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The paper presents genealogy-oriented analysis of how the Nordic model gained its dominant characterization as modern, advanced and superior to other European welfare models while Southern European countries came to be labelled laggards in the welfare domain. To illuminate the relational nature of these, and all, comparisons, the analysis accentuates how researchers, politicians, and civil servants alike designate Nordic and Southern European states, their societies, and their welfare models. The empirical analysis focuses on scholarly writings about welfare-state comparisons (1986–2017) and on European Union documents addressing cohesion policies (1986–2021). Analysis of the vocabulary and labelling illuminates how the Scandocentric and the South-related bias have been produced and reproduced.The analysis indicates that labels, once established, tend to get replicated without question and grow unquestionable in science and policy-making both. While reducing complexity and increasing predictability, this process simultaneously constrains alternative ways to interpret changing situations and alternative contexts. peerReviewed

The United Kingdom’s integrated defense and security review put “grey zone” or “hybrid” challenges at the center of national security and defense strategy. The United Kingdom is not alone: The security and defense policies of NATO, the European Union, and several other countries (including the United States, France, Germany, and Australia) have taken a hybrid-turn in recent years. This article attempts to move the hybrid debate toward more fertile ground for international policymakers and scholars by advocating a simple distinction between threats and warfare. The United Kingdom’s attempts to grapple with its own hybrid policy offer a national case study in closing the gap between rhetoric and practice, or stagecraft and statecraft, before an avenue of moving forward is proposed—informally, through a series of questions, puzzles, and lessons from the British experience—to help international policy and research communities align their efforts to address their own stagecraft-statecraft dichotomies.

Many parts of the contemporary philosophical debate have been built on the radicalization of conclusions derived from the acceptance of a certain set of classical dichotomies. It also discusses how pragmatism and abduction are currently presented to solve the problems arising from these dichotomies. For this reason, the efforts of this article have been directed to analyze the impact of this fact on the philosophy of science and logic. The starting point is that accepting abduction implies, in many ways, accepting the foundations of pragmatism. Also, that the analysis of such problems from pragmatism and the particular use of abduction dissolve the dichotomies and, with it, also modify the philosophical problems related to them. Therefore, I propose to understand abduction as the right conceptual device to review the problems and debates of the twentieth century’s epistemology from a pragmatic perspective. In doing so, the aim is to propose that the current use of abduction in contemporary debates may imply a change of the philosophical perspective.

Resumen: Las dicotomías relativas al espacio / tiempo, sociedad / naturaleza y espacio / sociedad aún componen un complejo desafío metodológico en Geografía. Simultáneamente, la geografía histórica es una subárea capaz de leer y producir una representación dialéctica del espacio, por medio del discurso, cartografía e imágenes. Así, este artículo tiene por objeto proponer el concepto tiempo geográfico, constituyente epistémico y ente analítico de problemáticas espaciales transescalares y transtemporales, operadas por la cartografía histórica. Metodológicamente están correlacionadas: i) la geografía histórica y las representaciones escalares del espacio; (ii) la representación cartográfica como posibilidad de superación de la dicotomía espacio / tiempo y; (iii) una praxis cartográfica del tiempo geográfico, en favor de las dialécticas sociedad↔naturaleza y espacio↔sociedad, fundamentada en un caso de estudio del Brasil colonial del siglo XVIII.

The 1979 revolution in Iran led to the establishment of a political system based on Shi’a Islam ideology which imposed on the cultural field various dichotomies, such as religious/infidel. Under su...

Splitting as a psychological defence by patients who struggle to process dichotomies remains an important focus in current therapy trials. Such case research done in a cross-cultural context of therapist and patient is limited. The present qualitative case report involves a 44-year-old male who had two conflicting fears, inherently making those fears inaccessible since resolving one fear exacerbated the other opposing fear. We provide a narrative discussion of the case learning from the therapist-in-training and her supervisor. Building a solid relational focus grounded in a social constructionist approach played a vital role in the therapeutic and supervisory process. In this process, attention to therapy as a performed conversation, humility, patience, dialogue, persuasion and self-awareness were crucial concepts. This case report marks how a developmental space for both patient and therapist was co-created and how resolving of splitting tendencies could commence.

