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There is a little understanding of how apex carnivores partition their diet to coexist. We studied food habit and trophic niche overlap of two apex carnivores, tiger and leopard in the tropical forest of Similipal tiger reserve, eastern India. We used line transect and scat analysis method, to estimate the prey availability and determine the diet and prey selection of two apex carnivores. Tigers consumed mostly large and medium-sized prey, whereas leopards mostly consumed medium and small-sized prey. Both carnivores were not random in their consumption of prey, sambar and wild pigs were selectively consumed by tigers, whereas leopards selectively consumed wild pigs, barking deer and mouse deer. Dietary overlap between two carnivore species was moderate (Pianka's niche overlap index: 0.55), and trophic niche breadth (Levin's standardized niche breadth) of the leopard (0.52) was greater than that of the tiger (0.37). Overall, tigers exhibited specialized feeding habits, whereas leopards showed generalist feeding habits. Our study highlights the opportunistic nature of leopards and probably a reason for the species successfully coexist with tigers.

Individual personalities affect animal experiences of zoo environments, impact on an animal’s coping ability and have potential implications for welfare. Keeper assessments have been identified as a quick and reliable way of capturing data on personality in a range of species and have practical application in improving animal welfare on an individual level. Despite widespread recognition of the importance of animal personality within a zoo environment, there is a paucity of research into tiger personality and the potential impact of this on tiger experiences within zoos. This research investigated the personality of 34 tigers (19 Amur and 15 Sumatran) across 14 facilities in the UK using keeper ratings and identified changes keepers made in animal husbandry to support tiger welfare. Reliability across keepers (n = 49) was established for nine adjectives and a principal component analysis identified three personality components: ‘anxious’, ‘quiet’ and ‘sociable’. When subspecies were combined, there was no relationship between tiger scores on the personality components and age or sex of tigers (p > 0.05). Subspecies of tiger was not related to scores on the ‘quiet’ or ‘sociable’ components (p > 0.05). Sumatran tigers scored more highly than Amur tigers on the ‘anxious’ component (mean ± SD, Sumatran: 3.0 ± 1.7, Amur: 1.8 ± 0.6, p < 0.05). Analysis within subspecies found that male Amur tigers were more sociable than females (mean ± SD, males: 5.5 ± 0.707; females: 4.15 ± 0.55). Amur tiger age was also negatively correlated with scores on the sociable personality component (R = −0.742, p < 0.05). No significant differences were seen in Sumatran tigers. Keepers reported a number of changes to husbandry routines based on their perceptions of their tigers’ personality/needs. However, there was no significant relationship between these changes and tiger personality scores (p > 0.05). Despite significant evolutionary differences between Amur and Sumatran tigers, there are no subspecies specific guidelines for zoo tigers. This research has highlighted the potential for these two subspecies to display personality differences and we advocate further research into this area. Specifically, we highlight a need to validate the relationship between tiger personality, management protocols and behavioural and physiological metrics of welfare. This will enable a fuller understanding of the impact of personality on zoo tiger experiences and will enable identification of evidence-based best practice guidelines.

Cave 254 of the Mogao Grottoes is one of the most representative grottoes from the Northern Wei Dynasty. The painting of “Laying Down Oneself to Feed the Tiger” on the south wall of the grotto has high artistic value. With changing dynasties and the development of time, the original appearance of the painting has changed. In particular, the color of the whole cave has undergone a subversive change, resulting in many misunderstandings. In this article, the composition, colors, and lines of the painting, “Laying Down Oneself to Feed the Tiger,” are discussed in view of the current situation of the cave, and the work is approached from the perspective of painting. The concept of different times of the same painting, its precise and unique layout, as well as development peak of “Laying Down Oneself to Feed the Tiger” are expounded. In this article, the unique artistic level of this mural in the Northern Dynasty is demonstrated along with its importance for present paintings.

