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What a genius, building a home for more than 10 centuries in the Sahara desert with all the necessary amenities to withstand a hyper-arid climate like that of Timimoun and Tiout. During our work missions during the period: 2000-2019 in the south-west of the Sahara, we were interested in the feeding of Timimoun ksours by the foggaras. This study shows that feeding ksar water remains an unresolved problem for the ksouriens of the Sahara. Two success stories in this area of water have been cited in this paper. These are the ksours of Timimoun which are fed by the foggaras. The ksar of Tiout was supplied with water by an ancestral dam. These are the two cases of the Sahara that have benefited from water with zero energy. These two examples demonstrate the ingenuity of the ksours population. If after ten centuries, the oasis have managed to master the architecture of the ksours, against the supply of ksar in water has shortcomings.

The covid-19 virus pandemic in Indonesia has been taking place since February 2020, which almost knocked out all sectors of the economy, industry, trade and human mentality. Data as of April 13, 2020 shows that the number of people in Indonesia contaminated with the covid-19 virus totals 4557 people, with the number of deaths of 399 people and patients cured reached 380 people (Source detik.com). From this data, the Government of Indonesia enacts and urges all people to stay at home or Stay at Home. With the program to stay at home, many people do all activities from home from work, study, worship done at home together with family. The implementation of staying at home from March 13, 2020 until now makes some people feel saturated, can't wait to stay at home so that many people are not disciplined in doing this program and still do regular activities in the midst of the covid-19 pandemic. The impact of impatience, indiscipline and disorderly behavior is what results in the number of contaminated sufferers every day is increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to socialize about the understanding that should be done especially by every Muslim in the face of the covid-19 pandemic disaster. The method used is to make a video of da'wah containing a short message about patience in the face of disasters that last approximately 3 minutes and upload it online then share the online link through the group in Whatsapp group. The hope of this devotion program is that the community, especially Muslims, will be encouraged and self-conscious to be able to stay at home until the End of the covid-19 pandemic. The results of this program after the video message was uploaded through Youtube then disseminated through Whatsapp group and watched approximately 150 times there are 25 people responded by sending a comment message to this video and 25 people will try to remain patient in the face of the test and implement government programs to stay home until the pandemic outbreak subsides.

Numerous studies have shown that teachers significantly shape student’s learning context. Socially and emotionally competent teachers tend to develop supportive and encouraging relationship with their students by promoting intrinsic motivation, focusing on student’s strengths and abilities, mediating through conflict situations and encouraging appropriate communication and prosocial behaviour. Teachers with good communication skills will create a more successful teaching and learning ambience for the students, and without communication, the teaching and learning process will not take place. Educators, parents and public today recognize the need for an educational agenda to improve academic performance, but also to enhance students’ social and communicational competence. The aim of the present study was to examine social and communication competence of the students of educational sciences and teacher education at the University of Zagreb Department Of Croatian Studies. As part of the most important aspects of the future educational work, the participants pointed out independence at work, the awareness that they would contribute to the future of the society and the awareness that they play a useful role in society. Participants also expressed optimism about their communication skills with students, planning and organizing teaching process and maintaining discipline, and to some less extent their competences for successful cooperation with students’ parents. Results were discussed in terms of possibilities to contribute to future teachers’ education.

Preferences for monetary and nonmonetary job attributes are important for understanding workers' motivation and the organization of work. Little is known, however, about how those job preferences are formed. We study how macroeconomic conditions when young shape workers' job preferences for life. Using variation in income-per-capita across U.S. regions and over time since the 1920s, we find that job preferences vary in systematic ways with experienced macroeconomic conditions during young adulthood. Recessions create cohorts of workers who give higher priority to income, whereas booms make cohorts care more about job meaning for the rest of their lives.

I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to my thesis advisor, Dr. Yasser Gadallah, for his tremendous support in completing this research work. I remember every piece of advice in our meetings and discussions that always built a strong and solid foundation for the thesis in particular and for my research skills in general. It is also worth mentioning the endless support of my academic advisor and the master’s program director, Dr. Maki Habib, for his exerted efforts to facilitate and grant the financial assistance that was a broad base of support to complete my study in the RCSS program. In addition, I am so grateful for the time spent in his labs where I learned many practical and professional concepts and methods in teaching and conducting research through my work as a teaching and research assistant under his guidance and supervision. My special and sincere thank you also goes to my dear colleague, Heba Kadry, for her continued moral support and encouragement throughout the years of working on my thesis. I remember when we spent hours discussing the challenges of the thesis or even the complicated coursework and how these discussions ended with a significant push to stand and move forward towards achieving my academic potential. Finally and foremost, many thanks to the great deal of support and assistance that grant me the completion of this thesis work and my master’s degree.

Cybercrime is a daily threat against organizations and partners of all sizes and with the rapid development of technology and the great dependence on it in some transactions, a type of serious threats has emerged that pose a high degree of risk to companies and organizations that rely on financial transactions in their work. This type of threat is called Business Email Compromise (BEC), which is a type of email phishing for financial purposes. This attack increased dramatically and caused very high financial losses to companies, especially in the period of remote work and in the Corona crisis, as it increased in the third quarter of the century of this year by 94%. This type of threat does not require a high percentage of knowledge, experience, or skills in deception and fraud, it requires only a reasonable level of social engineering. In this paper, we contribute to analyze this threat is, how it occurs, ways to avoid it or reduce its incidence, and impact on the organization.