In the pre‐pandemic world learning was most often onsite, in‐person and co‐located. This was turned upside down during the pandemic where online suddenly became the 'new normal'. To continue learning in a pandemic world, learning providers and institutions were required to rethink and reconfigure learning to more online and 'pandemic‐friendly' formats. In the aftermath of emergency teaching and learning, providers, developers and teachers are now looking ahead to contemplate its impact on the educational landscape. Here, the large‐scale, wide‐spread development and delivery of online, blended and hybrid learning formats might demarcate a turning point for education. However, hybridity, hybrid learning environments and hybrid learning carry with them particular conceptualisations, characteristics and frameworks we need to bear in mind when thinking about lifelong learning in a post‐pandemic world. This article is an effort to provide an operationalisation of theories for hybrid lifelong learning through asking: How can we understand the concepts of hybrids, hybridization and hybridity in order to take advantage of the potentials and opportunities these concepts hold when it comes to lifelong learning? And how can we apply this understanding to describe hybrid lifelong learning in ways that sets it apart from emergency teaching and learning as well as other similar formats such as online learning or parallel teaching? Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic Hybrid learning environments is a central topic in the field, but it is not clear how we should think about this term.Hybrid learning has grown substantially in importance. Yet the field is still under‐theorised.Hybrid learning environments are challenging and under‐researched. The dissolution of dichotomies central in hybrid learning makes it more complex and less predictable.What this paper adds Theoretical groundwork is provided to circumvent the "common sense" understanding of hybridity in hybrid learning.Synthesises insights from a body of recent research on hybrid education and hybrid learning, reflecting the complexity added by the notion of hybridity to learning, learning environments and lifelong learning.A novel conception of hybridity that foregrounds the complexity, entanglement and dissolution of dichotomies as well as a more integrated and holistic theorisation of the assumptions and premises that underpin hybrid learning, based on existing theories and research.Implications for practice and/or policy More theoretically grounded accounts of hybridity, hybrid learning and hybrid learning environments provide richer explanations of these terms, and would benefit the field.The paper's theoretical perspective prompts some rethinking of how design for hybrid learning occurs, what it consists of and how it may be improved.Teachers who want to foster hybrid learning environments and hybrid lifelong learning should be aware of using an integrated theoretical approach when analysing or designing for situations where learning is hybridised.Researchers need to be more explicit about the theories that underpin their studies of hybrid education, hybrid learning and hybrid learning environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of British Journal of Educational Technology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Posthumanism is a growing field of interdisciplinary study that has emerged, principally in the last 20 years, as a broad church which seeks to reconceptualize human beings’ relationships with the world. At its heart, Posthumanism seeks to destabilize and question the category of ‘human’, which it sees as having previously been treated as transcendent and ahistorical. In its place, the figure of the posthuman aims to capture the complex and situated nature of our species’ existence, outside traditional dichotomies like culture and nature, mind and body, person and environment, and so on. From animal studies (e.g. Despret 2016; Wolfe 2009), via a rekindled attention to the material world (Coole & Frost 2010) to the cutting edge of quantum physics (Barad 2007), Posthumanism draws on a diverse range of inspiration (Ferrando 2019). This diversity also covers a significant internal dissonance and difference, with some posthumanists taking relational approaches, others arguing for the essential qualities of things, some focusing primarily on material things without humans and others calling for explicitly feminist investigations.

This paper takes a feminist approach to rethinking the significance of user-device interaction, attachments and dependency. It suggests that Jean Laplanche’s resignification of ‘seduction’, the function of the ‘enigmatic message’ and reconfiguration of sexuality as a ‘charge and tension’ are particularly useful for theorising the relationship that smartphones, as digital objects, have to unconscious sexuality and psychic life. The paper suggests that the draw of user-device interactions is connected to the rhythms of unconscious sexuality and that this opens up a space for thinking beyond subject-object dichotomies and ultimately offers hope for a shift in the cultural imaginary.

The article aims to analyze the place and significance of happiness in educational discourse. The analysis reveals ambivalence of happiness education, following positive education patterns. The ambivalence stems from the fact that happiness is narrowed down to the first component of the following dichotomies: subjective/objective, active/passive, individual/social. As we explain in our article, such clipped happiness education may involve the following consequences: necessitating ‘therapeutic education’ for students; neglecting matters of social justice; imposing ideas of happiness on a child through ideological indoctrination. Yet, we can conclude that the dual potential of positive education methods makes it possible to offset the above and other adverse consequences of the promoted idea of happiness.

A number of literacy theorists have worked to describe what is new and different about youth enactments of literacy in the digital age. In doing so, many invoke “digital dichotomies,” or opposition...

This article suggests that there exists a dichotomy within social work related to listening to the voice of the child, contributing to a diminution of social works practical, ethical and legal obli...

Robert and Tiresias, disable protagonists respectively of Raymond Carver's Cathedral and Sophocles' Oedipus Rex with their super cripple qualities challenge the imperatives of ableist ideals. Protagonists’ blindness leads them to insight whereas their counter characters’ sight leads them to darkness. Such a role reversal leads to a questioning of dichotomies and establishes an alternative view to the definition of blindness and insight. To support this claim, I use Lennard J. Davis’ concept of disable bodies in literature, Rod Michalko’s notion of fictional explorations of disability, and Nickianne Moody’s model of disability informed criticism backed up by Judith Butler’s notion of body politics, Rosemarie Thompson’s idea of extraordinary bodies, and different critical readings on body. This framework of interpretation validates disable bodies as cultural construction. It also regards literatureas apt venue to challenge culturally assigned definition of ability and disability in favor of new body possibilities. The theoretical framework thus discovers Carver and Sophocles redrawing the concept of able-bodiedness and deeply rooted cultural hierarchies like able/disable, sight/blind, sight/insight, body/mind, visible/invisible, and inside/outside in their literary texts.