Human–wildlife conflict has been documented to impact some communities heterogeneously, particularly along gender lines (e.g., women experiencing inequitably increased workloads and economic hardship, and decreased physical safety and psychological wellbeing), leading to different attitudes towards wildlife. Despite possible gendered discrepancies, women’s perceptions of conservation management are often insufficiently explored, leading to incomplete understandings of conservation dynamics, and unjust conservation policies. In an effort to investigate if and how perceptions of tiger reintroductions are disparate, we conducted focus group discussions with women and men living in and around Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan, India. Results demonstrate clear gendered delineations in perceptions, where male participants predominantly focused on economic and ecological benefits, and female participants highlighted threats to personal safety and hidden costs (e.g., potential abuse, dowry concerns). This research underscores the importance of documenting and understanding gendered perceptions of carnivores to achieve the broad community support necessary for successful reintroduction efforts worldwide. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01649-0.

We consider the extent that elementary preservice teachers enrolled in a social studies methods course expressed empathy for story characters when solving the story’s emotionally ladened problem. We believe that the manner by which these students resolved one character’s dilemma informs about the nature of their own emotions. Participants read Frank Stockton’s story, “The Lady and the Tiger” toward the beginning and at the conclusion of the semester. The data represented all student responses to the prompt, “Read the short story at the following link. To what door do you think the princess directed the accused? What is the reason for your choice?” Forty-two students completed both reflections of the reading. The analysis found that in their initial reflections, a solid majority of students selected the tiger. At the end of the course, this percentage decreased to a smaller majority. Analysis of the six students who changed their perspectives of the princess’s decision found that five referenced course experiences in their explaining the reason for change. This paper fills a gap in social studies research about emotions and decision-making. Additional research needs to interpret the specific nature of these emotions and the conditions that influence them.

Inspiring visitors to engage in conservation-related behaviour following a zoo visit is a primary objective for most zoos. Animal–visitor interactive (AVI) experiences are often central to this goal. Yet, these interactive experiences are insufficiently evaluated from both the visitors’ and captive animals’ perspectives. The current study took place at Fota Wildlife Park and involved the construction of an environmental enrichment device during an interactive visitor experience with Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae). It aimed to simultaneously encourage pro-conservation behaviour in visitors and promote animal welfare. Visitors (n = 51) completed a survey, observed the tigers’ behaviour and made a pledge to help tigers in the wild after completion of the AVI. Tiger behaviour was simultaneously observed by a trained researcher using occurrence or non-occurrence sampling, which found no indication that tiger welfare was compromised during the activity and was likely enhanced by engaging with the enrichment. Additionally, visitors observed a range of tigers’ behaviours. The results indicated that some visitors (8%) had continued with their pledge six weeks after the experience, and most visitors exhibited a high level of knowledge and a positive attitude towards tigers. The use of enrichment during AVIs may be a positive link between the visitor experience and animal welfare. These results can be used to guide AVIs in zoos which aim to connect people with nature and drive pro-conservation behaviour in visitors.

The White Tiger is an epistolary novel in seven parts with shocking fictional narrative. The protagonist Balram is an anti-hero, cleverly escapes from his crime; his innocence gone with the taste of fugitive life and become a criminal; boosted never to be catch by police. Balram’s journey starts from Laxmangarh to Delhi and to Bangalore. The writer presents a riveting tale of the realistic anti-hero Balram Halwai, who although born in the most humble surrounding, ambitions to rise above his predetermined fate to be born and die in “the darkness” and achieves it through his ruthless planning of the murder of his master Ashok. Balrams’ ascend represents subalterns’ progress in post colonial world; it is a protest that no bigotry any more is tolerable. He broke ‘the Rooster Coop’ and became The White Tiger. Balram’s acts are the product of age old resentment of marginalised generations; exhibit revenge therapy. This work advocates wild justice. This novel is well stuffed with paradox and irony.

Aravind Adiga’s 2008 Man Booker Prize-winning novel, The White Tiger has been hailed as a paradigmatic narrative of postcolonial wealth-formation in the 21st century, and as a novel that speaks to the “shining” India of globalization in its transformative moment of an emergent centrality on the global stage. I argue that The White Tiger, by using counter-intuitive epistemes, is also a transnational novel whose primary motive is to offer a trenchant critique of global neoliberalism, and its underlying epistemes of violence and inequality. Through the voice of its protagonist Balram Halwai, the novel, I claim, projects the 21st century postcolonial nation of India as Capital’s colony—a thriving and free “market”, if you will—whose well-being, in turn, is predicated on the phagocytizing of the human capital of the other India that is hidden from the gazes of those who admiringly gawk at “shining” India of Capital.