Analyzing the surplus and deficit in the public budget and calculating their gap is one of the most important topics of fiscal policy because of the role of public spending and taxes in facing economic fluctuations, as well as their role in stimulating growth, with the intensification of inflationary pressures in addition to the increasing burdens of external and internal debts. Which would increase the financial burdens on the national economy, and then future generations will bear the greater part of its burdens, which negatively affects their levels of well-being as a result of bearing burdens they did not participate in making their own decisions, Rather, they may not have benefited from it in the first place. The study aims to analyze the reality of the public budget and the role of non-oil revenues in financing the public budget, with an analysis of the reality of public debt (internal and external) and the net impact that public debt has on financing the public budget deficit. The study found that the Iraqi budgets are distributive budgets whose main task is to distribute the Iraqi oil revenues on the traditional exchange doors without leading to a qualitative or structural change in the structure of the Iraqi economy. The actual tax revenues did not exceed at best 12% of public revenues. Although this percentage, with its modesty, is also dependent on oil revenues in a large proportion, the taxes are mostly the result of lung is infect or not. income taxes achieved for their owners as a result of contracts and work with government departments that in turn depend on oil, and despite the reduction in public debt after 2003, but It still constitutes an obstacle to the reconstruction of Iraq

Drawing on the neo-republican theory of non-domination and a qualitative case study conducted in three Dutch municipalities, this article explores the extent to which external rules are able to prevent arbitrary power in relationships between welfare officers and work supervisors, on the one hand, and welfare recipients participating in mandatory work programmes, on the other hand. It concludes that external rules were insufficiently implemented in the three municipalities in question. In addition, it found that rules cease to be capable of constraining arbitrary power where institutional contexts themselves are unpredictable and insecure. Under these conditions, welfare recipients may seek to avoid risks and act in accordance with the preferences (or their expectation of the preferences) of the welfare officer or work supervisor by playing the role of the ‘good recipient’ instead of relying on available rules of a protective nature or rules that enable them to have a say in their participation in mandatory work programmes.

Research suggests that employees work harder under penalty contracts than under economically equivalent bonus contracts. We build on this literature by examining how the motivational advantage of penalty contracts depends on a common aspect of real-world contracts: payoff ambiguity. With payoff ambiguity, employees provide effort without knowing how much pay they will receive for a given level of performance. According to our theory, this ambiguity opens the door for employee optimism, which has contrasting effects under each contract frame. Results from an experiment support this theory, with an increase in ambiguity leading to less employee effort with penalty contracts (as employees optimistically expect small penalties) and more effort with bonus contracts (as employees optimistically expect large bonuses). We also find that these effects are stronger for more dispositionally optimistic employees. Overall, our results suggest that bonus contracts may be more motivating and penalty contracts less motivating than previously thought.

In recent days the entire world moving towards autonomous driving vehicle. For the last decades, the world started more research on Autonomous or Auto-pilot vehicle. It faces lot of challenges to design such a system. In recent, Google and tesla designs an autonomous vehicle in the name of waymo. The main aim of this research work is to provide healthy transportation with high safety and security. This waymo vehicle is now under testing with conditional and unconditional environment. In this paper it is focused on a controller part to take care of the vehicle in critical and non-critical environmental situation. In this perception, this research gives the overview of the various controllers with its merits and demerits. The controller is to imitate like a human driver. Normally the human eye focus on mobile and immobile objects, road sign, pedestrian etc., the controller need to focus the road condition, optimal steering control with less tracking error and cruise control.

A major priority of the Toyota Production System is to satisfy the customers by providing high value. The use of continuous flow, pull systems, the Andon system, standard work, visual controls, the 5S system, and reliable technology are critically important. Optimizing one's workforce is also very important by developing leaders and teams, using consensus in decision making, and becoming a learning organization. To fully understand the problems, it is also important that leaders go to the workplace to talk to workers and see what is going on.