This paper argues that the current proliferation of assisted procreation techniques urges us to move beyond libertarian/restrictive dichotomies that supposedly differentiate relevant legislation across countries, and reconsider issues of donation and exchange of genetic material and embryos in relation to the specific cultural contexts in which they emerge, taking into consideration local conceptualizations of kinship, gender and sexuality. Drawing on the example of Greece, the author argues that neoliberal discourse of individual free choice in matters of assisted procreation intersects with more “traditional” representations of what kinship should be, thus enabling the emergence of a bioeconomy of procreation while simultaneously reinforcing normative conceptualizations of gender, age, sexuality, health, and ethnicity. The paper suggests that complex interrelations between neoliberalism, kinship and gender form distinct and specific constellations of reproductive rights and citizenship.

This article suggests that the type of Internet-enabled device should not be prioritised when conceptualizing diagnostic categories of addictive online behaviours. The diagnostic distinction between “predominantly mobile” and “predominantly non-mobile” forms of Internet use disorders (IUD) is not empirically based, may not be clinically useful and may lead to “diagnostic inflation.” Problems with the concepts of smartphone use disorder and IUD on which the proposed distinction is largely based call for their re-examination. Future proposals for the taxonomy of addictive behaviours may not need to be based on online/offline and mobile/non-mobile dichotomies.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the antecedents to implicit followership theories (IFTs) and make recommendations for developing positive IFTs. Female transformational parenting is highlighted, showing that although followership is typically associated with one’s role in an organization, its development is not relegated to that context. Accordingly, this paper encourages transformational-parenting training and features activities for current leader-training programs to enlighten trainees about their IFTs. Design/methodology/approach Through one online and one paper survey, participants self-defined “follower,” rated their female primary caregivers’ transformational leadership during adolescence, reported their IFTs and provided demographic information. Findings Qualitative and quantitative data analyses found that the degree to which female primary caregivers demonstrated transformational leadership related to children’s positive IFTs and positive definitions about followers in young adulthood. Research limitations/implications Future research should test female caregivers’ influence on IFTs at more advanced stages of one’s career, examine their influence over participants’ followership behavior and incorporate external ratings of leadership and followership. Practical implications Recommendations for embedding IFTs into transformational-leadership-training programs are provided, falling into the categories of feedback, reflection/introspection and mentoring/coaching. In the spirit of contemporary approaches to leadership, recommendations require trainees to recognize their biases/knowledge of followers and followership and use that knowledge to facilitate collaboration between leaders and followers. Originality/value Findings spotlight female leadership, an often-overlooked source of power in organizations, and go beyond leader/follower dichotomies by insisting on IFTs awareness and development for both parties.

The aim of the study is to introduce The Story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson through Apollonian and Dionysian Dichotomy which is expressed in the work of Nietzsche named The Birth of Tragedy. That two personalities exist in one body is explained by the features of two Greek deities, Apollon and Dionysus, whose features are totally different from each other. They symbolize the dichotomy in life as well as the divided personality. He connotes these notions with mythological figures, particularly with Greek Gods. He states that the development of art is based on the dichotomy of Apollon and Dionysus. The basic features of them are attributed to dominant and marginalized powers in the society, successively. This review will not just give a summary or plot of the story but handles the theme of dichotomy and sheds light on the fact that literature works as a mechanism balancing between hegemonic powers of the system and the marginalized matters of the society. That is not right to say that life is made up of those dilemmas or to accept their existence. What is the significant matter is to interrelate systematical phenomenons within the dichotomic relations and restrained ones, and to provide them to coexist even they are not homogenous.

La definición del libro y de la lectura ha estado sujeta, a lo largo de la historia, a dicotomías que contraponen el objeto “libro” al discurso contenido en este, el autor al lector, y la lectura intensiva a la extensiva. Con el libro electrónico, sin embargo, se ha producido un cuestionamiento de la esencia del mismo como “libro”, dentro de una lógica binaria según la cual lo digital, por intangible, no puede emplearse para adjetivar un objeto que debería designar, únicamente, un soporte físico para la escritura. El presente artículo tiene por objetivo ofrecer un análisis de la naturaleza del libro electrónico mediante el establecimiento de unas características que le son propias y que le confieren una entidad diferenciada respecto a un mero texto digital. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo una revisión de la literatura que presenta algunas de las principales definiciones del libro electrónico y que sirve como base para la elaboración de una definición que comprende los elementos que lo asimilan al libro impreso y aquellos otros que lo dotan de una entidad propia. Estos últimos se desarrollan a lo largo de esta investigación como atributos integrados dentro de un sistema que es consustancial al libro electrónico y permiten ofrecer una visión global del mismo.

This article is about the theory previously studied in the course called Linguistics. In a way ties will be established between general principles of linguistics and concrete linguistic facts, in other words, theoretical knowledge will find its application in practice. The field of linguistics may be divided in terms of three dichotomies: synchronic versus diachronic, theoretical versus applied and micro linguistics. According to the micro linguistics view, languages should be analyzed for their own sake and without reference to their social function, to the manner in which they are acquired by children, to the psychological mechanism that underlie the production and reception of speech, to the literary and the aesthetic or communicative function of language.

