mortality in sub-Saharan Africa and how such differential mortality varies between women at different stages of the demographic transition. Using data from 79 Demographic and Health Surveys, I find that a child being undesired according to the mother is associated with a differential mortality that is not due to constant maternal factors, family composition, or factors that are correlated with maternal preferences and vary continuously across siblings. As a share of overall infant mortality, the excess mortality of undesired children amounts to 3.3 % of male and 4 % of female infant mortality. Undesiredness can explain a larger share of infant mortality among mothers with lower fertility desires and a larger share of female than male infant mortality for children of women who desire 1–3 children. Undesired gender composition is more important for infant mortality than undesired childbearing and may also lead couples to increase family size beyond the maternal desire, in which case infants of the surplus gender are particularly vulnerable.

Using data from China Family Panel Studies 2010, we evaluate the role of the Birth Planning Policy (BPP) in altering decisions to have another child by birth parity, and the relationship of life satisfaction with the gender structure of the children of Chinese residents. We find strong positive effects of the BPP on the decision of having an additional child for Chinese residents, particularly if the previous children were girls. In spite of strong son preference in fertility behaviour, residents whose children are all daughters are found to be more satisfied with their lives than with other gender structures. The empirical findings support the view that daughters are more helpful in providing assistance to parents and in mitigating family conflicts hence increasing life satisfaction, while son preferences may be pursued reasons of lineage and hence do not result in more satisfied lives. We also find evidence that the BPP penalty might be a reason why having more sons could reduce life satisfaction.

The link between fertility and gender preferences, especially son preference in Asian contexts, has been extensively studied over the last 20 years. This link is complex. Son preference is deeply rooted in patriarchy. In traditional patriarchal society, where son preference and large family size are common place, a large number of children is most likely to provide families with at least one son (e.g. see Chapter 23, on Timor-Leste). When fertility transition is enacted, parents develop son targeting childbearing behaviors (Basu and De Jong, 2010). Early theoretical efforts to understand the links between fertility decline, gender preferences and son targeting childbearing behavior (e.g. Das Gupta and Bhat, 1997; Bhat and Zavier, 2003) have revealed the complex nature of this relationship. More recently, and following on the micro-level theoretical work proposed by Christophe Guilmoto (2009) on family size and gender composition preferences underpinning parental decision to use prenatal sex-selection, John Bongaarts (2013) has identified the successive fertility transition stages of the implementation of son preference into childbearing behavior. Ultimately the weakening of gender preference is expected to favor further fertility reduction.

This paper provides new evidence on the acquisition and persistence of child gender preference among immigrant populations in the United States using Census and ACS data. We first confirm existing evidence of son preference among immigrant populations from South East Asia documented across multiple studies and samples. We then demonstrate several new empirical findings. First, Japanese immigrants exhibit daughter preference. Second, assortative matching between immigrant parents is associated with stronger gender preferences. Third, comparing male and female migrants who marry natives provides suggestive evidence that paternal preferences could be more to blame for son preference than maternal. Fourth, child gender preferences are strongest for migrants who arrive after childhood but do not appear to diminish with duration of residence in the U.S. Finally, while higher order generations exhibit weaker son preference, there is a high degree of heterogeneity across groups most second and higher order generation immigrants assimilate more rapidly to U.S. norms except Indian immigrant populations which exhibit strong son preference among higher-order generations.

Based on the 2009 household surveys conducted in Sudan and South Sudan, the objective of this article is to analyse gender inequality for the young population aged 10 to 14 who should be at school. Although education is free in both countries, children's enrolment at school is low especially for girls, many of them stay home performing domestic chores or have an economic activity particularly in rural areas. The bivariate probit model highlights the key role of the household head's education, gender and poverty status in determining children's schooling. Drawing on Pal (2004) who extended the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, we confirm that children's activity in Sudan and South Sudan is strongly determined by the fact of being a girl or a boy. The article also provides some policy recommendations to address the issues of low school attendance and high gender inequality.