The article describes the peculiarities of students' foreign languages teaching quality assurance at Polish higher educational establishments. The models of studies and varieties of courses of foreign language teaching used in the modern educational environment of Poland are outlined. Three essential components to the model of foreign language teaching used in the modern Polish higher educational environment are distinguished: face-to-face studies, self-study learning, and online collaborative learning. Research results showed that higher educational establishments in Poland provide technical infrastructure, organizational and technical support of language courses accompanied by methods and techniques of distance studies. Tutors that carry out the studies of foreign languages must be acquainted with the virtual environment of studies and the newest facilities of work with students on essential electronic educational platforms. It is investigated that for effective language teaching, the tutors of higher educational establishments of Poland realize the complex approach to the organiza-tion of educational material and sequence of its working. Except that, unity of educa-tion and developing functions of studies are performed, as well as the availability of language base to the level of students' knowledge, activity and independence of their educational-cognitive activity is provided. It is found out that the efficiency of the quality of students' foreign languages teaching substantially depends on facilities of the combined studies on software. Therefore, at the choice of facilities of distance courses creation and network elec-tronic studies organization in higher educational establishments of Poland, the following criteria are followed by the tutors: functionality, reliability, stability, presence of facilities of educational materials development, presence of possibility to estimate students' knowledge in online mode (facilities for the creation of tests, tasks and control of students' activity). Furthermore, one of the essential criteria is the comfort of applying essential parameters at solving the task of students' language competence forming. Key words: foreign languages teaching, quality assurance, higher educational establishments, Poland. &nbsp, У статті охарактеризовано особливості забезпечення якості викладан-ня іноземних мов студентам у польських вищих навчальних закладах. Пред-ставлено моделі навчання та різновиди курсів викладання іноземних мов, що використовуються в сучасному освітньому середовищі Польщі. Виокремлено три основні компоненти моделі викладання іноземних мов, яка використовує-ться в сучасному польському вищому навчальному середовищі, а саме: навчання в аудиторії, самостійна робота студента та спільне вивчення мови студента з викладачем за допомогою дистанційних засобів навчання. Результати досліджень показали, що вищі навчальні заклади Польщі мають організаційну та технічну підтримку мовних курсів, що супроводжує-ться використанням відповідних методів та засобів дистанційного навчання. Викладачі, які навчають студентів іноземним мовам, повинні бути ознайом-лені з віртуальним середовищем навчання та новітніми можливостями роботи зі студентами на базових електронних освітніх платформах. Розкрито, що для забезпечення якості викладання іноземних мов викла-дачі вищих навчальних закладів Польщі здійснюють комплексний підхід до орга-нізації навчального матеріалу та послідовності роботи з ним. Крім цього, виконується поєднання навчальної та розвиваючої функцій навчання, а також забезпечується доступність мовної бази рівню знань студентів, активності та самостійності їх навчально-пізнавальної діяльності. З’ясовано, що ефективність якості викладання іноземних мов студен-там істотно залежить від можливостей комбінованого вивчення програмного забезпечення. При виборі засобів створення дистанційних курсів та організації мережевих електронних навчальних засобів у вищих навчальних закладах Польщі викладачі дотримуються таких критеріїв: функціональність, надій-ність, стабільність, наявність засобів розробки навчальних матеріалів, наяв-ність можливості оцінити знання студентів в он-лайн режимі (засоби для створення тестів, завдань та контролю діяльності студентів). Одним із важ-ливих критеріїв є комфортність застосування– важливий параметр при вирі-шенні завдання формування іншомовної компетентності студентів. Ключові слова: викладання іноземних мов, якість навчання, вищі навчальні заклади, Польща.

This study examines when firms offer higher product quality. We measure product quality by examining four different inflight amenities provided by airlines: Wi-Fi, seat size, entertainment, and seat power. Using daily flight level data for over 800 routes and spanning nine weeks in third quarter of 2015 we observe that carriers were actively retrofitting aircraft to expand their inflight amenity offerings. We find significantly lower product quality (Wi-Fi, entertainment, and power) on more concentrated routes. While considerable research has been done on airline pricing, less well known is how airlines pursue other revenue streams from ancillary services. Recent work by Brueckner et al. (2015) explores the role of baggage fees in airline pricing. We examine additional revenue streams provided by Wi-Fi and entertainment inflight amenities. We find that carriers are lowering the posted base ticket prices on routes with Wi-Fi and entertainment and then charging passengers for using these amenities. The IV price estimates reveal that magnitude of the posted fare reduction is larger than the additional revenue generated from the inflight amenity.

Poor-quality remains a pervasive challenge for the delivery of large-scale transport infrastructure projects. Typically, it manifests as nonconformance and often requires rework. If, however, a nonconformance goes unidentified, then an asset's integrity can be jeopardized and put people's lives at risk. Hence, governments should shoulder the responsibility for quality. In practice, however, there has been a proclivity for governments to place fixed-price contracts and high-level quality risks on contractors. Yet, there is a dearth of research that has addressed the issue of poor-quality within large-scale transport infrastructure projects. In this article, we attempt to fill this gap and adopt an illustrative case-study approach to garner an understanding as to why poor-quality manifests during the construction of large-scale transport projects. We examine the issue of poor-quality in three high-profile rail transit projects using the gray literature: 1) Delhi Airport Metro Express (India); 2) Honolulu Rail Transit (United States); and 3) Sydney Skytrain (Australia). Then, drawing on empirical observations from two road projects, a highway corridor and a busway, we bring to the fore the poor-quality issue that pervades practice. To curb poor-quality, we suggest that the public and private sectors work collaboratively and share risks to ensure the benefits and value of an asset can be realized. To facilitate the process of collaboration and sharing of quality risks, we propose a Standard Life-cycle Quality Assessment system that can be used to ensure projects conform to standards and requirements.

Contact with beneficiaries has been described as an important job characteristic for shaping perceptions about the meaning of work; however, little is known about the role of negative beneficiary c...

Early contractor involvement involves engaging contractors to work with the client’s design team during the pre-construction stage before agreeing on a construction stage contract. Despite the growing use of two-stage contracting, there is a lack of research into the forms of pre-construction service agreements and their effectiveness. This study aims to evaluate the optimal contract ingredients for a pre-construction stage agreement that can be used with a range of standard-form construction contracts based on industry preferences. Four agreements are critically evaluated: those of the Joint Contracts Tribunal and NEC3 and two bespoke agreements. Key ingredients were found to include scope of services, time obligations, design obligations, key personnel, price formation, confidentiality of material and communication and co-operation. Industry preferences were obtained through semi-structured interviews with 21 construction participants across New Zealand.