This paper brings out an interdisciplinary reading of Nadja, a novel by Andre Breton, written in 1928, based on the conceptions of reality as proposed by surrealism and psychoanalysis. In surrealism, through the criticism of realism, arises the concept of the surreal, with which many artists came to express themselves in artistic productions and in a particular way of life in the postwar years. In psychoanalysis, Freud was led to surpass the dichotomy between the internal and the external, as well as between the normal and the pathological, entailing a new conception of reality, further reformulated by Lacan under the concept of real. As a result, this reading brings out a claim against conformism and the overcoming of those false dichotomies, thus fostering with both psychoanalysis and surrealism, a change in the praxis of the subject.

This essay attends to questions of history and affective attachment through the Old English poem The Grave, unearthing and dismembering dichotomies of life and death, body and soul. It considers how the same attachments and revulsions that are exposed in The Grave offer a critique of medievalist attachments to the past – past histories, past affiliations, past friends and mentors – at the expense of the present. The possible affective links and historical creations allowed and encouraged by these memorials are capacious. The body is distorted by its constraint in the grave; the space is individual, measured, and repeated by the community by all (or at least most) bodies, and yet its existence remains uncomforted, misaligned from the living. By presenting both grave and corpse as simultaneously inhabiting past, present, and future, The Grave allows its audience to create and recognize affective ties to personal, cultural, and institutional pasts, presents, and futures.

When it comes to political-administrative relations, New Public Management has aimed for a stronger differentiation between political and administrative matters and for an empowerment of the administration towards the political level. This article investigates the perceived degree of administrative discretion at the municipal level in the Flemish region of Belgium. We use data from a survey with Flemish municipal CEOs from 2019. The results suggest that the degree of administrative discretion in Flemish municipalities is relatively high during policy preparation. Nevertheless, during other phases of the policy cycle most municipal CEOs perceive a certain political impact on the functioning of their administration, which reaches further than steering on the main policy lines. Second, a majority identifies a lack of mutual trust between the executive board and the administrators. Furthermore, administrative discretion increases with the size of the municipality and the assessed capacity of the administration. Also in municipalities where the key actors of political-administrative relationships remained unchanged for a longer period, the administration has more leeway to act. Lastly, the results nuance the impact of the municipal financial situation and the composition of the majority on the degree of administrative discretion.

Juliane House has split translation into “overt” and “covert” types. Translation has been classified by Lawrence Venuti into “domestication” and “foreignization”. This research attempted to compare the translation typologies rendered by House and Venuti. House’ and Venuti’s translation typologies are similar in 8 points and differ in 4 ones. Overt translation corresponds to foreignization and covert translation to domestication. Dichotomy is neither superior nor inferior to the others.

How should we understand the categorical distinction Aristotle draws between praxis and poesis? If this distinction gains its meaning only in a specific social and cultural context, what does this tell us about another famous Aristotelian distinction, namely, the distinction he draws between two types of justice: corrective and distributive? In particular, what is the orienting role of this distinction (and what should we make of this) in accounts of justice based on Kantian right and accounts based on Rawls’ principles of justice?

One of the main topics discussed by historians, including those of science, in the late twentieth century is the historical introspection into "modernism," a term based on a teleological view of the world. According to the conventional understanding of world history, the historical process to modernity that has led to the Civil Revolution, Scientific Revolution, and Capitalism is linear and universally inevitable, and this-in other words, Eurocentrism-implies that only the historical experiences of Europeans are relevant. This mainstream view of world history has spread the dichotomous analytic framework of historiography and reinforced cultural essentialism, which has eventually given a Euro- or Sino-centric hierarchical presentation of history. This type of world view rests on the assumption that there are intrinsic and incommensurable differences between cultures or localities, which a lot of commentators and scholars have constantly countered by arguing that that presumption does not comply with what historical sources say. Drawing on some trail-blazing scholarship of cultural studies and others, this essay turns away from this "conventional" framework of historiography and presents a world view that is framed in the context of trans-locality, interconnectedness, plurality, heterogeneity, polycentricity, and diversity. In recent years, in an attempt to search for new analytic frames, some endeavors have emerged in the field of cultural or science studies to go beyond just providing critical commentaries or case studies. Furthermore, researchers and scholars in the history of science, technology and medicine in East Asia have put an effort into conceptualizing and establishing such new analytic frames. Among those approaches are attempts to shed light upon the trans-local yet global interconnectedness (emphatically in pre-modern periods), diverse historical trajectories to modernities, and polycentric as well as plural landscape of scientific enterprises over time and across the world. On top of these new visions of world history, this essay further elaborates on and proposes some conceptive ideas: (1) "Tradition" as a set of recipes, which could replace the idea of the living yet dead tradition; (2) "Medicine" as a problem-solving activity, which calls more attention to historical actors of East Asian medicine; (3) "East Asian medicines" as a family of trans-locally related practices in East Asia, which would lead to going beyond the nationalist historiography such as Sino-centrism; (4) "Problematique" as the system of questions and concepts which make up East Asian medicine, which should reveal what East Asian medicines have been about; (5) "Styles of Practice" for the historiography of East Asian medicines, as opposed to the cultural account, epistemological historiography or praxiography; and, as an illustrative example, (6) "Topological Bodies" for the history of anatomy in East Asia. Going beyond tradition and dichotomous historiography, these new methodologies or conceptual ideas will contribute to the understanding of the history of East Asian medicines.