We examine gender preference assimilation by comparing fertility patterns of Asian immigrants according to their age at arrival. Past work has shown that U.S. natives appear to value mixed sex composition whereas families in many Asian countries exhibit a strong son preference. We find that Asian immigrants who arrive to the US late in life show evidence of son preference since they are much more likely to have additional children if their first two children are girls. Asian immigrants who arrive early in life, however, exhibit a fertility pattern quite close to that of U.S. natives. Our results are suggestive of complete assimilation of gender preferences for immigrants who arrive as children, and very little gender preference assimilation for immigrants who arrive at later ages.

The purpose of this study was to research and compare teachers` preferences for `Great Math Class` by region and gender. The research was conducted on 261 high school math teachers by using non-probability sampling. As the results of the study, regional preference had no statistically significant difference in all four factors of `Great Math Class` while gender preference had statistically significant difference only in the factor of teaching (methods) and learning methods. Both region and gender had statistically significant positive (+) relationship with preference for all four factors. This implies that it is necessary to consider socio-cultural factors rather than teachers` perception on class for regional differences in academic achievements in mathematics.

Background: Girls in the country are found to be at a higher risk of malnutrition and growth retardation. Status report of ‘Save the Children’ highlighted that India is having largest gender survival gap in the World. Aim of the study was to study the nutrition, education and immunization profile of children visiting tertiary care centre, to know gender preference is there or no. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted in, CHRI for a period of 6 months, where parents of all Children aged 5 -15 years were subjected to questionnaire regarding the education, immunisation and socio economic status in a predesigned proforma and their nutritional status was assessed using the anthropometric measurements and clinical examination. Results: Out of 1020 children the proportion of boys (49%) and girls (51%). The proportion of fully immunized children in females (63.1%) compared to males (70.4%). The proportion of male children going to government and private schools was 12.4% and 87.6% respectively and 10.8% and 89.2% respectively in females. The proportion of underweight children in males (5.2%), compared to females (4.2%). Conclusions: There was no there was no gender preference with regard nutritional, immunisation or educational status of the children.

Background: Grand multiparity is a high-risk pregnancy, and it is a common phenomenon in this part of the world, and when added to low socioeconomic status, it significantly increases obstetrics risk to mother and fetus. Objective: To determine the social class and reasons for grand multiparity in Calabar. Materials and Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar. The study comprised 150 grand multiparous women who were admitted for delivery and consented to the study during the period. The social class, educational level, and reasons for grand multiparity were determined. The data obtained were collated and analyzed using SPSS version 18. Results: The incidence of grand multiparity in this study is 8.7%, and most grand multiparous women belong to low social class 63 (42.0%). Grand multiparity was higher among women with primary education, polygamous marriage, and traders. Gender desirability (31.3%) was the most common reason for grand multiparity followed by desire for more offspring to maintain large family size (16.7%). Conclusion: This study showed that the incidence of grand multiparity is still high in our environment, and the reasons were complex, multiple, interrelated but preventable. Health awareness on the dangers of grand multiparity, reorientation of our long-held culture of gender preference, female education, and economic empowerment will help women to discard wrong sociocultural and religious beliefs.

Background: Nepalese society is traditionally patriarchal and son-preferred with increasing numbers of sex-selective abortions. In this context, this study aims to assess the gender preference and associated factors among pregnant women visiting the antenatal care ward of a large public maternity hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal.Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 821 antenatal women. Data was collected via face to face interview with structured questionnaire, and gender preference was assessed using Coombs’ scale. Results: At the first instance, more than half 56.2% respondents wished to have two sons and one daughter if they were to have only three children. On asking further questions as per the Coombs’ scale, about 40% of the respondents had son preference falling in IS scale 7-5, 33% had balanced IS-4, and 27% had daughter preference (IS 3-1). The respondent characteristics significantly associated with gender preference were ecological region (p=0.007), education (p=0.009), marital duration (p=0.044) and parity 0.32.Conclusions: The wish to have son is prevalent among the respondents followed by a mixed gender of children. Educational status, ecological region, and parity explain this differential wish. Women’s education and autonomy are the areas to tackle with sex bias of offspring.