This study aims to research Luwu's oral literary work on the character of the story based on the Levi-Strauss analysis model. "Saliwu, Pahlawan Suku Padoe" is one of the literary works of the Luwu community which is full of values and concepts of life, delivered orally, and passed down from generation to generation to speakers. This story tells about a great king's who struggle with high self-esteem against the oppression of other ethnic group who wished to dominate and colonize their region. In addition, the story can be a source of advice and learning for posterity for the provision of the coming day so that it does not get lost. This story also intends to introduce a character who is described as a great hero and highly respected. He is willing to be held captive and die in exile rather than betraying his people who uphold custom. The theory used is Levi-Strauss with descriptive analysis method. The results found indicate that there is structured relationship between elements in the story and social conditions in the community.

This paper studies lockdown policy in a dynamic economy without government commitment. Lockdown imposes a cap on labor supply, which improves health prospects at the cost of economic output and consumption. A government would like to commit to the extent of future lockdowns in order to guarantee an economic outlook that supports efficient levels of investment into intermediate inputs. However, such a commitment is not credible, since investments are sunk at the time when the government chooses a lockdown. As a result, lockdown under lack of commitment deviates from the optimal policy. Rules that limit a government's lockdown discretion can improve social welfare, even in the presence of noncontractible information. Quantitatively, lack of commitment causes lockdown to be significantly more severe than is socially optimal. The output and consumption loss due to lack of commitment is greater for higher intermediate input shares, higher discount rates, higher values of life, higher disease transmission rates at and outside of work, and longer vaccine arrival times.

The increased availability of quantitative historical datasets has provided new research opportunities for multiple disciplines in social science. In this article, we work closely with the constructors of a new dataset, CGED-Q (China Government Employee Database-Qing), that records the career trajectories of over 340,000 government officials in the Qing bureaucracy in China from 1760 to 1912. We use these data to study career mobility from a historical perspective and understand social mobility and inequality. However, existing statistical approaches are inadequate for analyzing career mobility in this historical dataset with its fine-grained attributes and long time span, since they are mostly hypothesis-driven and require substantial effort. We propose CareerLens, an interactive visual analytics system for assisting experts in exploring, understanding, and reasoning from historical career data. With CareerLens, experts examine mobility patterns in three levels-of-detail, namely, the macro-level providing a summary of overall mobility, the meso-level extracting latent group mobility patterns, and the micro-level revealing social relationships of individuals. We demonstrate the effectiveness and usability of CareerLens through two case studies and receive encouraging feedback from follow-up interviews with domain experts.

On the Ground • Researchers have studied human dimensions of rangelands since the earliest days of US rangeland science, usually focusing only on white, male, English-speaking ranch owners. • To address questions of rural prosperity and collaborative management, social scientists and the Long-Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) Network must turn their attention to the perspectives, practices, and experiences of indigenous, non-Anglo, female, and “new rural” rangeland stakeholders as well. • Social science researchers can learn from scholars in related fields whose work is less often consulted in rangeland science, including those working internationally with pastoral communities and in the United States with rural youth. • Understanding these communities is likely to require broadening our conceptions of what constitutes “knowledge,” with a greater focus on seeking just outcomes for the full range of people who depend upon rangelands and rangeland communities for their lives and livelihoods.

Today's turbulent environment, with fast and unpredictable technological changes, requires employees to increasingly act ambidextrously, i.e., to simultaneously incorporate exploitative and explorative tasks in their work roles. To improve our understanding of how to foster individual ambidexterity in technologically turbulent environments, we draw on organizational management theories by arguing (1) that perceived technological turbulence directly affects individual ambidexterity in a positive way and (2) that organizations can strengthen this effect by providing employees with internal stability in these times of external changes through high degrees of formalization. Using data collected in a three-wave online survey of 739 German employees, this study demonstrates that employees who perceive high degrees of technological turbulence in their organization's environment show high degrees of ambidexterity in their work. In addition, we show that formalization in the form of written rules, procedures, and instructions positively moderates this relationship so that employees' ambidexterity is highest when both perceptions of technological turbulence and formalization are high. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for the ambidexterity literature, for future research and managerial practice.

Managing risk effectively is essential for a business to be successful, and thus understanding risk is vital for business executives. Effective risk management increases firm value, whereas poor risk management will damage shareholder wealth. In this article, we examine the risk literacy of business executives and find significant variation among the leaders we sample. Our findings suggest that business executives would be well served to evaluate their own risk literacy (and remediate, if necessary), to work to increase risk literacy in the company’s employees, and to include risk literacy as an important and routine part of the firm’s overall culture. Because the importance of risk literacy increases with business complexity, we believe that risk literacy will only become more important in the future.

OBJECTIVE Community-engaged research (CEnR) is an approach to inquiry that centers scientist-community partnerships characterized by mutuality and reciprocity, and is well-aligned with trauma-informed principles, such as trustworthiness, transparency, and fostering empowerment. METHOD The current paper considers definitions and applications of CEnR, highlighting examples from the trauma literature, from the formulation of research questions to the dissemination of research findings. CONCLUSION To realize CEnR's promise to contribute to innovation, scientific understanding, and increased impact in the trauma field will require a shift in training and institutions. Fortunately, a growing interest in advocacy, public psychology, and diversity, equity, and inclusion presents an opportunity for synergy. Practical guidance is offered for supporting CEnR by preparing students, investing in faculty, and building infrastructure. Clinical Impact Statement: Community-engaged research (CEnR) focuses on equitable scientist-community partnerships in research, and shares principles with trauma-informed work. By prioritizing community collaboration, CEnR has the potential to lead to innovation, scientific understanding, and increased impact in the trauma field. For example, CEnR approaches emphasize dissemination to public audiences, which could help educate the public and policymakers about trauma and its impact. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Previous work has demonstrated that structural forms of empowerment tend to enhance individual and team resilience. However, there is hardly any knowledge about how structural empowerment affects organizational resilience. Moreover, a widespread (though largely untested) assumption is that, in adverse times, power and authority need to be centralized at the top to enhance organizational resilience. This paper explores the effects of empowerment on organizational resilience in an in-depth case study of a Dutch home care organization, in which employees are structurally empowered. The findings from this case study suggest that structural empowerment positively affects organizational resilience, but that this effect is contingent upon a climate of psychological safety as well as top management’s sustained commitment to structural empowerment. We move beyond the extant conceptualization of psychological safety by demonstrating its inter-level nature in the context of structural empowerment, which operates across organizational levels when employees also engage in discussions on tactical and strategic issues. Overall, this study provides an in-depth understanding of how organizations can enhance their resilience by empowering their members, thus also challenging the common wisdom about centralizing power in adverse times.