Análisis del avance de la razón universal de carácter metonímico y su inherente y constante lógica de producción de binomios y dicotomías capaces de producir repetidamente fronteras de carácter abisal que definen las zonas de no existencia, lugares de aquello que es definido como verdadero o ininteligible. Estos límites de pensamiento abisal o fronteras del no ser han sobrevivido a los procesos independentistas de África en general, y en particular al proceso de liberación nacional de la República Democrática del Congo. La persistencia de estas líneas abisales implica que las utopías de emancipación han perdido su potencial de liberación o que incluso han terminado por convertirse en la contracara del pensamiento abisal. ¿Hay, entonces, más allá de lo que este pensamiento abisal determina como existente o no existente, alguna posibilidad de identificar fórmulas de antipoder cuyos términos de emancipación, subjetivación o instrumentalización escapen a la lógica del pensamiento abisal?

The dichotomy of science is the separation between general science and religion, which then develops into other dichotomic phenomena. The term science dichotomy in various historical literature, including the afterlife and world sciences, syar'iyah science and ghairu syar'iyyah Science, al-'ulum al-diniyyah and al-'ulum al-'aqliyyah, Islamic Knowledge and Non-Islamic Knowledge ( English), Hellenic and Semitic (Greek). The consequences of the dichotomy, as mentioned as the terms of the dichotomy, have implications for the alienation of the religious sciences to modernity and keep the progress of science away from spiritual values. In the perspective of Islamic education, science is an in-depth knowledge of the results of earnest efforts (ijtihād) from Muslim scientists ('ulamā' / mujtahīd) on practical and ukhrāwī issues by originating from the revelations of Allah Almighty so that science grows and develops hand in hand with religion. In the history of Islamic civilization, scholars live in harmony with scientists, many scientists found in Islam, as well as scholars.&nbsp

I draw on my experience in community development with “othered” groups to present the idea of the “hybrid psychology agent.” This, I contend, is a key figure in overcoming the dichotomies alleged by Indigenous psychologists and confronted by Held (2020). On the one hand, the concept is rooted in hands-on work in multicultural settings. It is also supported by Cultural-Historical research through projects such as Service Learning that connect higher education students with disenfranchised Roma children. On the other hand, the concept follows a critical theory framework where, as implied by Held, a paradigm shift in science is needed. The issue at point is not whether folk Indigenous knowledge should replace so-called objective knowledge, but how the latter should embrace the experience of a more diverse psychological object and subject, mainly through the participation of “othered” people as psychology scientists and practitioners.

Diaspora diplomacy blurs the traditional conceptual dichotomies that map domestic and foreign policymaking efforts. Addressing how such distinctions are varyingly produced requires greater engageme...

Since its coinage in the nineteenth century, the concept of Carolingian renaissance has been primarily based on the revival of classical texts promoted by Charlemagne and his successors. Among the positive consequences of Carolingian classicism is the careful—if discreet—preservation of the text of Lucretius’s De Rerum Natura, which survives in three valuable ninth-century manuscripts. Whereas rigorous philological studies of these manuscripts have been offered, little attention has been paid to their role in, and connection with, the reception of Lucretius in ninth-century literature. It has been generally assumed that for the Carolingians the DRN was essentially a source for grammatical and metrical usage, and extensive efforts have been made to distinguish between direct and indirect quotations of Lucretian lines. In the present paper, I shall adopt a different approach, starting from the observation that the diffusion of DRN in ninth-century Europe coincided with an increasing interest in its content. I shall argue that a deeper understanding of Lucretius’s Carolingian reception can be achieved if one overcomes the dichotomies usually maintained by the philological Quellenforschung, as such dichotomies tend to overshadow the historically and culturally specific features of the early medieval practice of imitatio. By endorsing the perspective of intertextual studies, reception theory, and rhetorical criticism, I shall point out a so far unrecognized imitatio Lucretii in the astronomical work (Liber de Astronomia) of the Irishman Dicuil, whose allusions to Lucretius—particularly to the cosmological treatment of Book 5, the so-called “apology” of Book 1 (921-50 = 4.1-25), and the calf argument of Book 2 (352-66)—are representative of the peculiarities of Carolingian reading culture.

Climate change and environmental problems will force or induce millions of people to migrate. In this article, I describe environmental migration and articulate some of the ethical issues. To begin, I give an account of these migrants that overcomes misleading dichotomies. Then, I focus attention on two important ethical issues: justice and responsibility. Although we are all at risk of becoming environmental migrants, we are not equally at risk. Our risk depends on our temporal position, geographical location, social position, and the kind of society in which we live. We all contribute to environmental problems, but we do not contribute equally. About 11% of the world population is responsible for 50% of carbon emissions. These inequalities raise issues of justice because many of the people who are at high risk have contributed little to the problems. Since the issues of justice are relatively clear and compelling, I focus more attention on issues of responsibility. I use Iris Marion Young's account of responsibility for structural injustice to address four key questions about moral responsibility and environmental migration.