This article describes the Nanai shamanic set, combining two images—a dog and a tiger. The Nanai shamanic sculpture is viewed as a phenomenon reflecting both the subjective and the objective reality constructed by traditional cultural practices. Parallels with Siberian and Pacific cultures reveal the significance of the domestic animal and the wild predator for the people of the Lower Amur. Using folkloric and lexical data, findings of field studies, and ethnographic evidence, folk images of the dog and the tiger are reconstructed. Viewing the problem in the context of collective knowledge about the world reveals the archetypical and modified layers in the image’s construction. The idea of the dog, typical of all the peoples of Siberia and the Russian Far East, is that of a draft animal, assistant, sacrifice, and guide to the afterworld. Its image in the Nanai shamanic sculpture was meant to enhance the power of the spirit. It was often combined with the image of the tiger, personifying shaman’s power and the progenitors. The analysis of the terminology relating to the tiger attests to the Southeast Asian roots of its cult. The tiger semantics in the Nanai culture resulted from a blend of Tungus, Paleoasiatic, and Manchu (Chinese) elements. These images were used by shamans not only as assistants in “capturing” spirits and holding them in “detention”, but also as a means of communicating with the world of spirits.

This paper comprises the sociolinguistic concepts which are hidden in the Aravind Adiga’s novel White Tiger. And it will let us know how Aravind Adiga managed to reach his audience effortlessly. Aravind Adiga is a Man Booker Prize Winner of 2008, for his debut novel ‘White Tiger’. White Tiger is the story of a common man, who manages to attain tremendous success, later starts working as an Entrepreneur. The protagonist, Balram Halwai, narrates this novel, he sends letters to Premier of China, who will soon be visiting India. Moreover, this novel comprises of sociolinguistic elements such as the names are mostly of Indian origin, prestige feature. Aravind Adiga is being chosen as a writer to be tested on sociolinguistic grounds because there is an apt amount of sociolinguistic elements (code switching, high prestige, low prestige, etc.) in his novels. Aravind Adiga reaches the reader's heart, by using appropriate language in the manner his target audience can understand. This paper also verifies the sociolinguistic impact on Aravind Adiga, in the midst of this we realise the importance of sociolinguistic theories. Society and culture play a vital role in our language acquisition, and it shapes our respective roles in society. Ultimately, this can let us know how language variation occurs and impacts the users. Language is like a river, it changes its directions with time, place, communities, etc, and certain meanings avert or change slightly from the original meanings.

This article examines the political and economic dynamics of welfare markets in the USA. These marketplaces differ from other public–private welfare arrangements in that the state crafts and sustains these markets with the aim of using competition to promote cost-effective welfare provision. However, welfare markets face fundamental tensions between competition and stability that we trace to the allocation of risk between the state and private providers. Faced with the prospect of bearing potential losses, private firms often deploy instruments to reduce risk, lobby for risk protections from policymakers, or threaten to exit the market. The result is markets that are either non-competitive but stable, or competitive but unstable. In short, when policymakers create welfare markets they are riding a tiger, making themselves vulnerable to the functioning of markets over which they have imperfect control. We theorize and illustrate these dynamics through analyses of mortgage securitization, Medicare Advantage markets and the Obamacare health exchanges. This article contributes to the study of the US welfare state, speaks to the perils of marketized welfare in rich democracies and shows how market reforms can lead to unexpected state expansion.

Bhabani Bhattacharya’s ‘He Who Rides a Tiger’ is yet another novel of man’s epic struggle against the unjust social equations which are as old as the ancient vedic civilization. It is the story of a blacksmith, Kalo, living in a small town, Jharana, in Bengal, and his daughter, Chandra Lekha. It is set against the backdrop of a widespread famine of Bengal of 1943. Though ‘He Who Rides a Tiger’ and ‘So Many Hungers’ treat the theme of hunger, exploitation and debasement of man, ‘He Who Rides a Tiger’ is no rehash of the latter novel. It launches a scathing critisism on the evil of caste system which has been the bane of Indian society. Arguably the writer’s best novel, it touches the pulse of the irony of Indian social life. The Indian social realities are presented withincreasing bitterness within the perspective of the freedom movement. Its greatness as a piece of literature lies in its assertion of tremendous potentialities of the spiritual growth of man, and a thorough exposure of an imperfect social system. How to cite this article: Singh AK. Bhabani Bhattacharya Vs ‘He Who Rides A Tiger’. J Adv Res Eng & Edu 2020; 5(1): 16-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2456.4370.202003

State–business relations are considered the key to explaining long-term economic growth. However, the fact that there is neither an ideal nor convergent model of such relations requires us to explo...