DevOps is becoming a main competency required by the software industry. However, academic institutions have been slow to provide DevOps training in software engineering (SE) curricula. One reason for this is the fact that problems addressed by DevOps may be hard to understand to students who have not previously worked in the industry or on projects of meaningful size and complexity. This paper shows an experience that integrates DevOps in SE curricula through research-based teaching (RBT). We aim to expose students to the problems that have led companies to adopt DevOps by researching and analyzing real cases of companies, thereby placing students at the center of learning. The contribution of this work is to innovate the application of RBT in software engineering by using (i) qualitative analysis, specifically coding techniques, to discover knowledge and (ii) inter-coder agreement (ICA), specifically Krippendorffs coefficients, to measure the extent of students' learning. These techniques allow teachers to determine whether students' learning in the subject is homogeneous and to analyze disagreements among students during their analysis. This approach provides teachers with new tools (Krippendorff's coefficients) to identify those concepts that are less understood by students and to evaluate whether improvements in the research instruments (e.g., the codebook used in the qualitative analysis) also generate improvements in the students' agreement. This RBT experience shows evidence that can be used to assess whether a similar experience and the use of ICA could be applied in similar learning contexts with similar research contexts.

Recent cyber-physical attacks, such as Stuxnet, Triton etc., have invoked an ominous realization about the vulnerability of critical infrastructure, including water, power and gas distribution systems. Traditional IT security-biased protection methods that focus on improving cyber hygiene are largely impotent in the face of targeted attacks by advanced cyber-adversaries. Thus, there is an urgent need to analyze the safety and security of critical infrastructure in a holistic fashion, leveraging the physics of the cyber-physical system. System-Theoretic Accident Model & Processes (STAMP) offers a powerful framework to analyze complex systems; hitherto, STAMP has been used extensively to perform safety analyses but an integrated safety and cybersecurity analysis of industrial control systems (ICS) has not been published. This paper uses the electrical generation and distribution system of an archetypal industrial facility to demonstrate the application of a STAMP-based method called Cybersafety to identify and mitigate cyber- vulnerabilities in ICS. The key contribution of this work is to differentiate the additional steps required to perform a holistic cybersecurity analysis for an ICS of significant size and complexity and to present the analysis in a structured format that can be emulated for larger systems with many interdependent subsystems.

Over the last few decades, the authenticity and confidence of scientific work from around the world has been systematically corrupted by predatory journals and their affiliated publication houses. These journals predominantly prey on both aspiring and established academics and researchers from around the world, but primarily on individuals from developing countries, by aggressively soliciting manuscripts for a nominal publication fee without providing a robust editorial service or peer review system and ultimately promising fast track publication in a few days to weeks. Such journals may also diminish the opportunity for authors in developing countries from getting their original work published in legitimate journals. A majority of the work published in these pseudo journals aside from being incorrect and mundane, provide no advancement to science. But more importantly, the negative impact of these journals can have direct implications on patient health care and research.

Integrating strategic human resource (HR) management research with the componential theory of creativity, we investigate the influence of a strategically anchored set of HR practices on employees’ idea generation, promotion, and realization (i.e., innovative work behaviors (IWBs). Specifically, we argue that perceived collaboration-based HR systems rated by employees facilitate IWBs through promoting information exchange. We take a multilevel approach and further propose that the strength of a collaboration-based HR system at the unit-level (i.e., shared employee perceptions) moderates the relationship between employee perceptions of such systems and information exchange. We propose that this relation will be stronger in units with greater levels of collaboration-based HR system strength. We test our model by collecting data at two different time points from 204 employees in 50 departments working at seven manufacturing organizations in Turkey. Results from multilevel and structural equation modeling support all hypotheses and point to the theoretical importance of taking into account idiosyncratic and collective perceptions of HR systems simultaneously. Practical implications that follow from our results suggest intentionally designing, implementing, and regularly communicating collaboration-based HR practices to facilitate IWBs.

Existing research has implied conflicting views on whether individuals with a calling orientation toward work (seeing work as personally fulfilling and contributing to a better world) enjoy more fa...

Research has shown that most ventures fail, yet there has been limited work on investors’ views of entrepreneurs who have failed in the past. We address this gap and call attention to an innate asymmetry between past failure and success. This asymmetry arises because success requires skill and luck jointly, whereas failure materializes due to either lack of skill (mistakes) or bad luck (misfortune). We ask: Are investors “failure-averse” and discount a failed entrepreneur even in the presence of additional information about entrepreneurial skill? Or do they make “rational inferences” in light of the additional skill information and proceed to fund the new startup? To test whether investors are failure-averse or engage in rational inference, we use experiments in the context of equity crowdfunding. The results suggest that prospective crowdfunding investors rationally integrate informational cues regarding past outcomes and entrepreneurial skill.