Global Citizenship Education (GCE) is often seen as the best response to contemporary global humanitarian, social and political challenges. Yet despite this newfound popularity, GCE remains a contentious and widely debated concept. Critiques have stressed the abstract and elusive nature of the notion, its lack of concrete legal framework as well as its bias towards a Western, neoliberal and consumerist agenda, which is not devoid of colonial undertones. This paper seeks to address this latter tension by examining GCE through the lens of global imaginaries, which looks at imagination as a new social practice, capable of generating transformation and change. Building on the work of Paul Ricoeur, in particular the ideas of utopia, imagination and social imaginaries, this paper aims to offer new conceptualisations of GCE around the notion of global imaginaries, in an attempt to overcome the dichotomies that tend to underpin the concept. (DIPF/Orig.), Global Citizenship Education (GCE) wird oft als die beste Antwort auf die heutigen globalen humanitären, sozialen und politischen Herausforderungen gesehen. Doch trotz dieser neu gewonnenen Popularität bleibt GCE ein umstrittenes und breit diskutiertes Konzept. Kritiker haben die abstrakte und schwer fassbare Bedeutung des Begriffs betont, das Fehlen eines konkreten rechtlichen Rahmens sowie die Vorliebe für eine westliche, neoliberale und konsumorientierte Agenda, die nicht frei von kolonialen Akzenten ist. Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht, diese letztere Spannung zu thematisieren: GCE wird vor dem Hintergrund der globalen Imaginationen untersucht, die - als eine neue soziale Praxis betrachtet - in der Lage ist, Transformation und Veränderung zu erzeugen. Aufbauend auf der Arbeit von Paul Ricoeur - insbesondere den Ideen von Utopie, Imagination und sozialen Imaginären - zielt dieser Beitrag darauf ab, neue Konzeptualisierungen von GCE um den Begriff des globalen Imaginären herum anzubieten: Dabei wird der Versuch unternommen, Dichotomien zu überwinden, die dem Konzept zugrundeliegen. (DIPF/Orig.)

Since the beginning of modern labor markets, formal and informal activities have coexisted alongside each other. However, most of the traditional approaches to informality are not fully able to explain the multiple forms by which this phenomenon manifests itself today in certain contexts. Informality in Latin American societies, particularly in Argentina, is heuristically revelatory for illustrating the need for a more complex definition and less rigid theoretical classifications. The main purpose of this article is to contribute to an empirical analysis about informality by addressing two points. First, the article provides a better understanding of the heterogeneous nature of informality—“involuntary” or “voluntary” informal work, “half-formal/half-informal” work—in the field of youth employment. Second, in connection with debates about the sources of informality, the article explores the hypothesis of the existence of state-created informality. The article illustrates these points at different levels: youth careers, employers’ recruitment strategies, and states policies. This perspective seems useful for identifying the actors involved, acknowledging the blurry boundaries between diverse informal situations, and understanding actors’ uses of them. The points are illustrated by evidence from a qualitative and longitudinal study on youth employment careers in Argentina. The article concludes with a discussion about some key issues of informality, such as legality, regulation and agency.

La siguiente investigación intenta mostrar, haciendo un análisis de la filosofía de la experiencia de John Dewey, que algunas dicotomías estarían infundadas. Estas dicotomías hacen que veamos el conocimiento científico, la ética, la estética y las cuestiones de orden social como sectores con algunas zonas periféricas en conflicto, pero esencialmente separados. Dewey nos ofrece una forma diferente de ver esta cuestión aplicando los métodos científicos a las ciencias humanas y sociales. La reconstrucción efectuada por Dewey de la experiencia le ha permitido dar un paso importante en el restablecimiento de la continuidad transaccional y de esta manera mostrar cómo los juicios prácticos y los teóricos, pese a todas sus diferencias, pueden ser reducidos al mismo patrón común. Por lo tanto, los juicios de valor paradigmáticos son susceptibles de estar garantizados racional-experimentalmente como lo son los juicios de medios-consecuencias. La reconstrucción de la experiencia, por tanto, es la que permite a Dewey, unir la teoría y la práctica, acortando la diferencia entre ciencia, arte y moralidad, y estableciendo puentes entre ellos.

A politics of resentment has shaped a low-dialogue political environment in the United States, feeding into populism, and characterized by perceived distributive injustice, detachment between politicians and “the people”, and political polarization. In this political environment, independent of editorial lines, news can spread based on populist content features and drive the political divide even further. However, we still do not understand well, how the forces of political disconnect as well as potentially unifying elements such as political knowledge and the willingness to connect with the other (political) side predict audience interest in populist news featuring people-centrism, anti-elitism, restoring popular sovereignty, and the exclusion of others. To better understand what drives (dis-)interest in populist news features, we combined self-report data from a non-student US sample (N = 440) on political attitudes with unobtrusively measured data on their selective exposure to populist news. We analyzed the data using zero-inflated negative binomial regression models, in which we simultaneously modeled selective exposure to and avoidance of populist news. The findings indicate that especially the will to connect with others explained exposure to news about anti-elitism, especially among Democrats, while Republicans’ news avoidance seems to be specifically geared toward people-centrism. Populist communication features promoting “us” vs. “them” dichotomies seem to not automatically resonate with the views of resentful voters and their motivated reasoning.