International conservation presents a unique challenge for American conservation agencies, demanding unique policy tools. To encourage American citizens to support overseas conservation, the Fish and Wildlife Service, the United States Postal Service, and environmental non-governmental organizations collaborated to create the Save Vanishing Species Stamp, a semipostal stamp featuring a tiger. In doing this, these actors relied on the flagship species approach, wherein a charismatic species attracts attention and support for ecological protection. The “Tiger Stamp” has been on sale since 2011, but its effectiveness as a policy tool is uncertain. In this paper, we discuss the Tiger Stamp and analyze its effectiveness from several angles. The stamp’s impact on species conservation is uncertain and its sales have been lower than those of past semipostal stamps, but this should be understood in the context of nationwide decline in traditional postal activities and the hortatory effect of the stamp beyond its economic effects. We conclude that the stamp is, on balance, a valuable policy tool, and should be continued.

Studies on plantain chips fried with varietal stored tiger nut oil were studied. Three different tiger nut cultivars were sourced from Benue state and their oil extracted using hexane in an extractor. The stored oils were used to fry plantain chips after potatoes slicing and oil quality and stability analyzed. The moisture values of the chips from 0 week to week 12 for sample (A) ranged between 2.09-2.41 and 2.08-3.48 for samples (B) and (C) respectively .The thiobarbituric acid value from zero week - week12 for sample B O ranged between 0.19-0.21malon mg, sample BO ranged between 0.27-0.36 malon mg, while sample C ranged between 0.23-0.24malom mg. The appearance, aroma, taste, texture and overall acceptability of the chips ranged between 6.25-7.40, 6.20-6.55, 6.30-6.45, 6.20-6.55 and 6.15-6.55 respectively. Sample A and CKO (control) was most preferred in terms of appearance, aroma, taste, texture (crispness) and overall acceptability while sample A and C was least preferred. The sensory scores of the plantain chips fried with the oil were high for taste and aroma. During the storage, moisture values and thiobarbituric acid values of the chips were within the limits as recommended by CODEX Alimentarius.

Wendy Doniger, Beyond Dharma, Dissent in the Ancient Indian Sciences of Sex and Politics. New Delhi: Speaking Tiger, 2018, 226 pp. + xiv., ₹599. ISBN 978-93-87693-21-0 (Paperback).

Through the examination of the artwork of Maria Berrio, parallels are drawn between her work, entitled El Cielo Tiene Jardines, and the 2019 political climate under Donald Trump. With the intention of linking the rise of feminism to Trump’s presence in office as president of the United States, specifically through examples of his sexism, narcissism and preference for patriarchy, this is approached through the metaphors of Berrio’s painting. In retaliation to the upswing of sexism, narcissism and patriarchy coming from the White House, each element examined in the artwork is meant to describe the relationship to Donald Trump’s personality cult as well as the corresponding reaction of anti-Trumpian groups, particularly feminists, as well as prescribers to psychoanalytic theory. Examples are cited from Trump’s presence in the media, including tweets, personal statements and historical evidence supporting the arguments made. Topics of neo-colonialism, the American Dream and the generalization of the female desire to remove herself from the submissive role of patriarchal assignment are also discussed. With what was being hailed as Third Wave Feminism, beginning with the Woman’s March of 2017, these aspects of Trumpian character and behaviour are described through the model of Berrio’s stunning mix-media painting and are meant to appeal to readers through both feminist and psychoanalytical analyses.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dampak penerapan gaya pengasuhan tiger parenting untuk perkembangan emosional anak-anak. Penelitian ini adalah jenis penelitian kepustakaan yang sumber utamanya berasal dari penelitian yang berkaitan dengan penelitian ini, baik dari karya ilmiah, hasil penelitian, buku, dan sumber data tambahan yang berasal dari pengamatan. Gaya pengasuhan yang dianalisis adalah gaya pengasuhan tiger parenting. Dari gaya pengasuhan yang dianalisis, hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan emosional secara khusus memiliki lebih banyak efek negatif daripada efek positif seperti anak-anak yang tidak bahagia, jarang bersenang-senang, sedih karena mereka terus-menerus ditekan, merasa kurang memiliki wewenang dalam hidup mereka sendiri karena semuanya terus diarahkan oleh orang tua, sampai yang terburuk adalah gejala depresi.