The input of low-quality feedstocks triggers the interdependence between workpiece quality and machine reliability, which will further adversely impact the performance of manufacturing systems. Considering the interconnected manufacturing system structures, our primary goal is to provide an effective method to compute the performance of networked manufacturing systems suffering from machine and low-quality feedstock interdependence. The strength of our work firstly lies in the model for the compound degradation process of machines and dissemination of low-quality feedstocks, which enables us to construct a response chain to model the interdependence between machines and feedstocks in the manufacturing network. Then, the second strength is the effective algorithm for the computation of route connectivity and quality loss of a manufacturing network based on the interdependence model. A computational experiment shows our models and algorithm can work well for evaluating the operational performance of manufacturing networks.

The Hearst Health Prize is the first national annual award for excellence in population health. The prize was established "to discover, support, and showcase the work of an individual, group, organization, or institution that has successfully implemented a population health program or intervention that has made a measurable difference" in health outcomes. Now, 5 years since the award's inception, this article reflects on how submissions for the prize collectively mirror - and may even predict - changes within the field of population health. It examines how the most successful programs demonstrated genuine, measurable improvements in health outcomes and/or health behaviors. In exploring the work of these outstanding programs, the aim of this article is to help disseminate best practices, advance the mission of the prize, and inspire improvements in population health practices.

The fast development of information and communication technologies has engendered a massive generation of mobile data with great potential for extracting mobility patterns and sensing urban dynamics. The data, itself, has unique characteristics depending on the technology and the network coverage design for different zones (urban-rural). Therefore, many research directions investigated the potential of such data to extract some important features of traffic information, such as travel time estimation, traffic flow, etc. From this perspective, our paper focuses on highlighting the advancements done during the last twenty years concerning the usage of mobile phone network data to estimate vehicles' travel time in different geographical conditions. Furthermore, it discusses and covers the existing literature methods and the challenges they face due to the nature of the data, its quality, and its complexity. Finally, we reveal the main trends and directions for future work.

Interventions in remote, rural settings face high transaction costs. We develop a model of household decision-making to evaluate how non-governmental organizations (NGOs) address these implementation-related challenges and influence intervention effectiveness. To test our model’s predictions, we create a sample of observationally similar Indian villages that differ in their prior engagement with a local development NGO. In partnership with this NGO, we then stratify a randomized technology promotion intervention on this institutional variable. We uncover a large, positive, and statistically significant ‘NGO effect’: prior engagement with the NGO increases the effectiveness of our intervention by at least 30 per cent. Our results have implications for the generalizability of experimental research conducted jointly with NGOs. In particular, attempts to scale-up findings from such work may prove less successful than anticipated if the role of NGOs is insufficiently understood. Alternatively, policy makers looking to scale-up could achieve greater success by enlisting trusted local partners.

Background Identifying common factors that influence job satisfaction for midwives working in diverse work settings is challenging. Applying a work design model developed in organisational behaviour to the midwifery context may help identify key antecedents of midwives job satisfaction. Aim To investigate three job characteristics – decision-making autonomy, empowerment, and professional recognition as antecedents of job satisfaction in New Zealand (NZ) midwives. Methods Latent multiple regressions were performed on data from Lead Maternity Carer (LMC) midwives n = 327, employed midwives n = 255, and midwives working in ‘mixed-roles’ n = 123. Findings We found that professional recognition is positively linked to job satisfaction for midwives in all three work settings. At the same time, decision-making autonomy and empowerment were shown to influence job satisfaction for midwives working as LMCs only. Discussion Our main finding suggests that the esteem generated from being acknowledged as an expert and valuable contributor by maternity health colleagues is satisfying across all work contexts. Professional recognition encompasses the social dimension of midwifery work and influences midwives job satisfaction. Decision-making autonomy and empowerment are task and relational job characteristics that may not be similarly experienced by all midwives to noticeably influence job satisfaction. Conclusion Given that job satisfaction contributes to recruitment, retention, and sustainability, our findings show that drivers of job satisfaction differ by midwifery work context. We present evidence to support tailored efforts to bolster midwives job satisfaction, especially where resources are limited.

This paper seeks to examine some of the perceptions and attitudes developed by Muslims in relation to the social conflict of Maluku. This paper argues that there were no single views among Muslims with regard to the conflict. Some Muslim hard-liners in general have demonstrated hostile perceptions and confrontational attitudes toward their perceived enemy. They constructed the conflict as a “religious war,” and demanded that the Indonesian Council of Religious Scholars (MUI) issue a fatwa that would allow Muslims outside Maluku to fight against the enemy in Maluku. The Muslim moderates, on the other hand, tended to avoid religious vocabularies, while attempting to work out peaceful solutions. The semi-official MUI, Nahdlatul Ulama, and Muhammadiyyah perceived the conflict as not religiously driven; they viewed the conflict in a more sophisticated way. They saw no need to wage a religious war and no need to issue a fatwa for a national jihad.