This article explores the local forms that global controversies around autism and ADHD have taken in France and Brazil. Inquiring into the social and historical features of the two contexts makes the abstract, globally circulating ideas meaningful in particular forms, and helps to transcend dichotomies (global/local, biological/relational, mental suffering/disability) through their pragmatic negotiations and integration into the everyday experience of those affected by the conditions. Our research is based on policy reports and regulations, interviews with policy makers, care and school professionals, families, and observations in mental health-care services. We first present inflamed debates in both countries: while autism wars caused the legitimacy of psychoanalysis to be challenged, debates around ADHD focused on the medicalization of social problems. Both controversies impacted policy orientations, the organization of mental health care, and professional knowledge and practices. We discuss the similarities and differences in these transformations in the two countries. We then examine how these controversies unfolded in local configurations of actors and resources. Finally, we call for reflection on how processes of globalization in mental health and local contexts mutually shape each other.

To work well together as a radiology team, understanding of each other's personality would be useful. Personalities are like jigsaw puzzles and when placed together there can be may rewards to the individual, section, department or company. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator can be used to help assess individuals on four different dichotomies. It is important to harness the strength of each individual's personality to achieve optimal teamwork in radiology.

On the eve of World War I, Guillaume Apollinaire announced the birth of ‘pure painting’. Scholars have typically understood this as an early version of mid-century theories of abstract art; however, that interpretation ignores the poet’s close association with Robert and Sonia Delaunay. Those artists were deeply influenced by M. E. Chevreul, a nineteenth-century colour theorist who showed that complementary hues appear more pure when seen simultaneously. Most often discussed in relation to the phenomenological changes that occur when red and green are viewed side-by-side, simultaneous contrast suggests an alternative view of purity. For the Delaunays, pure painting was not a retreat from the world, but a way of making its dichotomies and conflicts more visible.

We investigated the spatial variation patterns of voting results in Polish parliamentary election in 2015 across 380 regions. That election was a milestone event in Polish politics that substantially affected Poland’s internal and foreign policy directions and promoted two emerging political parties as runners-up against the well-established ones. While socio-economic, cultural and geographical factors such as economic activity, historical legacies (post-Russian East vs post-German West) and economic dichotomies (cities vs the countryside) explain most variations for most parties, they do not appeared to fit as determinants of the new parties’ support, especially of right-wing populists. Demographic target groups of individual parties appear to be relatively unresponsive to their pre-election offerings. The spatial specification of econometric models considerably improves their statistical properties. We also examined mixed-W models to account for the unobservable spatial effects stemming from the construction of constituencies. Their distinctive sets of candidates added significantly to the explanation of the spatial variation in voting.

This theme section tackles the question “What makes history personal?” The four articles included in the issue present some possible strategies to begin to answer the question, often by reminding us of the need to overcome key dichotomies, such as the separation between mind and body, between scientific knowledge and emotions, between language and experience, between the work and the reader, between concepts and literary form, and between professional obligation and engagement with current political circumstances. The attitudes and formulations proposed in the four articles are intimately linked to these dichotomies, arising from thoughtful rereading and rethinking of the core challenges. Phenomenology and the concept of empathy especially stand out in these investigations, although both are approached from different perspectives and empirical bases.

This entry begins by reviewing the definitions of “human”, “environment” and “dichotomy”, consequently turning to the debates concerning the human–environment relationship. Synthesizing various studies, the capability of advanced tool use; language, hyper-sociality, advanced cognition, morality, civilization, technology, and free will are supposed to be distinctly human. However, other studies describe how nonhuman organisms share these same abilities. The biophysical or natural environment is often associated with all living and non-living things that occur naturally. The environment also refers to ecosystems or habitats, including all living organisms or species. The concepts of the biophysical or natural environment are often opposed to the concepts of built or modified environment, which is artificial - constructed or influenced by humans. The built or modified environment typically refers to structures or spaces from gardens to car parks. Today, one of the central questions in regard to human-environment dichotomies centres around the concept of sustainability. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118924396 LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/helenkopnina/

O autismo foi identificado por volta de 1940 e desde essa época sua abordagem pauta-se em critérios diagnósticos que o explicam a partir de dificuldades, déficits ou atrasos, de acordo com o modelo médico. A partir dos anos 2000, surgem outros modos de pensar o autismo, como o movimento da neurodiversidade, com o intuito de superar as dicotomias entre o normal e o patológico e compreender o autismo como diferença. Com base nos estudos críticos sobre o autismo, este artigo buscou identificar, por meio de revisão de literatura, as explicações sobre autismo em teses e dissertações sobre inclusão escolar, produzidas entre 2008 e 2018. Foram encontradas 106 produções, 53 relacionadas à área da educação e 22 que compuseram o corpus desse artigo. As pesquisas foram categorizadas a partir de dois modelos: médico e crítico. Os resultados revelam que a maioria dos estudos se orienta pelo modelo médico e, dentre aqueles que se inserem na categoria “modelo crítico”, as explicações perpassam diferentes abordagens teóricas, como a fenomenologia, a psicologia histórico-cultural e a psicanálise. Analisar as pesquisas trouxe uma multiplicidade de narrativas sobre o autismo e a percepção de que cabe romper com a naturalização dos discursos e a hierarquização das ciências naturais sobre as humanas, garantindo reconhecimento do outro como sujeito de direito e ator social.