Since 2017, four provincial legislatures have introduced bills invoking the controversial notwithstanding clause. We present an original dataset of news articles from 10 different outlets that discussed the clause while these bills were being debated in Saskatchewan and Ontario. Empirically, although the clause is typically portrayed accurately, we find over one-fifth of articles about the clause did not indicate that it must be included in legislation. Normatively, the clause was twice as likely to be portrayed negatively as it was positively, and the type of portrayal was strongly associated with the ideological orientation of the news outlet. The rate of negative portrayals was similar across the two provinces, which suggests that attitudes toward the clause may endure beyond the policy issue itself or the level of media visibility.

The White Tiger is the 2008 Man Booker Prize winning novel in which the psychopathic character plays a role in telling the dramatic tale of his life. The protagonist Balram’s unpredictable journey from the underprivileged to the wealthy tycoon in India is amazing. The novel is a psychopathic story of murder and success. The genius memory of psychopath Balram sparks not only to map an excellent text space, but more than this, regulates Balram’s nerves. His struggle to be wealthy is full of compassion and sympathy. Balram is a blazingly savage, brilliant, and psychopathic on his journey. In the new alien world, he experiences a state mental disorder. That's why Balram, the narrator of the letter, has the mark of a Psychopath. The present research is an effort to examine and investigate the dimension of Balram's psychopathic character. This will give another heading to rising literary examination to character in an alternate psychopathic style.

Integrative taxonomy is relevant for the discovery and delimitation of cryptic species by incorporating different sources of evidence to construct rigorous species hypotheses. The genus Davus was recently revised and it was found that Davus pentaloris presents high morphological variation across its widespread distribution. However, tarantulas usually present low dispersal capabilities that occasionally result in local endemism. In order to evaluate species boundaries within this taxon, we examine the morphological variation and, additionally, employ four strategies based on mtDNA data (COI): two distance-based [automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD) and Neighbor-Joining (NJ)] and two tree-based methods [general mixed Yule coalescent (GMYC) and Bayesian Poisson tree process (bPTP)]. Available morphological evidence recovers 13 putative morphospecies, but the different methods based on molecular data recover a variable number of candidate species (16–18). Based on the congruence across all analyses and the available morphological data, we recognize 13 clearly diagnosable species, 12 of them new to science. We conclude that the underestimation of the diversity in D. pentaloris was mainly caused by deficient practices in taxonomy, rather than by the presence of cryptic diversity. Although COI is a functional barcoding marker and it gives reliable results in our study, we recommend combining multiple sources of evidence and strategies to construct better species delimitation hypotheses.

In The White Tiger Arvind Adiga has portrayed a picture of India just after independence. Balram Halwai is the central character and this novel shows the struggle of Balram to make himself free from the “darkness”, establishing as a successful entrepreneur and thereby making his Identity. Mimicry of the colonizers is a very common thing in a colonized nation but this paper, through the examples of the characters in the novel, will show how the subjects of a colonized nation continue to imitate others even after the colonial rulers are gone and how through this imitation they constantly recreate their identity and seeks to find an establishment. KEY WORDS: mimicry, identity, postcolonialism, Arvind Adiga

Trophy hunting, canned hunting, and tiger farming have attracted much negativity from the general public because of their trivialization of wild animals’ lives and welfare. Yet they persist because...