Why do scarce Indian women pay dowry to secure grooms even as the sex-ratio of offspring is manipulated by parents? We develop a dynamic general equilibrium model of demographic and marriage market outcomes with endogenous gender preference. We find, that under a calibration of parameters suggested by Indian marriage market indicators, any long run steady state equilibrium must have both dowry and a masculine sex ratio. The key assumption that generates this result is the asymmetric marital preferences of men and women regarding own and spouse’s ideal age at marriage.

We use field data to investigate factors that influence parents' decisions to enrol children in schools in rural Ghana. The empirical results identified a host of socio-economic and household-level factors including remittances parents expect from investing in education, parents perception of a child's desirable professions, cost of schooling and discount rate as significant determinants of parental school enrolment decision. When gender of the child and remittances are taken into account, we show male parents are more likely to invest in education of boys than girls because they expect significantly higher returns from their investment in boys. Female parents do not show such gender preference. The proportion of children enrolled in school is positively related to average cost of schooling for male parents Gender of parent plays a significant role in school enrolment decision making.

Background: Preference for a son continues to be a prevalent norm even in modern India which is evident from the recent census report. The most alarming aspect is a further fall in child sex ratio (0-6 years) from 927 in 2001 to 914 in 2011 . Sex selective abortion is the major factor responsible for this unfavorable trend. The objective was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of pregnant women regarding Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (PNDT) Act and gender preference. Methods : A cross-sectional study was carried out in100 pregnant women attending the antenatal clinics of Sulthanpalaya Urban health center, Bangalore. A pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire was used to get information. Data was analyzed by using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0. Results: In this study 53% showed preference for a male child. Only 37% were aware about the decline in sex ratio and 59% knew that PNDT act existed and sex determination was legally wrong. Over all 41% had poor knowledge. Whereas 43% had average and 16% had good knowledge and 74% had the right attitude in this study. Good knowledge about PNDT act had significant influence on the attitude of the people (p< 0.05). Conclusion: The falling ratio of girl child is a matter of grave concern. Effective implementation of the PNDT Act in addition to spreading awareness about this act among people is the need of the hour. Moreover, it is necessary to gear efforts against the cultural, economic and religious roots of this social malady by woman empowerment.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine factors underlying gender preference of domestic servants (DS). Children in domestic service constitute the most common form of urban child labour. Literature has shown that domestic service employment has a gender face with the girl-child more susceptible. This is the gap this research fills.Design/methodology/approach– The study employed both quantitative and qualitative strategies selecting respondents and analysing the study. The respondents were employers of DS and were mainly women. Qualitative data were generated from 15 employers reached through the snowball method. The stratified purposive sampling technique was used to identify private and public organisations in the selected localities where copies of a questionnaire were administered.Findings– The results showed that factors considered for employing DS are linked to traditional conception of household tasks. Consequently, girls (86.4 per cent) were preferred for performing domestic chores, providing emotional support for employers’ children and were viewed as receptive, “mouldable”, and hardworking to male (11.4 per cent). Not minding these functional roles they perform, some employers reported that female DS could “snatch” their husbands, influence their children negatively, and may be spiritually possessed and physically “unclean”. Male servants were considered foul, repulsive, and revolting to correction; besides, they sexually assault female children of employers; hence they were least demanded.Research limitations/implications– Because of the size of the sample which is small, the research results may lack generalisability. More expansive works are needed in this regard.Practical implications– The paper includes implications for policy initiative concerning the plight of working women and security of DS.Social implications– The paper reveals the social factors considered in recruiting DS and their implications on family relations.Originality/value– This paper fulfills the identified gap to study gender preference in domestic servitude.