The impacts of human trafficking are currently high across the world albeit different policies are designed to combat it. Yet, governments are not working hard practically and jointly as they write strategies and programs on the paper to reduce the impacts of women trafficking. Even though men are victims of human trafficking, scholars agree that women are the most vulnerable to human trafficking. This study describes the socio-economic impacts of human trafficking among the west Asia returnee young women in Ethiopia by taking Oromia Region’s West Shewa zone as a case study. The study used the mixed-method approach. A descriptive case study research design was applied for a detailed description of the socio-economic impacts of human trafficking among west Asia returnee young women. Feminism theory was employed to scrutinize the oppression of young women. The finding reveals that human trafficking caused the divorce of marriage and exposed children to the street because of unwise savings and disagreement of spouses; psychological and physical threats of young women on the way to work, at the workplace and after return; wastage of income as a result of saving money in the wrong place; economic crisis because young women had to pay back the loan to brokers – traffickers – and could not repay the money for lenders; and school dropout. From the finding, it is concluded that although young women exposed to human trafficking by the vision of having their job in the future and the income they could generate in West Asia. They had a dream to improve their lives, they could not realize their dream since they were unable to save the money thereby leading them to social and economic crises. Hence, it is recommended that issues of human trafficking should be incorporated into the school curriculum, at least at the elementary level, so that young women get better awareness about the negative consequences of human trafficking and abstain from traffickers. It is also recommended that young women who work abroad legally should open their formal bank account to save their wages to escape social and economic crises when they return.&nbsp

Can a society as deeply divided as South Africa become democratic? In this work, the author points to the conditions that make democracy an improbably outcome in South Africa. At the same time, he identifies ways to overcome these obstacles and he describes institutions that offer constitution-makers the best chance for a democratic future. The author also wrote "Ethnic Groups in Conflict".

This chapter provides a theoretical framework for working to mitigate the effects of a pupil’s death on other pupils and teachers, and describes how such help can be given in practice. Two cases are discussed, one involving the murder of a schoolboy, the other the accidental death of a teenage girl in school. They illustrate the usefulness of combining bereavement work with systemic thinking in developing treatment for members of schools. Issues of assessment and intervention are described using a systemic framework, which allows boundaries to be established while analysing and working with subsystems.

Workers in Indonesia now really need a social security for themselves, because with the social security received by them makes them more focused in carrying out their duties to completion. The existence of social security provided will increase the welfare of the workforce itself and have a good impact on the survival of their families in the future if one day there is an accident of work from these workers when they carry out their duties the family can enjoy financial assistance from the government through social security. This study uses qualitative methods, namely research procedures that produce descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from people or observable behavior. This method also comes from actions that are used as an understanding based on phenomena that occur in society, especially workers. In giving effect to the workers, BPJS Ketenagakerjaan has functions for workers, namely: Organizing work accident insurance programs, Organizing death insurance programs, Conducting old age insurance programs, Organizing pension insurance programs. The conclusion of this research is that there are still many companies that do not give rights to their workforce, that is, they do not take care of BJPS Ketenagakerjaan, which is a matter that must be obtained by each workforce. And the lack of awareness of the workforce about the benefits of BPJS Ketenagakerjaan for them in the event of a work accident.

With the rise of digital platforms, individuals’ possibilities to generate income have increased drastically. In this context, we present digital content creation as a form of (digital) entrepreneurship that is characterized by potentially high but also uncertain revenues. As the cost structure of content creation mostly depends on opportunity costs, it stands in contrast to other popular platform-work options. We demonstrate how a stark and unexpected reduction in opportunity costs affects the actual decision to produce digital content. Exploiting the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, we measure how individuals (streamers) who operate on a live streaming platform, respond to a sudden change in external factors while accounting for individual differences in initial conditions. We observe intensified efforts across the spectrum of streamers and find particularly strong reactions from newcomer streamers. We further show that only the most successful newcomers sustain their increased efforts even when opportunity costs start to rise again. Our results are consistent with the initial assumption that an individual’s decision on taking up or intensifying entrepreneurial efforts on digital platforms is strongly affected by their opportunity costs. The results further imply that there is a large potential in individuals who might be willing to become entrepreneurs but are restricted by external conditions. As platform-based digital entrepreneurship offers high flexibility and very low entry barriers, measures for lowering opportunity costs could therefore help to unleash this potential. To maintain a steady influx of new talents, content platforms should increase their support for smaller creators and policymakers should provide easily accessible platforms to ease the way into entrepreneurship for these individuals.

Creativity is an essential aspect of what it means to be human. We can choose to express this creativity in works of the imagination, such as writing poetry, composing music or painting pictures, but we can also express ourselves in other forms of activity which are perhaps less esoteric, however still imaginative, such as building bridges, making furniture, constructing railway engines, landscaping gardens, and so on. Work then is essential to human existence; it provides outlets for our cre...