Testicular proteome of wild and domesticated 14- and 18-month-old broodstock of the giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon was examined. Among 344 differentially expressed proteins identified, 11 proteins (e.g. p97/VCP-binding protein p135, lipoxygenase homology domains 1 and dipeptidyl-peptidase, accounting for 4.95% of proteins with known functions) were found in wild broodstock but not in domesticated broodstock while 152 (68.47%) proteins were commonly found in all groups of samples. Reproduction-related proteins such as vasa-like protein, Wee1-like protein kinase, serine/threonine protein kinase, mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 2, GTP-binding protein alpha subunit, seven membrane helix receptor, nuclear receptor subfamily 3, were identified. To examine a possible role of the signal transduction system in development of testes of P. monodon, the expression level of testicular serine/arginine rich-protein kinase 3 (PmSrpk3) mRNA of domesticated juveniles and broodstock was examined and it was significantly lower than that of wild P. monodon broodstock (P0.05) injection. The expression profiles of PmSrpk3 indicated reduced reproductive maturation of domesticated male P. monodon and exogenous administration of serotonin may be applied for promoting the testicular development of captive P. monodon

Authoritarian regimes often rely on performance legitimacy, but cannot always fulfill policy promises, thereby undermining the regime. In 21st-century China, a reliance on performance legitimacy may seem unwise, as policy outcomes have been mixed. However, the Chinese government has managed to navigate gaping inequality and ineffective social policy. Why have policy failures not produced greater discontent? Using my original survey data to examine rural healthcare, I argue that the Chinese government is pursuing an objectively minimal but subjectively sufficient course of action in healthcare provision. Regression analysis of my survey data, coupled with responses from open-ended questions and semi-structured interviews, demonstrates that the deficiencies in current policy have not threatened regime legitimacy because villagers have low expectations for state provision of healthcare. The data also suggest that, as China continues to urbanize, villagers' expectations are likely to rise, presenting new policy challenges for the state.

Sand tiger sharks are an iconic large shark species held in aquaria worldwide. They rarely reproduce under managed care, with only seven aquaria reporting limited and sporadic success. For the first time in the Americas, a full-term young was born in an aquarium. The young was the result of breeding among a group of sharks purposefully brought together in 2016 for reproduction. Sharks were maintained in natural seawater and exposed to natural light and seasonal temperature fluctuations similar to their in situ counterparts. Decreased food consumption associated with breeding season and gestation was observed. Gestation time estimated from breeding observations and parturition was 321 days. Although the neonate was stillborn, this was a significant achievement. The husbandry details described within will be useful for other aquaria striving to support the reproduction of sand tiger sharks.

On 7 December 1941, Japanese inflight commander Mitsuo Fuchida signalled To-Ra, To-Ra, To-Ra indicating that the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, was a total surprise (Fig. 1). Braving a hail of ant...

Insects live in a dangerous world and may fall prey to a wide variety of predators, encompassing multiple taxa. As a result, selection may favour defences that are effective against multiple predator types, or target-specific defences that can reduce predation risk from particular groups of predators. Given the variation in sensory systems and hunting tactics, in particular between vertebrate and invertebrate predators, it is not always clear whether defences, such as chemical defences, that are effective against one group will be so against another. Despite this, the majority of research to date has focused on the role of a single predator species when considering the evolution of defended prey. Here we test the effectiveness of the chemical defences of the wood tiger moth, a species previously shown to have defensive chemicals targeted towards ants, against a common invertebrate predator: spiders. We presented both live moths and artificial prey containing their defensive fluids to female Trichonephila senegalensis and recorded their reactions. We found that neither of the moth’s two defensive fluids were able to repel the spiders, and confirmed that methoxypyrazines, a major component of the defences of both the wood tiger moth and many insect species, are ineffective against web-building spiders. Our results highlight the variability between predator taxa in their susceptibility to chemical defences, which can in part explain the vast variation in these chemicals seen in insects, and the existence of multiple defences in a single species.

The main focus of the present article is to research the specific reading of Søren Kierkegaard’s (1813–1855) philosophy by the British musical trio “Tiger Lillies” in their studio album “Either/or”. The questions to be answered are the following: (1) Was the choice of the Kierkegaard’s text of the accidental or rather conscious nature? (2) Does this interpretation shed new light upon Kierkegaard’s conception of the sensual-erotic phenomenon, in particular, and his strategy of existential communication, in general? The answer to the first question is that the choice if fully conscious and rational. The album works two-fold: first, it explores the themes and musings from the Danish thinker, second, it creates a backdrop for disclosure of the dark side of the human self, the despair, the impossibility of the existential choice that comes about in the result of the pursuit of instant gratification and boredom. Answer to the second research question is to be found when exploring principles of the Brechtian epic theatre in the music album “Either/or” and then applying them to Kierkegaard’s texts.