Objective: It would generally be thought of that the Muslim women especially preferred female obstetricians/gynecologists (ob/gyn). The aim of this study is to investigate the gender preference of Turkish Muslim women regarding ob/gyn, and identify other features that affect their choice. Methods: In this study it has been included 710 women attending to gynecology and antenatal clinics and they have been asked to complete a survey questionnaire containing 16 items and requiring opinion on whether they want to be examined medically by a female or male ob/gyn and have no preference. The questions have also contained the reasons for the stated preference. Results: Of all participants, 230 (32,3%) preferred to have a female ob/gyn, 380(53,5%) declared no preference, and 100(14,2%) preferred to have a male ob/gyn. The reasons for female preference were i) having a very good communication (36%), ii) embarrassment (32%) and iii) feeling comfortable with female ob/gyn (27%). Surprisingly, only 5% women responded that the religious orders are important in their preference. The participants who have larger family, lower level of education, lower income, higher unemployment, parity of 4 and over, and first gynecological examination, have preferred female ob/gyn (p

Most first names are exclusively popular for females or males. A minority of first names are unisex, defined as being given with substantial frequency to both genders in the same population in the same year. First-name frequencies for births in Pennsylvania in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010 provided information on babies given unisex names. Children of a White mother were compared with children of a Black mother. The unisex names were divided into two types of gender preference or consistency, from 1990 to 2010. Change usually was from a small majority of males to a large majority of females. Consistency generally was a preference for males. Females more often than males therefore were given a name that was consistently more popular for the opposite gender. Great diversity of names given in Pennsylvania contributed to the occurrence of unisex names.

There has been limited research exploring the beliefs and attitudes of male patients regarding the gender of their nurses. These attitudes, as well as the factors affecting the gender-preference of male patients, must be explored in a flexible, holistic manner. The objective of our study was to explore key aspects of male patients’ beliefs and attitudes about the gender of their nurses in the hospital setting, as well as the factors that influenced those perceptions. We employed a descriptive, qualitative, cross-sectional design. Data were collected through one-on-one interviews, which were transcribed verbatim. A deductive and inductive approach using content analysis of each question was used to analyse the data. Ten male patients were interviewed. Initially, participants reported no gender preference for their nurses. The majority agreed that the nature of the task did not matter in their preference for a male or female nurse. Most suggested that females were inherently better suited to nursing than males due to their ability to be caring, nurturing, and detail-oriented. Bussey and Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory of Gender Development and Differentiation was supported and provided a suitable framework for the study. There is a need for educational institutions to determine new ways to teach male nursing students to be caring, nurturing, and detail-oriented. Whether nurses are male or female, having a caring approach is important to patients, as well as possessing other ‘ideal’ characteristics.

Participant gender preferences for body image researchers, interventionists and focus group and intervention co-participants have been largely ignored, despite recognition that such characteristics can influence the nature and quality of data collected and intervention effects. To address this, Australian women (n = 505) and men (n = 220) completed a questionnaire about their preferences for interviewers and focus group facilitators, for teachers delivering school-based interventions, and for co-participants in these settings. Women predominantly preferred female interviewers and teachers, and mixed-sex co-participants, but most had no preference for focus group facilitators. Body dissatisfied women were more likely to prefer female researchers and single-sex co-participants. Most men did not have specific preferences, however, body dissatisfied men were more likely to report a gender preference for interviewers and teachers. Professional capabilities, personal qualities and appearance were regarded as important researcher characteristics. These findings have important implications for body image research, particularly among high-risk groups.