This article examines two women who performed athletic feats at the New York Hippodrome between 1905 and 1917, arguing that their approaches to costume and bodily display were integral to their widespread critical and public acclaim. The women examined are lion tamer Claire Heliot and swimmer and diver Annette Kellerman. I contend that these performers occupied a difficult position within the early-twentieth-century entertainment industry. The type of mainstream spectacle that the Hippodrome provided, combined with strict societal ideas of what constituted femininity and masculinity, created an environment that was not conducive to the success of athletic women.Their unusual acts therefore required them to negotiate their public image in such a way that emphasized their inherent femininity. Their costume was an essential element of this negotiation as it exposed the audience to a kind of woman with whom they were already familiar. Claire Heliot did this by occupying a traditional domestic womanhood that sharply contrasted with her dangerous lion-taming act, and Annette Kellerman emphasized her beauty through the sexually charged display of her body in form-fitting costumes and swimsuits. In addition to analyses of their costumes, critical responses to their performances are taken into consideration as evidence of these women’s success as performers. This article highlights how costume and the body can be used as tools to alter identity and reinforce gender norms for the purposes of subverting the physical expectations of women.

This phenomenological study seeks to better understand the role of the referee in the Olympic sporting structure and to deconstruct the apparent dichotomies that exist within this role. Eleven rugby sevens referees each completed a pre and post interview for a total of twenty-two interviews. From the data, four sources of role ambiguity or conflict emerged; (1) remaining unnoticed vs. media exposure; (2) the team vs. individualistic nature of officiating; (3) being a judge vs. being an athlete, and (4) amateurism vs. professionalism. This study discusses how these dichotomies highlight the major sources of role ambiguity and role conflict for rugby sevens officials within the larger Olympic context. Implications regarding increased role clarity, reduced role strain, and referee management are discussed.

In the late 1970s, when Karel Vasak offered his concept of the three generations of rights, it was inclusive enough to embrace the whole spectrum of existing human rights. Forty years later, this paper explores the nature of contemporary human rights discourse and questions to what extent Vasak’s categorization is still relevant. Our work discusses the evolution of the concept of human rights, the changing dichotomies of national and international, individual and collective, and positive and negative rights. This paper uses qualitative methods of content analysis and quantitative frequency analysis method to explore the nature of scholarly discourse presented in human rights journals. Our research findings highlight the dynamic evolution of contemporary human rights discourse. The paper specifically illustrates the increasing emphasis on collective and internationalist rights and the enhancement of human rights matters that are difficult to categorize using Vasak’s approach. In doing so, the paper calls for the clarification of the language of contemporary human rights.

A tarefa de definir os diferentes tipos de obras lexicográficas não é fácil. A diferença, por exemplo, entre dicionário, léxico, tesouro, vocabulário ou glossário não é consensual entre os estudiosos da matéria. Alguns metalexicógrafos se baseiam em critérios linguísticos para estabelecer sua tipologia, outros na história da lexicografia, outros, ainda, em trabalhos lexicográficos já existentes. A convergência de seus métodos está no fato de que quase todos se valem de dicotomias para postular suas definições. Diante do exposto, o presente artigo busca: (i) trazer à luz as particularidades de cinco tipos de obras lexicográficas, a saber: dicionário, léxico, tesouro, vocabulário e glossário, com o objetivo de colaborar para o reconhecimento das especificidades de cada uma dessas tipologias e (ii) discutir o status de uma obra lexicográfica realizada sobre manuscritos dos períodos colonial e imperial do Brasil.

This research paper is concerned with exploring and analysing the crisis of identity in the South African society of apartheid during a transitional phase of a violent political change. Also, it exposes the social and political dichotomies inherent in the apartheid society of South Africa. The paper therefore seeks to unveil both the possibilities and obstacles to the future of South Africa's democracy. It analyses the mistakes of the past as well as the profound influence of the past in shaping the present. It focuses on racial tension, violence brought by the transfer of power to blacks and the reversal of roles and responsibilities. It further examines the contradictions of the present as a consequence of the repition of the binaries of the past that still exist in the present. Throughout July's People, Gordimer depicts a situation of political impasse between the overthrow of the previous white supremacist regime and the emergence of black majority rule. Gordimer uses uncertainties, anxieties, contradictions and ambiguities that characterize the situation to foreground her views on racial unity incumbent upon a redefinition of identities within the new social and political forces. While she acknowledges the inevitability of the end of white rule, she is doubtful of the future in terms of what it holds for and indeed has to offer different races as well as their roles and responsibilities in a new emerging complex society