In ornamental aquaculture, the traits related with beauty are an important factor in the economy and their inclusion in the genetic improvement program is essential. However, in some species, it is difficult to define which traits are important in this sense. The objective of this study was to know the producers’, traders’, and aquarists’ interests of morphometric characteristics associated with the esthetic of Puntius tetrazona for a genetic improvement program. The information was generated from surveys considering aquarists, traders, and producers. The design of the questionnaires consisted of sets of questions according to the type of information that we wanted to obtain: demographic, specific to each actor, and esthetic preferences; the last was a common section for the three actors. The last one is supported by five sets of morphotypes based on the morphometric characteristics with a major contribution to variability in Puntius tetrazona. For the analysis of the preferences of each population for every group of morphotypes, an accumulated ordinal model was utilized. The perception of beauty is not affected by demographic traits. And the morphotypes with a higher preference for inclusion in a selection program to esthetic traits in P. tetrazona would be a short caudal peduncle, medium-length caudal fin, anal fin that is short proximal long and long distal long, wide body marks, and dorsal fin that is 25% gray. For the implementation of genetic improvement programs, it will be important to take into account the differences in interests at two points within the production chain, the needs of the producer and those of the aquarists.

J.M. Barrie’s novel Peter Pan, first published in 1911, depicts Neverland as a fictional island home to pirates, fairies, mermaids, lost boys, and indigenous peoples. Despite the island’s numerous ...

Much has been written about the ways in which recent economic reforms have changed Chinese cities. Chinese planning is often discussed as a profession in an equivalent state of flux, as urban planners struggle to develop a new concept of their role that can find a coherent middle course between conflicting priorities: the pursuit of market-driven growth; the demands of a centralised and relatively authoritarian state; and the need to maintain a participative openness to local communities. This paper questions this emphasis on coherence within professionalism, arguing that planners in modern China define their role by sliding between very different sets of values and priorities. The term ‘public interest’ acts as a pivot in this negotiation, allowing the tensions between competing rationales to be downplayed. Furthermore, the challenges of the contemporary context do not entail leaving history behind but rather using it as a creative resource for ideas of legitimacy, authority and professionalism. Inspired by Walter Benjamin’s reflections on history, we argue that earlier models of professional authority from the Confucian and socialist traditions are mined and reinvented to cope with the uncertainties of professional decision-making in a highly conflicted present.

This paper is a study of the image of the rooster coop in the age of post-globalization through delineating poverty, servitude and corruption in Aravind Adiga’s novel The White Tiger (2008). The image of the ‘rooster coop’ symbolizes the India of darkness, and represents a mental and psychological coop in which the poor live. This study is done in terms of the Theory of Social Identity and Self-Categorization by Henri Tajfel and John Turner. This theory started in Social Psychology according to which there are three psychological processes in evaluating people as ‘we’ or ‘they’: categorization, identification and comparison. The central narrative of The White Tiger focuses on Balram Halwai’s journey from being a poor villager to a rich businessman. Adiga depicts two Indias: India of darkness and India of light. This classification results in the system of servitude which is depicted in the metaphor of the ‘rooster coop’. Roosters in a coop at market watch one another slaughtered one by one but they are unable or unwilling to rebel and break out of the coop.