Objective Fetal reduction (FR) in multiples dramatically improves outcomes. We prioritize FR decisions for health and historically declined to factor gender. As male preferences apparently diminished, our bioethicist encouraged a re-evaluation. Methods Three hundred ninety-six patients reducing triplets or twins were categorized as 3➔2, 3➔1, and 2➔1, Major (M) anomaly or minor (m) anomaly, same gender (SG), and those for whom gender preference (GP) was possible. Higher order and non chorionic villus sampling were excluded. FR decisions were prioritized by M anomaly, Suspicious, or m anomaly. If neither, we considered GP. Results Of 319, 214 (67%) had either M/m or SG. Of those, 3➔2 with gender option: 71/79 chose male and female or had no preferences, one chose male/male, and seven chose female/female. We reduced monochorionic twins in 33/35 3➔1 cases. Of 20 with GP choice, 10 chose male and 10 chose female. Of 162 2➔1, 54 had M or m, 50 were SG, but of the 44 M/F twins, 20 chose male and 24 chose female. Conclusions There has been a cultural shift mostly preferring one of each or having no preference. When reducing to one, >50% prefer a girl. In addition to identifying abnormalities, chorionic villus sampling before FR expands patient autonomy. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This paper examines whether parents exhibit gender preference in the allocation of family resources to their adult children. Gender preference is defined in the context of an altruistic model for inter-vivos transfer from parents to children extended to include educational investment. Data from the Health and Retirement Study (United States) and the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing are used to show that the degree of gender preference differs across these culturally distinct regions. Among Korean families, empirical results point to male preference as sons receive larger inter-vivos transfers and attain higher levels of education compared with daughters. In contrast, the evidence pertaining to gender preference among American families points to daughter preference as inter-vivos transfers and educational investment is generally higher among female adult children.

Parents of children with gender-variant behavior, while doing their best to handle their child's preferences and needs, are forced to contend with societal bias and assumptions that allow their children to be marginalized. This exploratory investigation aims to provide a basis for supporting all children with gender variance and their parents by identifying their needs. An Internet survey was designed to elicit the experiences of parents with gender-variant children to identify the needs of both parents and children. Data were analyzed using content analysis to establish the major themes. The dominant identified needs for parents were related to finding correct information and obtaining professional support, parenting strategies, and peer support. The children's primary needs were related to discussing their feelings, being accepted, and being supported to express their gender preference.

The aim of this study was to describe the attitude of graduating medical doctors toward the use of sex selection techniques in Jordan in 2009. MATERIALS AND METHODS (DESIGN): A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess attitude toward using sex selection. Demographic variables, gender preference of future children, and score on attitude toward using technology scale were used as independent variables.A total of 254 doctors (178 males, 76 females) completed the questionnaire. Forty-one (16.1%) doctors thought that sex selection as PGD should be strictly prohibited and 45 (17.7%) thought it should be allowed freely. More than half (54.7%) of them thought it should only be available for medical reason. Only 59 (23.2%) reported that they may consider the use of sex selection technology to choose their future children. Participants who preferred their firstborn child to be a boy or those who preferred their first born child to be a girl were more likely to use sex selection than those without preference. Christian participants were more likely to use sex selection technology than Muslim participants, 9 (47.4%) versus 50 (21.3%). For each one-point increase in Attitude score, the odds of using sex selection increased by 20%.The majority of graduating medical doctors believed that sex selection should be restricted and they were not willing to use it.

The topic of the violation of human rights to people who have a gender orientation and preference, is a reality that the Mexican state has left in the forgetfulness until the present. Not only because the human rights of people who ponder a sexual orientation and gender preference are violated by the same Mexican institutions - within the three levels of government - but also because society also contributes to the promotion of non-respect of these rights. To such a degree is the non-respect of the rights for this part of the population, that even specific cases have been detected where these people have been deprived of life, solely for having a different gender preference for the rest of the population. population. It is for this reason that it is necessary to date that the Mexican State should consider the real and imminent need of its penal regulation throughout the Mexican territory, through an autonomous criminal type

One of the important demographic features of any population is the fertility rate which has a direct relationship with both the social and the biological environment. Demographic factors like age at marriage, present family size, gender preference (Mahadevan [27], Bhasin [3], Asari and John [2], Chachra and Bhasin [18], Bhasin and Nag [19]) and socio economic factors like education, occupation, religion, contraceptive practice, etc. (Bhatia [20], Asari and John [2]) are the determinants of desired family size and all these are considered as the cause of the variation of fertility. So far researchers have proposed a variety of reproductivity measures and mathematical models to describe the reproductivity pattern of human population (Islam and Ali [21], Peristera and Kostaki [22] and Nasir et al. [23]). The objective of this study is to examine the current pattern of Age Specific Fertility Rate(ASFR) and to study the trend in fertile age groups by fitting non linear models to the ASFR data for all the states in India obtained from the sample registration system [1], of India. Cross Validity Prediction Power (CVPP), Shrinkage, and R2 are used to identify the best model for the states. Model identification for Forward Age Specific Fertility Rate (FASFR) and Backward Age Specific Fertility Rate (BASFR) along with validity measures are also presented in this paper.