Organizations have recognized that effective informal leadership is a source of competitive advantage and invest heavily in leadership development efforts. Moreover, because of historical shifts in the nature of work, this informal leadership often takes the form of inter-unit boundary spanning. Because of these two developments, discretionary boundary spanning (DBS) between units has increasingly become a critical, dynamic, bottom-up activity where individuals lacking formal authority step up and take on informal leadership responsibilities. In this study, we draw upon Simmelian Tie Theory (STT) to examine the relationship between different types of DBS and formal leaders' perceptions of a subordinate's informal leadership and performance. We empirically document that a small number of closed task-oriented and closed friendship-oriented DBSs are instrumental in helping individuals demonstrate informal leadership. However, we also show that DBS places constraints on informal leadership when closed ties become too numerous. This results in an inverted-U relationship between the number of closed DBS ties and perceptions of leadership where the apex (i.e., point of over-embeddedness) emerges at a smaller number for friendship-oriented DBS relative to the apex for task-oriented DBSs. We discuss the theoretical implications of these results, as well as the practical implications for managers of organizations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Despite a serious need for sustainable alternative water supplies in many parts of the world, public opposition remains a barrier to implementing solutions such as safe wastewater recycling schemes. Here, we compared two strategies to increase acceptance of recycled water: default nudges and informing choices. Experiment 1 (N = 81) showed that defaults increased acceptance of recycled water. Experiment 2 (N = 142) replicated the effect but also indicated that weak educational interventions (simple infographics) interacted with confidence, such that those who switched from the default option had measurably higher confidence in their choice when given the infographic. Experiment 3 (N = 146) suggested that in a college undergraduate sample, strong educational interventions (educational videos) eliminated the effect of nudges on recycled water acceptance, increased acceptance, increased knowledge of recycled water, and also interacted with confidence in the same way observed in Experiment 2. Experiment 4 (N = 271) showed that strong educational interventions can also increase recycled water acceptance in an MTurk sample. Since both education and defaults may be effective, we suggest that future work would benefit from cost-benefit analyses between strategies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery is unique specialty requiring dual qualification in medicine and dentistry. Since the inception of national recruitment a decade ago, only 70% of available posts have been filled. In a 2019 round, this was a worrying 30%. Questionnaires were sent to trainees at various levels via the Facebook JTG and Registrar groups. Data were collected on debt experience, and awareness of and access to financial assistance. We received 66 responses. The most important sources of funding were NHS work (46%), followed by student finance (25%). Of those surveyed, 79% were ‘concerned’ or ‘very concerned’ about debt. Respondents were interested in receiving more information on a range of sources of funding, such as non-NHS bursaries (81%), NHS bursaries (59%) and NHS work in OMFS (56%). Respondents identified the financial impact (44%), and the effect of personal and family life (41%) as the two biggest drawbacks to second-degree studies. In view of the persistent recruitment issues at the ST3 level in OMFS, it is important to address concerns surrounding second-degree study. Awareness of available support must be raised in order to safeguard the future of our specialty in its current format.

Prevailing wisdom paints the impostor phenomenon as detrimental. In this work, I seek to rebalance the existing conversation around this phenomenon by highlighting that it may also have interperson...

This article examines how state prekindergarten (PreK) leaders in the United States believe their gender, race, and the status of the field influenced their work experiences. Qualitative methods were used to collect data from 10 state PreK leaders through two semistructured interviews. Leaders worked in different states and the majority identified as female (80%) and White/non-Hispanic (60%). Analysis of the data revealed the status of PreK and the ECE field as “less than” in comparison with the kindergarten through twelfth grade (K–12) education system affected the work of all participating PreK leaders. White female leaders experienced a double bind due to their gender and the status of the field, leading them to conform to gender and social role stereotypes to avoid backlash. BIPOC PreK leaders experienced various instances of gendered racism and for one female BIPOC leader this resulted in a triple bind, as the intersections of the field’s status and her race and gender presented additional challenges. While leaders tried to navigate these different binds successfully, there were unintentional consequences: Male leaders enjoyed privilege that further marginalized female PreK leaders; White female leaders’ decisions to conform with stereotypes reinforced the status of ECE; and a BIPOC female leader replicated challenges for BIPOC individuals in an effort to protect herself. For the ECE field to advance its equity goals and increase its professional standing, state ECE leaders need specific training to address their implicit biases, strengthen their own professional ECE identities, and advocate for a unified ECE profession across auspices.

Surgical activity has a substantial impact in all areas of hospitals. Additionally, social concerns arise related to equity and speed of access. Therefore, operating room management is paramount in modern society. This work studies the master surgery scheduling problem which is the problem of assigning surgical specialties to operating room blocks, which represent a shift of an operating room. For a master surgery schedule to be applicable in practice, multiple considerations must be taken into account. The particular focus of this work is in the integration of downstream units (i.e., wards or the ICU). Although, in a tactical planning scenario, operational bed requirements are unknown, these may be estimated based on historical data. We propose a novel stochastic programming model that captures the uncertainty in the bed requirements, with a recourse function that penalizes the overutilization of beds. A solution approach based on Benders decomposition is developed and results for generated instances mimicking real-life data are presented.

This article aims to investigate the impact of training perception on work engagement. In addition, self-efficacy and organisational based self-esteem are hypothesised as mediators of the above relationship. Data were collected from employees in Vietnam using a self-administered questionnaire survey. Path analyses with Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) were used to verify the proposed relationships. The results show that both perceived training benefits and transfer of training significantly and positively influence work engagement. In addition, organisational based self-esteem partially mediates the impact of perceived training benefit on work engagement. Self-efficacy mediates a portion of the effects of the transfer of training on work engagement. The results add to the existing literature on the determinants of work engagement and on the consequences of the transfer of training. The findings also provide insight into the conditions for effective training in organisations. Implications for Central European audience: Developing an engaged workforce is a vital task to all organisations. However, data showed that the work engagement level in Europe is low, especially in Central Europe. The results of the study provide insight into the determinants of employee engagement at work. In addition, like Vietnam, most countries in Central Europe have been in transition from former central-command systems to market economies. The application of contemporary Western human resource practices needs special consideration to ensure its effectiveness. The current study may supply some empirical implications for both academics and practitioners.