The tiger feeding pole was developed at Glasgow Zoo, UK, more than 20 years ago as a feeding‐enrichment device. Since then the adoption of the feeding pole by other zoos for Tigers Panthera tigris and other cats has been slow and sporadic until recent years when many zoos in the UK have begun to use this device. In this paper we review the basis for and the development of the feeding pole as a feeding‐enrichment tool, including its stimulation of simulated hunting behaviours, and benefits to health and welfare. A survey of 19 zoos (mostly based in the UK) found that 79% use or have used feeding poles usually about once per week at heights of 3–6 m. We know of no confirmed reports of serious injuries or deaths of cats using feeding poles. A comparison of the skeletons of tigers found that feeding‐pole‐using tigers had a mean arthrosis score that is four times less than that of tigers that did not use them, providing a positive indicator of the health benefit of the use of this enrichment device. Based on previous experience we provide a refined set of recommendations for the safe use of feeding poles for cats, but recognize that providing physical and mental challenges to animals in zoos carries some minor risks that animals are well able to cope with. We discuss the possible next steps in feeding enrichment, which may include a holistic approach that considers the need to manage predators alongside prey to allow for mutual visual and olfactory enrichments.

Spatial and temporal partitioning often facilitates species coexistence. We used camera traps to study habitat use and spatio-temporal interactions among three large carnivores—tiger, leopard, and dhole—in two national parks in Thailand where key prey species (sambar, gaur) were scarce from overhunting. The availability of remnant sambar was the strongest determinant of tiger occupancy. Leopard occupancy was positively related to the presence of wild pig. Dhole occupancy was negatively associated with sambar, opposite to tiger. Results of two-species occupancy modeling did not support our hypothesis that leopard would be excluded from tiger-occupied zones, but leopard detectability was seven times lower in the presence of tigers, indicative of fine-scale avoidance. Dhole avoidance of sambar might have been a tactic by which dhole avoided tigers. All three carnivores were mainly diurnal and thus had high temporal overlap (> 80%). Tiger density may have been too low (0.36/100 km2) to compel temporal avoidance by leopard and dhole where they overlapped. Our results suggest that low density populations of tigers and leopards can overlap in habitat use and temporal activity, despite the potential for intensified competition due to prey scarcity. Dholes were widespread despite scarcity of large ungulates, and seem more resilient to the loss of large-bodied prey than tigers. MWKL has an important role in conserving dholes, which are declining globally.

Every democracy emerges amidst its own unique set of foreign and domestic challenges, but Taiwan’s trajectory from an impoverished and unstable one-party dictatorship to a vibrant liberal democracy...

If one has not read local English novels like The Garden of Evening Mists and The Night Tiger, one would never be able to imagine the wonders of locales depicted in these two books. One of the reasons the authors here want to visit a said destination is because of the way a certain place is pictured in narratives. Tan Twan Eng brings to life the beauty of Japanese gardens in Cameron Highlands, in the backdrop of postWorld War II while Yangsze Choo takes us into several small towns of Kinta Valley in the state of Perak in her beautifully woven tale of the superstitions and beliefs of the local people in Chinese folklore and myth in war torn Malaysia in the 1930s and after. Many of the places mentioned in these two novels should be considered places to visit by tourists local and international. Although these Malaysian novelists live away from Malaysia, they are clearly ambassadors of the Malaysian cultural and regional heritage. In this paper, a few of the places in the novel will be looked at as potential spots for the coming decade. The research questions considered here are i) what can be done to make written narratives the new trend to pave the way for Visit Malaysia destinations? ii) how could these narratives be promoted as guides to the history and culture of Malaysia? The significant destinations and the relevant cultural history of the regions will be discussed in-depth to come to a relevant conclusion.

Landscape‐scale strategies for conserving wild tigers emphasize the role of core breeding populations (source sites) to replenish surrounding areas which have lost tigers. In Southeast Asia, a few potential source sites remain, particularly Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand (HKK). We investigated tiger density in two reserves (Mae Wong, Khlong Lan: MWKL) adjacent to HKK where tigers and their prey were scarce due to historic poaching but current management offered effective protection. Camera trapping revealed 10 adult tigers (four males, six females), at least two of which had immigrated from HKK. Spatially explicit tiger density was 0.359 tigers/100 km2, 5.6 times lower than HKK. The population was breeding, with six cubs observed. Tiger movements (measured by σ, the spatial scale parameter) were twice as extensive in MWKL as in HKK, indicative of prey scarcity in MWKL. The disparity in density between MWKL and HKK reveals that tiger recovery is a slow process when prey are scarce, even when recovery areas are apparently well‐managed and connected to a source site. We review source‐recovery dynamics of tigers in other sites in Asia and find that low prey impedes landscape‐scale recoveries elsewhere as well.