The current study of the specialist police response to male rape survivors focused on Sexual Offenses Investigative Technique (SOIT) officers to explore whether a differential level of service is influenced by an officer's and/or victim's gender. Data on both police and male and female rape survivors were comparatively analyzed using the qualitative method of thematic analysis. Key issues that emerged included: (1) Rape victims reported a lack of confidence in the judicial system; this was more apparent in male survivors' responses and was one of the factors that informed their decision whether or not to report their victimization. (2) Both male and female rape victims demonstrate a gender preference for female SOIT officers, which reinforces the historical approach within the police force to encourage females to apply for such positions. Tis practice suggests a reliance on gender stereotypes as heuristics to assess the likelihood of the empathy and sensitivity of the SOIT officer's response. (3) Finally, few male rape victims reported their victimization, and those who did frequently experienced a gendered response that was often negative and could delay their recovery process. Recommendations are also made regarding best practice in SOIT officer training.

Little research has explored the child gender preferences of preadoptive parents. This study utilized a mixed-methods approach to explore child gender preferences (and individuals’ reasons for such preferences) in a geographically diverse, US sample of 93 heterosexual, 61 lesbian, and 48 gay male preadoptive couples. Heterosexual men were the least likely to demonstrate a gender preference and gay men were the most likely. Individuals in heterosexual relationships were more likely to prefer girls than individuals in same-gender relationships. In explaining their preferences, sexual minorities often emphasized gender socialization considerations (e.g., their perceived inability to socialize a child of the opposite gender) and concerns about heterosexism (e.g., some gay men preferred girls because they felt a boy would encounter more harassment).

This paper examines dominant arguments advocating for the procreative right to undergo sex selection for social reasons, based on gender preference. I present four of the most recognized and common justifications for sex selection: the argument from natural sex selection, the argument from procreative autonomy, the argument from family balancing, and the argument from children’s well-being. Together these represent the various means by which scholars aim to defend access to sex selection for social reasons as a legitimate procreative choice. In response, I contend that these justifications are flawed and often inconsistent and therefore fail to vindicate the practice.

Background : Child’s gender preference (GP) frequently leads to high fertility which has adverse effect on family health. The link between women’s fertility intention, GP and Living Children’s Sex Composition (LCSC) as found in this study is less explored in Malawi. Objectives: We examined the relationship between GP, LCSC and fertility intention. Methods: This study utilized 2010 MDHS dataset and focused on married women aged 15-49 years (n=1739) in stable unions who currently have at least 5 living children. Data was analyzed at bivariate and multivariate levels (α=0.05). Results : About 39.7% of the women have GP and higher proportion (23.3%) has preference for females. Age, region, wealth-quintile, religion, residence and family planning programmes were significantly associated with fertility intention. Women who have GP and same LCSC were 1.35 and 2.4 times significantly more likely to have intention to bear more children than those who have no GP and different sexes composition respectively. These odd ratios changed to 1.38 for GP and 2.44 for LCSC after adjusting for other socio-demographic variables. Conclusions: We find that GP and LCSC significantly influence women’s intention to bear more children. Women should stop childbearing after attaining their desired number irrespective of the LCSC. Keywords : Fertility intention, Gender preference, Children sex composition, High fertility married women

This article examines the role of gender in determining preferential votes for electoral candidates in the 2009 Belgian regional elections. Specifically, we examine how far votes for male or female candidates can be explained through explicit gender-based motives versus being based on other non-gendered grounds. Our findings show that while at least half of the voters express a gender preference and this is typically in favour of male candidates, the determinants of these preferences are not predominantly motivated by gender-based concerns. More important factors are voters’ access to political resources and party affiliation. Politically disengaged and right-wing voters display a clear preference for male candidates. The findings are important in showing that institutional factors only go part of the way to explaining gender imbalances in parliamentary representation. In particular, individuals’ political outlook, rather than explicit gender preference, plays a significant role in determining whether voters support a male or female candidate.

We tested whether stereotypical situations would affect low-status group members' performance more strongly than high-status group members'. Experiment 1 and 2 tested this hypothesis using gender as a proxy of chronic social status and a gender-neutral task that has been randomly presented to favor boys (men superiority condition), favor girls (women superiority condition), or show no gender preference (control condition). Both experiments found that women's (Experiment 1) and girls' performance (Experiment 2) suffered more from the evoked stereotypes than did men's and boys' ones. This result was replicated in Experiment 3, indicating that short men (low-status group) were more affected compared to tall men (high-status group). Additionally, men were more affected compared to women when they perceived height as a threat. Hence, individuals are more or less vulnerable to identity threats as a function of the chronic social status at play; enjoying a high status provides protection and endorsing a low one weakens individual performance in stereotypical situations.

Objective.—To determine the physician gender preferences of children and the consequences of meeting/not meeting children's preferences, both in their liking and feeling comfortable in talking with the pediatrician. Methods.—A convenience sample of 125 parent-child pairs completed surveys when coming for an outpatient visit to a university-sponsored, urban pediatric practice. Results.—Both adolescents and preadolescents (especially females) as young as 9 years of age expressed a gender preference for their physician. Meeting those preferences significantly affected how much children both liked and felt comfortable in talking with their physician. In young teen females, gender-preferred physicians are synonymous with gender-congruent physicians; yet although their preference for gender-congruent physicians increased in early adolescence, data indicated that their preference was often not met for several years to come. Conclusions.—Liking and comfort with the pediatrician are not only desirable, but may also influence the doctor-patient relationship and young people's ability to develop health communication skills that they need as adults. These results, if validated, could also lead to a rethinking of parental dominance in the role of physician selection.

Using data from the 2000 National Annenberg Election Survey, this study examines the predictors of reporting that a woman or man would do a better job as president considering the national issue most important to the respondent. Gender, education, and ideology are strong predictors of presidential gender preference. Naming health care as the most important problem facing the nation is positively associated with believing a female president would do a better job, even when controlling for sociodemographic, party identification, and ideology variables. Selecting taxes as the problem is associated with believing that a male president would do a better job.

Narrowing and eliminating enrolment gaps between male and female children has become a policy issue of governments in developing countries especially with the introduction of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The benefits of equal enrolment and retention in primary schools cannot be underestimated for developing countries in particular. This underscores the need for studies that shed light on enrolment inequalities. Applying binary probit model to cross-sectional data from 384 respondents randomly drawn from rural and urban communities in the West Mamprusi District of the Northern Region of Ghana, it is revealed that income level of the household head, number of male and female children of school-age, primary school enrolment decision-maker and number of female children already enrolled are significant determinants of female enrolment. Male children are also found to be the most preferred gender for primary school enrolment. Governments should therefore consider improving income levels of households, as well as sustaining sensitization and awareness creation through the Gender Ministry and/or National Commission for Civic Education on the importance of female education in addressing enrolment inequalities. Keywords : Gender Preference, Household Determinants, Enrolment, Probit Model, Ghana

Background: Female feticide has been a big social problem in all the states of India. There is a male child preference by pregnant women including their family members. Thus this study aimed to assess attitude and awareness on female feticide . Methods: The present study was conducted in ANC center of Medical college Hospital, Bikaner of Rajasthan in 500 pregnant women (250 rural and 250 Urban) . Results: Out of 500 pregnant women 62% had shown no gender preference, 23% preferred male child and 15% had preferred to have female child. Regarding awareness, 88% and 90% women knew that prenatal sex determination and female feticide are illegal respectively . Conclusions: Being the civilized citizens, it is our duty to raise voice against the declining sex ratio and killing of girl child. Being a woman it is our primary duty as well as concern to come forward to stop this menace .